Diplomacy and Deception: Secret History of Sino-Soviet Diplomatic Relations, 1917-27: Secret History of Sino-Soviet Diplomatic Relations, 1917-27

by Elleman; Bruce

• ISBN13: 9780765601421
• ISBN10: 0765601427
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-07-31
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

During the Soviet period the USSR conducted diplomatic relations with incumbent regimes while simultaneously cultivating and manipulating communist movements in those same countries. The Chinese case offers a particularly interesting example of this dual policy, for when the Chinese Communists came to power in 1949, their discovery of the nature of Moscow's imperial designs on Chinese territory sowed distrust between the two revolutionary powers and paved the way to the Sino-Soviet split.

Drawing on newly available documents from archives in China, Taiwan, Russia, and Japan, this study examines secret agreements signed by Moscow and the Peking government in 1924 and confirmed by a Soviet-Japanese convention in 1925. These agreements essentially allowed the Bolsheviks to reclaim most of tsarist Russia's concessions and privileges in China, including not only Imperial properties but also Outer Mongolia, the Chinese Eastern Railway, the Boxer Indemnity, and the right of extraterritoriality. Each of these topics is analyzed in this volume, and translations of the

Table of Contents

List of Documents	xi	(1)
List of Maps	xii	(1)
List of Abbreviations	xiii	(2)
Acknowledgments	xv	(2)
Technical Note	xvii
Introduction	1	(22)
The Diplomatic Situation Prior to 1919	2	(2)
The Chinese Delegation's Proposals	4	(3)
Wilson's Compromise Solution	7	(5)
The Versailles Treaty's Shantung Resolutions	12	(3)
The May Fourth Movement	15	(2)
The Versailles Treaty and Soviet Russia	17	(1)
Conclusions	18	(1)
Notes	19	(4)
1. The Opening of Sino-Soviet Diplomatic Negotiations	23	(32)
The Karakhan Manifesto	24	(3)
The Bolsheviks and the Open Door Policy	27	(5)
The FER and the Open Door Policy	32	(2)
Ignatii Iurin's Mission to Peking	34	(1)
The Second Karakhan Manifesto	35	(2)
China's Negotiations with the FER	37	(3)
China's Negotiations with Soviet Russia	40	(4)
Iurin Uses the CER as Bait	44	(5)
Conclusions	49	(1)
Notes	50	(5)
2. The Origins of the United Front Policy	55	(30)
Early Soviet Attempts to Ally with Sun Yat-sen	56	(2)
Soviet Motives for Forming the United Front	58	(2)
Sun Yat-sen's Nationalism	60	(3)
Sun Yat-sen's Changing Views Toward Outer Mongolia	63	(1)
Sun Yat-sen's Support for Soviet Control of the CER	64	(3)
Sun Yat-sen and the United Front Policy	67	(1)
Sun Yat-sen and the Three People's Principles	68	(3)
The Kuomintang's Foreign Policy Platform	71	(4)
Conclusions	75	(2)
Notes	77	(8)
3. Outer Mongolia Enters the Communist Bloc	85	(30)
The October Revolution and Outer Mongolia	86	(2)
The Soviet-Mongolian Treaty of November 5, 1921	88	(2)
Aleksandr Paikes' Mission to Peking	90	(4)
Paikes Claims the Unequal Treaties Are Valid	94	(4)
Lev Karakhan's Mission to China	98	(2)
The March 14, 1924 Secret Protocol	100	(4)
Karakhan Delays the Sino-Soviet Conference	104	(2)
Outer Mongolia Joins the Communist Bloc	106	(3)
Conclusions	109	(1)
Notes	110	(5)
4. Assertion of Soviet Control over the Chinese Eastern Railway	115	(28)
Early Sino-Soviet Diplomacy over the CER	116	(2)
The 1921-22 Washington Conference	118	(2)
Karakhan Proposes Joint Management of the CER	120	(4)
Karakhan's Pressure Tactics	124	(3)
The September 20, 1924 Secret Agreement	127	(4)
The January 20, 1925 Soviet-Japanese Convention	131	(2)
Soviet Imperialism and the May Thirtieth Movement	133	(3)
Conclusions	136	(2)
Notes	138	(5)
5. China's Revocation of the Boxer Indemnity	143	(16)
The Boxer Indemnity Through 1922	144	(1)
The Bolsheviks and the Boxer Indemnity	145	(2)
Russia's Boxer Indemnity in Renewed	147	(3)
Karakhan Adopts the 1901 and 1904 Boxer Protocols	150	(2)
"To Use Barbarians to Govern Barbarians"	152	(3)
Conclusions	155	(1)
Notes	156	(3)
6. The Restoration of Russian Territorial Concessions	159	(18)
The Tsarist Territorial Concessions in China	160	(1)
The USSR Reclaims Tsarist Concessions	161	(3)
Reinstating the Boxer Protocols	164	(2)
Soviet Territorial Concessions in China	166	(3)
Soviet Concessions and the May Thirtieth Movement	169	(3)
The Anglo-Russian Proxy War in China	172	(2)
Conclusions	174	(1)
Notes	174	(3)
7. The Resumption of Russian Extraterritoriality	177	(18)
Peking Eliminates the White Russians' Extraterritoriality	178	(2)
The May 31, 1924 Sino-Soviet Treaty	180	(1)
The USSR's Nationalization of Foreign Trade	181	(3)
Two Case Studies of Soviet Extraterritoriality	184	(3)
Soviet Diplomats Retain Extraterritoriality	187	(1)
Great Britain and the United States Abolish Extraterritoriality	188	(3)
Conclusions	191	(1)
Notes	192	(3)
8. Soviet Foreign Policy and the Chinese Communist Party	195	(36)
The Formation of the Chinese Communist Party	196	(2)
The Cominterm Orders the CCP to Join the United Front	198	(3)
The Open Door Policy and Outer Mongolia	201	(4)
The CCP Supports Outer Mongolian Autonomy	205	(2)
The CCP and the United Front Policy	207	(3)
The CCP and the Workers' Movement	210	(3)
China's 1925-27 Revolution and the Cold War	213	(4)
The Defeat of the United Front Policy	217	(4)
Conclusions	221	(1)
Notes	222	(9)
Conclusions	231	(21)
Status Quo and Outer Mongolian Independence	232	(2)
Forming a Soviet-KMT Alliance	234	(2)
The Chiang-Stalin Secret Pact	236	(2)
Stalin Retakes the Chinese Eastern Railway	238	(2)
Soviet Territorial Concessions and Extraterritoriality	240	(2)
"Face" in Sino-Soviet Diplomacy	242	(3)
Soviet Secret Diplomacy and the CCP	245	(2)
The Sino-Soviet Monolith	247	(1)
Notes	248	(4)
Appendix A: The 1925 Soviet-Japanese Secret Agreement on Bessarabia	252	(7)
Appendix B: Essential Information About the Communist Party's Secret Work	259	(23)
Appendix C: The March 23, 1935 Soviet-Japanese Secret Protocol	282	(4)
Bibliography	286	(25)
Index	311