Direct Practice In Social Work

by Boyle, Scott W.; Hull, Grafton H.; Mather, Jannah Hurn; Smith, Larry L.; Farley, O. William

• ISBN13: 9780205401628
• ISBN10: 0205401627
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

This highly readable direct practice text offers a practical introduction to the theories and skills necessary to engage in effective, strengths-based practice. Developed specifically to address the issues facing students as they prepare for direct practice in todays world, Direct Practice for Social Work interweaves diversity and social justice through out the chapters and teaches students how to make the connections between major theories and real-world situations. Written in an engaging style by experienced authors, this text encourages the development of students critical thinking skills while demonstrating the practical applications of theory. Highlights include chapters opening case studies, numerous case studies in each chapter, and more modeled responses, sample dialogues and exercises than are found anywhere else. Comprehensive coverage of the major theories and adherence to CSWE guidelines make this text an invaluable addition to any professional social work educational or professional library.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
About the Authors	xix
PART I INTRODUCTION	1	(102)
Direct Practice in Social Work	3	(26)
Purpose and Function of Social Work	4	(1)
Defining Social Work Practice	4	(1)
Historical Perspectives on Social Work Practice	5	(3)
Social Work as a Profession	6	(1)
Current Challenges	7	(1)
Generalist Practice and the Generalist Perspective	8	(2)
Defining Direct Practice	10	(1)
Micro, Mezzo, and Macro Practice	10	(1)
Direct Practice Roles	11	(5)
Therapist/Counselor	11	(1)
Educator	12	(1)
Broker	12	(2)
Case Manager	14	(1)
Case Advocate	15	(1)
Group Leader	15	(1)
Mediator	16	(1)
Other Roles	16	(1)
Knowledge, Skills, and Values for Direct Practice	16	(2)
Knowledge	17	(1)
Voices from the Field	18	(3)
Leon Ginsberg
Skills	20	(1)
Values	20	(1)
Design of the Text	21	(1)
Applications to Practice	22	(4)
Summary	26	(1)
Navigating Direct Practice	27	(2)
Theoretical Perspectives on Direct Practice: An Overview	29	(38)
Direct Practice Skills	30	(1)
The Effectiveness of Direct Practice	31	(1)
Common Elements in Effective Practice	32	(1)
Theories and Models	33	(1)
Five Domains for Understanding Human Behavior	34	(1)
Biological/Physiological Domain	34	(1)
Psychological Domain	35	(1)
Emotional Domain	35	(1)
Behavioral Domain	35	(1)
Environmental Domain	35	(1)
Selection of a Domain	35	(2)
Voices From the Field	37	(1)
Zoe Minor
An Integrative Model	38	(2)
Strengths versus Problem Perspective	40	(1)
Review of Theories	41	(17)
Biological--Genetic/Neurological Theory	42	(3)
Ego Psychology	45	(3)
Cognitive Theory	48	(2)
Behavioral (Learning) Theories	50	(1)
Classical Conditioning	50	(1)
Operant Conditioning	51	(2)
Social Learning	53	(1)
Person--Centered Theory	54	(2)
General Systems Theory	56	(2)
Applications to Practice	58	(7)
Multicultural Theory	59	(6)
Summary	65	(1)
Navigating Direct Practice	65	(2)
Values, Ethics, and Ethical Dilemmas	67	(36)
The Role of Values in Social Work	67	(1)
Personal versus Professional Values	68	(1)
Critical Social Work Values	69	(1)
Service	69	(1)
Social Justice	69	(1)
Dignity and Worth of the Person	69	(1)
Importance of Human Relationships	70	(1)
Integrity	70	(1)
Competence	70	(1)
The Social Work Code of Ethics	70	(1)
Voices from the Field	71	(21)
Frederic G. Reamer
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibilities to Clients	71	(1)
Commitment to Clients	72	(1)
Self--Determination	72	(1)
Informed Consent	72	(1)
Competence	73	(1)
Cultural Competence and Social Diversity	73	(1)
Conflicts of Interest	73	(1)
Privacy and Confidentiality	74	(2)
Access to Records	76	(1)
Sexual Relationships	77	(1)
Physical Contact	77	(1)
Sexual Harassment	77	(1)
Derogatory Language	78	(1)
Payment for Services	78	(1)
Clients Who Lack Decision-Making Capacity	78	(1)
Interruption of Services	78	(1)
Termination of Services	78	(1)
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibilities to Colleagues	79	(1)
Respect	79	(1)
Confidentiality	79	(1)
Interdisciplinary Collaboration	79	(1)
Disputes Involving Colleagues	80	(1)
Consultation	80	(1)
Referral for Services	80	(1)
Sexual Relationships	80	(1)
Sexual Harassment	81	(1)
Impairment and Incompetence of Colleagues	81	(1)
Unethical Conduct of Colleagues	82	(1)
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibilities in Practice Settings	83	(1)
Supervision and Consultation	83	(1)
Education and Training	83	(1)
Performance Evaluation	83	(1)
Client Records	83	(3)
Client Billing	86	(1)
Client Transfer	86	(1)
Administration	86	(1)
Continuing Education and Staff Development	86	(1)
Commitment to Employers	86	(1)
Labor--Management Disputes	87	(1)
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibilities as Professionals	87	(1)
Competence	87	(1)
Discrimination	88	(1)
Private Conduct	88	(1)
Dishonesty, Fraud, and Deception	88	(1)
Impairment	88	(2)
Misrepresentation	90	(1)
Solicitation	90	(1)
Acknowledging Credit	90	(1)
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibilities to the Social Work Profession	91	(1)
Integrity of the Profession	91	(1)
Evaluation and Research	91	(1)
Applications to Practice	92	(3)
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibilities to the Broader Society	94	(1)
Social Welfare	94	(1)
Public Participation	94	(1)
Public Emergencies	94	(1)
Social and Political Action	94	(1)
Managing Ethical Dilemmas	95	(4)
An Ethical Decision-Making Process	96	(1)
The Ethical Principles Screen	96	(1)
Protection of Life	96	(1)
Equality and Inequality	97	(1)
Autonomy and Freedom	97	(1)
Least Harm	98	(1)
Quality of Life	98	(1)
Privacy and Confidentiality	98	(1)
Truthfulness and Full Disclosure	98	(1)
Ethical Complaints	99	(1)
Summary	100	(1)
Navigating Direct Practice	101	(2)
PART II THE HELPING PROCESS	103	(366)
Basic Skills for Engagement	105	(38)
Listening	105	(1)
Five Ways of Listening	106	(1)
Applications to Practice	106	(1)
Nonverbal Behaviors in Listening	107	(1)
Applications to Practice	107	(2)
Positive Listening Skills	108	(1)
Voices From the Field	109	(2)
Della T. Marshall
Distractions to Listening	110	(1)
Skill Development for Listening	111	(1)
Silence	111	(2)
Facilitative Conditions	113	(7)
Empathy (Accurate Understanding)	113	(2)
Skill Development	115	(2)
Positive Regard (Respect)	117	(1)
Four Aspects of Respect	117	(2)
Congruence (Genuineness, Authenticity)	119	(1)
Five Aspects of Genuineness	120	(1)
Paraphrasing	120	(1)
Summarizing	121	(1)
Clarifying	122	(1)
Questioning	122	(3)
Guidelines for Using Questions	123	(1)
Open- versus Closed-Ended Questions	123	(2)
Socratic Questions	125	(16)
Seven Categories of Socratic Questions	126	(1)
Socratic Questions and the Stages of the Problem-Solving Model	126	(15)
Applications to Practice	141	(1)
Summary	141	(1)
Navigating Direct Practice	141	(2)
Knowledge and Skills for Assessment	143	(34)
Applications to Practice	144	(1)
Assessment in Social Work Practice	145	(3)
Assessment as a Process and a Product	145	(1)
Theoretical Constructs for Assessment	146	(2)
Voices From the Field	148	(1)
Kim Jeanson
Three Major Tasks of Assessment	148	(1)
Assessment Rapport	148	(1)
Review of Theories and Assessment Models	149	(1)
Case Example 5.1: Developing Rapport with a Client	149	(3)
Inner and Outer Forces Model	150	(2)
Case Example 5.2: Assessment Using the Inner and Outer Forces Model	152	(12)
The Life Cycle and the Inner and Outer Forces Model	152	(4)
Psychoanalytic and Ego Psychology Assessment	156	(1)
Behavioral Assessment	157	(1)
Social Learning Theory and Assessment	158	(1)
Cognitive Therapy Assessment	158	(2)
Person-Centered Assessment	160	(1)
Systems Theory Assessment	160	(1)
Strengths-Based Assessment	161	(3)
Case Example 5.3: Assessment Using the Strengths Perspective	164	(3)
Other Assessment Models	165	(1)
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)	165	(2)
Case Example 5.4: Using the DSM	167	(2)
Task-Centered Assessment	167	(1)
Substance-Abuse Assessment	168	(1)
Case Example 5.5: Using Task-Centered Assessment	169	(2)
Elder Assessment	170	(1)
Case Example 5.6: Assessment of Substance Abuse	171	(3)
Suicide Assessment	172	(1)
Beginning to Set Goals in Assessment	173	(1)
Applications to Practice	174	(1)
Summary	175	(1)
Navigating Direct Practice	175	(2)
Knowledge and Skills for Planning	177	(38)
Counseling Contracts	177	(11)
Skills in Developing a Contract	179	(5)
The Importance of Contracts	184	(4)
Identifying and Choosing Goals	188	(8)
Common Goals of Counseling	189	(7)
Voices From the Field	196	(4)
Maria Janet Rodriguez
Client Input	197	(1)
What Goals to Work On	198	(2)
Identifying Tasks and Priorities	200	(1)
Planning for Effective Communication	200	(1)
Purpose of Communication	200	(1)
Applications to Practice	201	(5)
Goals of Effective Communication	202	(1)
Common Barriers to Communication	202	(1)
Identifying the Communication Barriers	203	(1)
Guided Practice to Remove Communication Barriers	203	(1)
The Importance of ``I'' Messages	204	(1)
Guided Practice in Sending ``I'' Messages	204	(1)
The Importance of Empathic Communication	205	(1)
Guided Practice in Sending Empathic Communication	206	(1)
Characteristics of Effective Goals	206	(5)
Evaluation and Measurement of Goals	207	(4)
Cultural and Diversity Issues in Planning	211	(2)
Summary	213	(1)
Navigating Direct Practice	213	(2)
Knowledge and Skills for Intervention	215	(34)
Ego Psychology Therapy and Techniques	216	(5)
Transference/Countertransference	219	(1)
Insight	220	(1)
Ego Strengthening	220	(1)
Other Techniques	220	(1)
Behavioral Therapy and Techniques	221	(5)
Assertiveness Training	222	(1)
Applied Behavior Analysis	223	(1)
Contingency, Immediacy, and Schedule of Reinforcement	223	(1)
Contingency Contracting	224	(1)
Timeout from Reinforcement	225	(1)
Shaping	225	(1)
Premack Principle	225	(1)
Differential Reinforcement for Incompatible Behaviors (DRI)	226	(1)
Modeling Techniques from Social Learning Theory	226	(1)
Techniques from Cognitive Therapy	227	(2)
Collaborative Relationship	227	(1)
Homework	227	(1)
A-B-C Model	227	(1)
Educating the Client	228	(1)
Case Example 7.1: Educating Clients	229	(3)
Cognitive Techniques	230	(1)
Redefining	230	(1)
Reattribution	230	(1)
Decentering	230	(1)
Behavioral Techniques	231	(1)
Activity Scheduling	231	(1)
Mastery and Pleasure	232	(1)
Graded Task Assignment	232	(1)
Case Example 7.2: Mastery and Pleasure	232	(1)
Assertiveness Training and Role Play	233	(1)
Person-Centered Therapy	233	(2)
Empathy	234	(1)
Positive Regard	234	(1)
Congruence and Genuineness	234	(1)
Systems Theory, Therapy, and Applied Techniques	235	(1)
Structural Family Therapy	235	(4)
Joining and Accommodating	236	(1)
Working with Interaction	236	(1)
Diagnosing	237	(1)
Highlighting and Modifying Interactions	237	(1)
Boundary Making	238	(1)
Unbalancing	238	(1)
Challenging Unproductive Assumptions	239	(1)
Strengths Perspective	239	(1)
Solution-Focused Therapy	239	(1)
Voices From the Field	240	(2)
Jessica Whitney
Describing the Problem	240	(1)
Developing Well-Formed Goals	241	(1)
Applications to Practice	242	(4)
Miracle Question	244	(1)
Exploring for Exceptions	244	(1)
Feedback	245	(1)
Multicultural Techniques	246	(1)
Summary	247	(1)
Navigating Direct Practice	247	(2)
Developing Clients' Coping Skills	249	(32)
Cognitive Therapy	249	(10)
Cognitive Distortions	250	(1)
Negative Self-Statements	250	(1)
Rational Responses	251	(1)
Cognitive Therapy with Depression	251	(2)
Suicide Risk	253	(1)
Intervention Strategies	254	(1)
Cognitive Therapy with Alcohol and Drug Addictions	255	(1)
Cognitive Therapy with Criminal Behavior	256	(3)
Applications to Practice	259	(1)
Assertiveness Training	260	(3)
Anger Management	263	(5)
An Anger Management Workshop	264	(1)
First Session	264	(1)
Second Session	264	(1)
Third Session	264	(1)
Workshop Results	265	(1)
Myths about Anger	265	(2)
A Three-Step Approach to Anger Management	267	(1)
Stress Management	268	(4)
Positive Imagery	269	(1)
Breathing Exercises	270	(1)
Muscle Relaxation Exercises	270	(1)
Stress Inoculation: A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach	271	(1)
Crisis Management Strategies	272	(3)
Spiritual and Humanistic Strategies	275	(1)
Voices from the Field	276	(2)
Edward R. Canda
Other Life Management Strategies	278	(1)
Cultural and Diversity Issues	278	(2)
Summary	280	(1)
Navigating Direct Practice	280	(1)
Empowerment and Strengths-Based Practice	281	(30)
Empowerment Guidelines	282	(2)
Case Example 9.1: Empowering Conversation	284	(1)
Strengths-Based Practice	285	(1)
Case Example 9.2: The Martinez Family	286	(1)
Case Example 9.3: The Gerry Family	286	(1)
Case Example 9.4: Kingston Neighborhood	287	(1)
Case Example 9.5: Terri Jones	288	(1)
Empowering Engagement and Overview	288	(1)
Case Example 9.6: Nora Davis	288	(4)
Assessment	290	(1)
Intervention	291	(1)
Case Example 9.7: Empowering Responses to Client Statements	292	(5)
Intervention Techniques	292	(5)
Ending	297	(1)
Empowerment of Women	297	(1)
Voices from the Field	298	(2)
Dennis Saleebey
Empowerment of Older Individuals	300	(1)
Empowerment of Gays and Lesbians	301	(2)
Empowerment of People of Color	303	(4)
Summary	307	(1)
Applications to Practice	308	(1)
Navigating Direct Practice	309	(2)
Strengthening Family Functioning	311	(36)
Family Therapy	312	(1)
General Systems Concepts	312	(2)
Homeostasis	312	(1)
Feedback Loops	312	(1)
Boundaries	313	(1)
Closed/Open Systems	313	(1)
Subsystems	313	(1)
Roles	313	(1)
Rules	313	(1)
Unique Models	314	(3)
Bowenian Family Therapy	314	(1)
Structural Family Therapy	314	(1)
Experiential Therapy	315	(1)
Strategic Family Therapy	315	(1)
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy	315	(1)
Psychoanalytic Family Therapy	316	(1)
Feminist Therapy	316	(1)
Narrative Therapy	317	(1)
Practice with Families	317	(3)
Initial Contact	319	(1)
Case Example 10.1: Initial Family Telephone Call with Nonvoluntary Client	320	(5)
Initial Interview with a Family	320	(5)
Case Example 10.2: Refocusing Responsibility in the Family	325	(5)
Assessing Family Situations	326	(1)
Identifying Problem	326	(1)
Stage of Family Life Cycle	326	(2)
Family Functioning	328	(2)
Voices from the Field	330	(14)
Dorothy S. Becvar
Environmental Factors	332	(5)
Tools for Assessing Families	337	(3)
Processes and Techniques	340	(1)
Family Sculpture	340	(2)
Homework Assignments	342	(1)
Questioning	342	(1)
Multiple Family Therapy	343	(1)
Changing Family Communication	343	(1)
Applications to Practice	344	(1)
Summary	345	(1)
Navigating Direct Practice	345	(2)
Improving Group Functioning	347	(30)
Group Work	348	(1)
Types of Group Work	349	(10)
Task Groups	349	(1)
Leadership in Task Groups	350	(1)
Task Group Composition	350	(1)
Procedures and Exercises	351	(3)
Treatment Groups	354	(1)
Leadership in Treatment Groups	355	(1)
Treatment Group Composition	356	(1)
Techniques and Exercises	357	(2)
Group Development	359	(12)
Beginning Stage	359	(1)
Planning the Group	359	(3)
Forming the Group	362	(4)
Group Work Assessment	366	(1)
Middle Stage	367	(3)
End Stage	370	(1)
Case Example 11.1: Middle Group Stage	371	(1)
Multicultural Issues in Group Work	372	(1)
Case Example 11.2: Ending Group Stage	373	(1)
Voices From the Field	374	(1)
Kenneth McCoy
Applications to Practice	375	(1)
Summary	376	(1)
Navigating Direct Practice	376	(1)
Intervention with Larger Systems	377	(34)
Identifying Barriers	378	(5)
Physical Barriers	379	(1)
Policy and Procedural Barriers	380	(1)
Emotional/Social Barriers	380	(1)
Cultural Barriers	381	(1)
Informational Barriers	382	(1)
Case Management and Coordination	383	(8)
Case Finding	384	(1)
Assessing Client Needs	384	(1)
Establishing Appropriate Goals	384	(2)
Planning the Intervention	386	(1)
Linking Clients with Resources	386	(2)
Monitoring and Reassessment	388	(1)
Evaluation	389	(1)
Ethical Issues in Case Management	390	(1)
Advocacy Roles	391	(5)
Ethical Implications of Advocacy	392	(1)
Deciding When to Advocate	392	(1)
Knowledge for Advocacy	392	(2)
Skills for Advocacy	394	(1)
Persuasion	394	(1)
Education	395	(1)
Bargaining	395	(1)
Legal Action	396	(1)
Other Environmental Challenges	396	(1)
Voices From the Field	397	(1)
Paula Allen-Meares
Other Environmental Change Strategies	398	(8)
Social Action	398	(1)
Social Planning	399	(1)
Organizational Change	399	(1)
A Force-Field Analysis	400	(1)
Creating New Programs	401	(2)
Changing Policies and Practices	403	(3)
Cultural and Diversity Issues	406	(1)
Applications to Practice	407	(2)
Summary	409	(1)
Navigating Direct Practice	409	(2)
Knowledge and Skills for Evaluation	411	(34)
Defining Evaluation	411	(1)
Rationale for Evaluation	412	(1)
Ethical Issues in Evaluation	413	(1)
Evaluation Approaches for Direct Practice	414	(1)
Quantitative versus Qualitative Evaluation	414	(1)
Limitations Inherent in Practice Evaluation	415	(1)
Single-System Designs	415	(8)
AB Designs	417	(1)
B Designs	418	(1)
ABA Designs	418	(1)
ABAB Designs	419	(1)
ABCD Designs	420	(1)
Multiple Goals and Baselines	421	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Single-System Designs	421	(2)
Goal-Attainment Scaling	423	(2)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Goal-Attainment Scaling	424	(1)
Target-Problem Scaling	425	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Target Problem Scaling	425	(1)
Task-Achievement Scaling	426	(2)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Task-Achievement Scaling	427	(1)
Satisfaction Studies	428	(2)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Satisfaction Surveys	428	(2)
Quality Assurance	430	(1)
Group Designs	431	(1)
Experimental Designs	431	(1)
Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design	431	(1)
Posttest-Only Control Group Design	431	(1)
Voices From the Field	432	(8)
Barry R. Cournoyer
Quasi-Experimental Designs	432	(1)
Nonequivalent Control Groups	433	(1)
Time Series Designs	434	(1)
Multiple Time Series Designs	435	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Group Designs	436	(1)
Threats to Internal Validity	436	(3)
Threats to External Validity	439	(1)
Cultural and Diversity Issues in Evaluation	440	(1)
Applications to Practice	441	(1)
General Recommendations	442	(1)
Summary	443	(1)
Navigating Direct Practice	443	(2)
Knowledge and Skills of Termination	445	(24)
Different Views of Termination	445	(6)
The Ego Psychology Model	445	(1)
Task-Centered Model	446	(1)
Cognitive Therapy	447	(2)
Solution-Focused Therapy	449	(1)
Behavior Therapy	449	(1)
Systems Therapy	449	(1)
Crisis Intervention Therapy	449	(1)
Person-Centered Therapy	450	(1)
Family Therapy	450	(1)
General Termination Guidelines	451	(1)
Types of Termination	452	(3)
The General Tasks of Termination	455	(2)
Why Clients Ask for Assistance	456	(1)
Why Problems Weren't Resolved without Social Work Intervention	456	(1)
Voices From the Field	457	(4)
John Nickisson
Knowledge, Skills, and Training Acquired	458	(1)
Future Use of Knowledge, Skills, and Training	458	(1)
Expanding New Knowledge, Skills, and Training	459	(1)
How the Client Feels about the Termination of Services	460	(1)
How the Social Worker Feels about the Termination of Services	460	(1)
Planning for the Ending	461	(1)
Maintenance/Stabilization of Change	461	(1)
Applications to Practice	462	(4)
A Short-Term Treatment Approach to Termination	466	(1)
Cultural and Diversity Issues	467	(1)
Summary	467	(1)
Navigating Direct Practice	468	(1)
Appendix A: Writing Skills for Social Workers	469	(14)
Appendix B: Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards	483	(12)
References	495	(15)
Name Index	510	(4)
Subject Index	514