Discovering Grammar An Introduction to English Sentence Structure

by Lobeck, Anne

• ISBN13: 9780195129847
• ISBN10: 0195129849
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-02-17
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Discovering Grammar: An Introduction to English Sentence Structure encourages students to explore grammar through a unique "discovery" approach that encompasses both critical thinking and text analysis. Ideal for courses in the structure of English, this book is also useful for courses inEnglish education/language arts, English as a second language, and linguistics. Part One offers an overview of different definitions of and approaches to grammar and outlines the approach to descriptive grammar taken in the text. This section also includes an introduction to phrase structure andevidence for syntactic structure based on movement, pronominalization, and coordination. Part Two introduces each syntactic category (noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and preposition) through morphological and syntactic evidence and highlights the basic division between lexical and grammaticalcategories. Part Three focuses on the structure of sentences, discussing subordination, complementation, adjunction, and more. In contrast with most traditional grammar books--whose exercises focus on drills and memorization--Discovering Grammar features practical and engaging exercises. Discovery Problems encourage students to "discover" sentence structure by analyzing patterns of data. Students can then apply theirskills to Text Analysis exercises in which they examine a wide variety of different texts including excerpts from poetry, novels, television, movies, and other media. Language Diversity Exercises introduce students to other varieties of English, both earlier versions (Old and Middle English) andcurrent "world" Englishes used both inside and outside the U.S. Each chapter concludes with a chapter review and a comprehensive exercise that can be used as a chapter test. The volume is further enhanced by a concise glossary and a guide for doing Language Diversity Exercises.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Acknowledgments	xv
PART I: THE GRAMMATICAL SYSTEM
Grammar and Our Knowledge of Language	3	(24)
Introduction	3	(1)
The Components of Grammar	3	(7)
Syntax	4	(1)
Morphology	5	(2)
Phonetics and Phonology	7	(1)
Semantics	8	(2)
Descriptive and Prescriptive Grammar	10	(4)
Grammaticality	13	(1)
Standard English	14	(2)
The Approach to Grammar in This Book	16	(1)
Summary	17	(1)
Discovery Problems	18	(3)
Text Analysis	21	(2)
Language Diversity Exercises	23	(1)
Chapter Review Terms	24	(1)
Chapter Review Exercises	25	(2)
Some Syntactic Fundamentals: Categories and Phrases	27	(20)
Introduction	27	(1)
Syntactic Categories	28	(1)
Grammatical and Lexical Categories	28	(3)
Semantic Clues	28	(1)
Morphological Clues	29	(1)
Syntactic Clues	29	(2)
Phrase Structure	31	(8)
Phrases and Hierarchical Structure	32	(1)
Phrase Structure Rules	33	(3)
Recursion	36	(3)
Summary	39	(1)
Discovery Problems	40	(2)
Text Analysis	42	(2)
Language Diversity Exercises	44	(1)
Chapter Review Terms	45	(1)
Chapter Review Exercise	45	(2)
Evidence for Phrases: Movement, Pronominalization, and Coordination	47	(34)
Introduction	47	(1)
Movement	47	(6)
Passive	49	(1)
Particle Shift	50	(1)
Indirect Object Movement	51	(2)
Pronominalization	53	(8)
Pronouns and Movement WH-Movement	57	(2)
Pronouns versus Proforms	59	(2)
Coordination	61	(7)
Conjunctions	61	(2)
Movement and Pronominalization of Coordinate Constituents	63	(2)
Coordination of ``Like'' Categories	65	(1)
Coordination of Single Words	66	(2)
Summary	68	(1)
Discovery Problems	69	(4)
Text Analysis	73	(2)
Language Diversity Exercises	75	(1)
Chapter Review Terms	76	(1)
Chapter Review Exercise	76	(5)
PART II: CATEGORIES
Nouns	81	(28)
Introduction	81	(1)
Semantic Classes of Nouns	81	(2)
The Morphology of Nouns	83	(2)
The Syntax of the Noun Phrase	85	(1)
Categories that Introduce Nouns: Determiners, Numerals and Quantifiers	86	(9)
Summary	95	(1)
Discovery Problems	96	(6)
Text Analysis	102	(2)
Language Diversity Exercises	104	(3)
Chapter Review Terms	107	(1)
Chapter Review Exercise	107	(2)
The Forms and Meanings of Verbs	109	(21)
Introduction	109	(1)
The Semantics of Verbs	109	(2)
The Morphology of Verbs	111	(6)
Derivational Morphology	111	(1)
Inflectional Morphology	111	(6)
Semantic Tense and Aspect	117	(2)
Future Tense and Modals	119	(1)
Infinitives	120	(1)
Grammatical Verbs: Auxiliaries and Modals	121	(1)
Summary	122	(1)
Discovery Problems	122	(3)
Text Analysis	125	(1)
Language Diversity Exercises	126	(2)
Chapter Review Terms	128	(1)
Chapter Review Exercise	128	(2)
The Syntax of the Verb Phrase	130	(22)
Introduction	130	(1)
A Phrase Structure Rule for Verb Phrase	130	(2)
Negation and Do-Insertion	132	(3)
Not Contraction	135	(1)
Subject-Auxiliary Inversion and Tag Question Formation	136	(2)
The Grammatical Category Auxiliary	138	(5)
Auxiliaries and Verb Raising	139	(4)
Summary	143	(1)
Discovery Problems	143	(3)
Text Analysis	146	(3)
Language Diversity Exercises	149	(1)
Chapter Review Terms	150	(1)
Chapter Review Exercise	150	(2)
Adjectives and Adjective Phrases	152	(23)
Introduction	152	(1)
The Semantics of Adjectives	152	(2)
The Morphology of Adjectives	154	(2)
Categories That Introduce Adjectives: Degree Words	156	(2)
The Syntax of the Adjective Phrase	158	(4)
Adjective Phrase Positions	162	(4)
Prenominal Position	162	(1)
After Linking Verbs	163	(2)
Postnominal Position	165	(1)
Summary	166	(1)
Discovery Problems	167	(2)
Text Analysis	169	(2)
Language Diversity Exercises	171	(2)
Chapter Review Terms	173	(1)
Chapter Review Exercise	173	(2)
Adverbs and Adverb Phrases	175	(15)
Introduction	175	(1)
Semantic Classes of Adverbs	175	(2)
The Morphology of Adverbs	177	(2)
Flat Adverbs	177	(2)
Categories That Introduce Adverbs: Degree Words	179	(3)
Adverb Phrase Positions	182	(2)
Summary	184	(1)
Discovery Problems	185	(1)
Text Analysis	186	(1)
Language Diversity Exercises	187	(1)
Chapter Review Terms	188	(1)
Chapter Review Exercise	188	(2)
Prepositions	190	(25)
Introduction	190	(1)
The Semantics of Prepositions	190	(2)
The Morphology of Prepositions	192	(1)
Categories That Introduce Prepositions	193	(2)
Prepositions: A Grammatical or Lexical Category?	195	(2)
The Phrase Structure of Prepositional Phrases	197	(1)
Intransitive Prepositions: Particles	198	(5)
The Syntax of Particles	199	(3)
The Semantics of Particles	202	(1)
More Prepositional Phrases	203	(1)
Summary	204	(1)
Discovery Problems	205	(3)
Text Analysis	208	(2)
Language Diversity Exercises	210	(1)
Chapter Review Terms	211	(1)
Chapter Review Exercise	211	(4)
PART III: GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS
The Sentence: Clause Structure, Subordination, and Coordination	215	(33)
Introduction	215	(2)
The Structure of the Clause: NP and VP	217	(6)
What Is a Subject	217	(4)
Subjects That Aren't Noun Phrases	221	(1)
What Is a Predicate?	222	(1)
Independent and Subordinate Clauses	223	(5)
Subordination Versus Coordination	225	(2)
Coordination and Conjunctive Adverbs	227	(1)
Types of Subordinate Clauses	228	(7)
Tensed Subordinate Clauses	228	(1)
Bare Infinitival Subordinate Clauses	229	(2)
To-Infinitives as Subordinate Clauses	231	(2)
Participial Subordinate Clauses	233	(2)
Summary	235	(1)
Discovery Problems	236	(5)
Text Analysis	241	(5)
Language Diversity Exercises	246	(1)
Chapter Review Terms	247	(1)
Chapter Review Exercise	247	(1)
Complements	248	(36)
Introduction	248	(2)
Subcategorization	250	(1)
Complements of Verbs	251	(19)
Direct Objects and Subjective Complements	251	(3)
Objective Complements	254	(1)
Prepositional Phrase Complements	255	(2)
Indirect Objects	257	(2)
Adverb Phrase and Adverbial Noun Phrase Complements	259	(2)
Participial Complements	261	(2)
Tensed Clause Complements	263	(1)
Infinitival Complements	264	(2)
WH-Complements	266	(2)
Bare Infinitival and Participial Clause Complements	268	(2)
Complements of Other Lexical Categories	270	(5)
Summary	275	(1)
Discovery Problems	276	(3)
Text Analysis	279	(2)
Language Diversity Exercises	281	(1)
Chapter Review Terms	282	(1)
Chapter Review Exercise	282	(2)
Adjuncts in the Verb Phrase	284	(18)
Introduction	284	(2)
Prepositional Phrase Adjuncts	286	(2)
Adverb Phrase and Adverbial Noun Phrase Adjuncts	288	(3)
Participial Phrase Adjuncts	291	(1)
Adjective Phrase Adjuncts	292	(1)
Clausal Adjuncts	293	(2)
Infinitival Adjuncts	293	(1)
Participial Clause Adjuncts	294	(1)
Summary	295	(1)
Discovery Problems	295	(2)
Text Analysis	297	(3)
Language Diversity Exercises	300	(1)
Chapter Review Terms	300	(1)
Chapter Review Exercise	300	(2)
Adjuncts in the Noun Phrase	302	(31)
Introduction	302	(1)
Appositive Noun Phrases	303	(2)
Restrictive Relative Clauses	305	(13)
Tensed Relative Clauses	305	(4)
Relative Clauses Versus Complements of Nouns	309	(3)
Relative Clause Extraposition	312	(1)
Infinitival Relative Clauses	313	(3)
Reduced Relative Clauses	316	(2)
Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses	318	(4)
Free Relative Clauses	322	(1)
Summary	323	(1)
Discovery Problems	324	(3)
Text Analysis	327	(2)
Language Diversity Exercises	329	(1)
Chapter Review Terms	330	(1)
Chapter Review Exercise	330	(3)
Glossary	333	(22)
Appendix	355	(6)
Index	361