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Detailed Contents
Preface
About the Authors
PART 1
The Elements of Effective Writing
The Faces of Discovery 2
CHAPTER 1 Understanding the Writing Process
Overview: Discovery through Writing
The Stages of the Writing Process
The Dynamics of Writing
Your Reader
The Purpose behind Your Writing
The Relationship between Writing and Reading
Spotlight Piece Process, Dynamics, and Purpose
Understanding the Subject through Writing
RECAP Understanding the Writing Process
CHAPTER 2 Prewriting: Developing Ideas
Overview: Prewriting
Freewriting
Brainstorming
Clustering
Branching
Idea Mapping
Journal Writing
The Response Journal
Prewriting That’s Right for You
Writing Rituals
Check-in Time
Spotlight Piece Development of Prewriting
Ideas
Understanding the Subject through Writing
RECAP Prewriting: Developing Ideas
CHAPTER 3 Composing: Creating Topic Sentences and Supporting Sentences
Overview: Composing
The Paragraph
Topic Focus
Topic Sentence Development
Clear and Specific Topic Sentences
Effective Placement of Topic Sentences
Supporting Ideas
Effective Arrangement of Details and Examples
Writer-Centered Words; Reader-Centered Sentences
The Complete First-Draft Paragraph
Spotlight Piece The Complete First-Draft Writing
Understanding the Subject through Writing
RECAP Composing: Creating Topic Sentences and Supporting Sentences
CHAPTER 4 Revising: Refining Your Draft
Overview: Revision
Reassessment
Redrafting
Editing
Journal Writing
Spotlight Piece A Sample Final Draft
Understanding the Subject through Writing
RECAP Revising: Refining Your Draft
CHAPTER 5 Moving from Paragraph to Essay
Overview: The Difference between a Paragraph and an Essay
Essay Structure
The Essay Writing Process
The Essay Writing Process: A Sample
Journal Writing
Spotlight Piece Considering a Final Draft
Understanding the Subject through Writing
RECAP Moving from Paragraph to Essay
ASSESSMENT 1
PART 2
Effective Sentences: Constructing Meaning
The Faces of Discovery
CHAPTER 6 Subjects and Verbs
Overview: Elements of a Complete Sentence
Action Verbs
Linking Verbs
Identifying Subjects
The Simple Subject versus the Complete Subject
Verb Phrases and Compound Verbs
Compound Subjects
Journal Writing
RECAP Subjects and Verbs
CHAPTER 7 Sentence Fragments
Overview: Complete Sentences
Fragments with Missing Verbs
Fragments with Missing Subjects
Phrase Fragments
Appositive Phrase Fragments
Subordinate Clause Fragments
Journal Writing
RECAP Sentence Fragments
CHAPTER 8 Subordination
Overview: Complex Sentences with Supporting Clauses
Simple and Complex Sentences
Subordinating Conjunctions
Relative Pronouns
Punctuation of Subordinate Clauses
Journal Writing
RECAP Subordination
CHAPTER 9 Coordination
Overview: Compound Sentences
Coordinating Conjunctions
Semicolons
Conjunctive Adverbs
Journal Writing
RECAP Coordination
CHAPTER 10 Comma Splices and Run-On Sentences
Overview: Sentence-Combining Errors
Comma Splices and Run-On Sentences
Correcting Comma Splices and Run-Ons with Coordinating Conjunctions
Semicolons
Subordinating Conjunctions
Periods
Journal Writing
RECAP Comma Splices and Run-On Sentences
ASSESSMENT 2 207
PART 3
Verbs: Conveying Action and Time
The Faces of Discovery
CHAPTER 11 Maintaining Subject—Verb Agreement
Overview: Subject—Verb Agreement
Agreement When the Subject Follows the Verb
Sentences Beginning with There and Here
Words That Separate Subjects and Verbs
Problems with Compound Subjects
Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns
Agreement with Collective Nouns, Singular Nouns Ending in -s, and Words Indicating Amounts
Journal Writing
RECAP Maintaining Subject—Verb Agreement
CHAPTER 12 Forming Basic Tenses for Regular Verbs
Overview: The Basic Tenses
The Present Tense
The Future Tense
The Past Tense
The Perfect Tenses
Journal Writing
RECAP Forming Basic Tenses for Regular Verbs
CHAPTER 13 Using Irregular Verbs Correctly
Overview: Verbs That Do Not Follow the Rules
A List of Irregular Verbs
Strategies for Mastering Irregular Verbs
Journal Writing
RECAP Using Irregular Verbs Correctly
CHAPTER 14 Using Passive Voice and Progressive Tenses, and Maintaining Consistency in Tense
Overview: Passive Voice and Progressive Tense
Understanding Active and Passive Voice
Progressive Tenses
Consistency in Tense
Journal Writing
RECAP Using Passive Voice and Progressive Tenses, and Maintaining Consistency in Tense
CHAPTER 15 Dealing with Additional Elements of Verb Use
Overview: Special Problems with Verbs
Can and Could
Will and Would
Forms of to Be
Journal Writing
RECAP Dealing with Additional Elements of Verb Use
ASSESSMENT 3
PART 4
Sentence Elements: Striving for Precision
The Faces of Discovery
CHAPTER 16 Working with Nouns
Overview: Words That Name
The Function and Form of Nouns
Singular Nouns Ending in -s and Collective Nouns
Cue Words That Identify Number
Journal Writing
RECAP Working with Nouns
CHAPTER 17 Using Pronouns: Considering Case, Clear Pronoun—Antecedent
Agreement, and Nonsexist Pronoun Usage
Overview: The Correct Pronoun Choice
Pronoun Types
Pronoun Case
Agreement in Number
Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns
Errors in Agreement with Demonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives
The Role of Reflexive or Intensive Pronouns
Agreement in That, Who, and Which Clauses
Problems with Gender in Pronoun—Antecedent Agreement
Avoidance of Sexist Language
Journal Writing
RECAP Using Pronouns: Considering Case, Clear Pronoun—Antecedent Agreement, and Nonsexist Pronoun Usage
CHAPTER 18 Working with Adjectives and Adverbs: Using Modifiers Effectively
Overview: Building Precise Detail with Modifiers
The Positive Form of Adjectives and Adverbs
The Comparative Form of Adjectives and Adverbs
The Superlative Form of Adjectives and Adverbs
Irregular and Confusing Modifiers
Double Negatives
Problems with -ing Modifiers
Journal Writing
RECAP Using Modifiers
ASSESSMENT 4
PART 5
Consistency Workshop: Aiming for Correctness
The Faces of Discovery
CHAPTER 19 Maintaining Parallelism
Overview: Creating Balance in Writing
Keeping Individual Words in a Series Parallel
Keeping Phrases in a Series Parallel
Parallelism with Correlative Conjunctions
Journal Writing
RECAP Maintaining Parallelism 3
CHAPTER 20 Mastering Spelling
Overview: The Importance of Correct Spelling
Forming Plurals
Prefixes and Suffixes
Doubling the Final Consonant
Words with ie or ei Combinations
Confusing Endings and Incorrect Forms
Commonly Confused Words
Maintaining a Personal Spelling Dictionary
Journal Writing
RECAP Mastering Spelling
CHAPTER 21 Using Commas
Overview: When Commas Are Needed
Comma Function 1
To indicate a pause between two simple sentences connected by a coordinating conjunction
Comma Function 2
To separate items in a series
Comma Function 3
To separate an introductory phrase from the rest of the sentence
Comma Function 4
To set off an introductory subordinate clause
Comma Function 5
To set off word groups that would otherwise interrupt the flow of the sentence
Comma Function 6
To set off a direct quotation from the rest of the sentence
Comma Function 7
To punctuate dates and addresses
Journal Writing
RECAP Using Commas
CHAPTER 22 Using Punctuation Properly
Overview: The Role of Punctuation
Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points
Colons and Semicolons
Quotation Marks
Apostrophes
Journal Writing
RECAP Using Punctuation Properly
CHAPTER 23 Capitalizing Correctly
Overview: Proper Capitalization
When Words Should Be Capitalized
Journal Writing
RECAP Capitalizing Correctly
ASSESSMENT 5
PART 6
Discovering Connections through Reading
Overview: Active Reading Strategies
Taking Notes
Five Steps to Active Reading
Active Reading Illustrated
To Be an All-American Girl Elizabeth Wong
Education Malcolm X
Becoming a Writer Russell Baker
Complaining Maya Angelou
Baseball Annie Dillard
The Pleasures of the Text Charles McGrath
Remembering India Elsa “Chachi” Maldonado
“Forget the past. No one becomes successful in the past.” Peter LeComte
Differences in Child Rearing in Russia and the United States Svetlana Melamedman
I Do Remember You Soledad A. Munoz-Vilugron
Moving to America Pranee Vincent
The Old Store Valeri L. Cappiello
Why Couldn’t I Have Been Named Ashley? Imma Achilike
Appendix Tips for ESL Writers
Credits
Index
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