Dr. Guttmacher's Pregnancy, Birth & Family Planning (Completely Revised (Completely Revised and Updated)

by Guttmacher, Alan F.; Lietman, Ronnie; Simpson, Lynn Louise; Rosenfield, Allan

• ISBN13: 9780451198891
• ISBN10: 0451198891
• Edition: Revised
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-04-01
• Publisher: NAL Trade

Summary

With more than 2.5 million copies sold, this world-renowned reference was penned by one of medicine's most distinguished OB-GYNs. Now updated by two prominent doctors and a professional midwife, it covers everything from morning sickness to multiple births-with new information on such timely topics as infertility, genetic testing, home birth, and electronic fetal monitoring.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxvii
Introduction	xxix
You Were a Long Shot	1	(6)
Reproduction
Libido
The Sex Cells
Fertilization
Becoming Pregnant	7	(25)
Female Anatomy and Physiology
The Structure and Function of Female Sex Organs
The Three Female Cycles
The Hormonal Cycle
The Uterine or Endometrial Cycle
The Ovarian Cycle and Ovulation
Male Anatomy and Physiology
Structure and Function of the Testes
Structure and Function of the Penis
The Male Reproductive Process
The Process of Fertilization
The Journey of Spermatozoa Through the Male Ducts
The Journey of the Egg Down the Tube
The Upward Journey of the Spermatozoa
Capacitation
Fusion of the Two Nuclei
The Early Hours of the Fertilized Egg
Are You Pregnant?	32	(18)
Early Pregnancy Symptoms
Presumptive Signs
Probable Signs
Positive, or Definite, Signs
Duration of Pregnancy	50	(9)
Calculating Delivery Dates
A Word on Terminology
Calculating the Delivery Date from a Known Day of Insemination
Calculating the Delivery Date from Ultrasound
Calculating the Delivery Date from Uterine Size
Calculating the Delivery Date from the First Fetal Movements
What Are the Chances of Delivering on Time?
Prolonged Pregnancy
Legal Problems Associated with Duration of Pregnancy
Laboratory Tests for Paternity
The Fetus	59	(80)
A Reassuring Word
The Fertilized Cell
Summary of Development for Each Period of Pregnancy Life in the Uterus
The Amniotic Fluid
The Umbilical Cord
The Placenta and Its Function in Fetal Nutrition
The Bloodstreams of Mother and Fetus Are Separate
Blood Cells Can Cross the Placenta
Heat Exchange
Hormone Production by the Placenta
Most Drugs Cross the Placenta to the Baby
Beneficial Effects of Drugs on the Fetus
Overview of Teratogenesis
Overview of the Time Frame in Pregnancy for Teratogenic Effects
Specific Drugs Possibly Harmful to the Fetus
Historical Examples of Teratogenic Drugs
Drugs with the Potential for Abuse
Therapeutic Drugs: Prescription and Over-the-Counter
Metabolic Diseases with Fetal Effects
Infectious Diseases with Fetal Effects
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Other Infections with Fetal Effects
Environmental and Occupational Hazards
Environmental Exposures
Workplace Exposures
X Rays
Computed Tomography (C-T Scans)
Ultrasound
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
Other Concerns
Birth Weight
Average Birth Weight
Low Birth Weight
Factors Affecting Birth Weight
Large Size
The Sex of the Fetus
Determining Sex at Conception
Is Sex Affected by Heredity?
Sex Ratio
How Can Fetal Sex Be Diagnosed?
The Fetal Position in the Uterus
Cephalic Presentations
Breech Presentations
Transverse Presentations
Presentation of Twins
How the Fetal Position Is Diagnosed
Activity of the Fetus in the Uterus
The Fetal Heart
Fetal Sensibility and Learning
Care Before Pregnancy	139	(11)
The Benefits of Planning
The Preconception Visit
Preconception Preventive Measures and Treatments
Self-Help Measures and Preventive Care
Optimizing Your Chances for Becoming Pregnant
Birth Control and Planning
Avoiding Exposures
Nutrition
Care During Pregnancy	150	(46)
Prenatal Care: An Overview
How to Choose Your Support System
Your Physician or Midwife
A History of Midwifery in the United States
Your Family and Friends
Prenatal Visits
The Initial Visit
The Timing of Prenatal Visits---Recommendations of the Expert Panel on the Content of Prenatal Care
Prepared Childbirth
Formal Childbirth Education
Unsolicited Advice
The Environment for Labor
Your Place for Birth
Financing Your Maternity Care
Pregnancy Disability
Early Fetal Testing	196	(40)
The Importance of Fetal Assessment
The Science of Genetics
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Defects of Genes
Genetic Testing
Fetal Assessment: Noninvasive Techniques
Ultrasound
Maternal Blood Testing: AFP or Triple Screen
Fetal Assessment: Invasive Techniques
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
Amniocentesis
Cordocentesis or Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling (PUBS)
Fetoscopy/Embryoscopy
Risks of Invasive Procedures
Follow-up of Genetic Defects
Treatment of the Fetus in Utero
In Utero Surgery
In Utero Treatment of Genetic Defects
The Pregnant Months	236	(20)
Subjects You May Be Wondering About
Exercise
Employment
Travel
Automobile Travel
Sleep
Care of Your Breasts
Your Abdomen
Bathing
No Douching
Clothing
Teeth and Dental Care
Sexuality
Drugs
Emotional Changes of Pregnancy
Stress in Pregnancy
Nutrition During Pregnancy	256	(24)
Weight Gain in Pregnancy
A Food Plan for Pregnancy
Meals Versus Grazing
A Word About Culture
A Note on Salt
Food Programs
Vegetarian Diets
Food Preparation: Processing, Additives, Cooking
Processing
Additives
Cooking
Supplements
Folic Acid
Iron
Calcium
Zinc
Magnesium
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Possibly Dangerous Supplements
Special Problems
Pica
Eating Disorders
Eating in Special Situations
Diabetes
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Resources
Common Discomforts of Pregnancy	280	(25)
Nausea and Vomiting
Nutritional Remedies
Other Remedies
Pharmacologic Remedies
Heartburn
Excessive Salivation (Ptyalism)
Constipation
Gas
Hemorrhoids
Varicose Veins
Nosebleeds and Nasal Congestion
Headache
Leg Cramps
Swelling of the Ankles and Legs
Frequency of Urination and Nocturia
Round Ligament Pain
Backache
Sciatica
Faintness
Insomnia
Painful Contractions
Vaginal Secretions (Leukorrhea)
Shortness of Breath
Skin Changes
Rashes
Increased Pigmentation
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
What to Do in the Case of a Fall or Accident
Occasional Complications of Pregnancy	305	(32)
Ectopic Pregnancy (Pregnancy Outside the Uterus)
Symptoms of Ectopic Pregnancy
Diagnosis of Ectopic Pregnancy
Treatment of Ectopic Pregnancy
Follow-up After Treatment
Future Fertility After an Ectopic Pregnancy
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
Hydatidiform Mole
Placenta Previa and Abruptio Placentae (Premature Separation of the Placenta)
Placenta Previa
Abruptio Placentae
Polyhydramnios and Oligohydramnios (Increased and Decreased Amniotic Fluid)
Polyhydramnios
Oligohydramnios
Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (PIH or Toxemia)
Gestational Diabetes
Fetal Death in Utero
Labor After Fetal Death
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Infertility	337	(43)
The Chances of Infertility
Effect of Age and Frequency of Intercourse on Conception
Usual Time Required to Become Pregnant
When to Seek Medical Help
Whom to Consult
The Medical Consultation
Causes of Infertility
Causes of Infertility in the Woman
Causes of Infertility in the Man
Causes of Infertility in Either Partner
Tests for Infertility
Tests for the Man
Tests for the Couple
Tests for Both Partners
Tests for the Woman
Treatment for Infertility
Medical Treatment for the Woman
Medical Treatment for the Couple
Donor Sperm
Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)
Surgical Treatment for the Woman
Medical Treatment for the Man
Surgical Treatment for the Man
Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
New Techniques Combined with IVF
How Successful Is ART?
Surrogate Motherhood
A Message to Women and Couples Facing Infertility
Miscarriage (Spontaneous Abortion)	380	(18)
What Influences Miscarriage?
Specific Causes of Miscarriage
Causes of Recurrent Miscarriage
What Happens During a Miscarriage?
Treatment for Miscarriage
Complications
Medically Managed Miscarriage
Miscarriage and Emotion
Treatments for Recurrent Miscarriage
Incompetent Cervical Syndrome
Cerclage
Interval Between Miscarriage and Another Pregnancy
Follow-Up After Miscarriage
A Successful Next Pregnancy
Preterm Labor and Birth	398	(18)
Causes of Premature Labor
Symptoms of Premature Labor
Prevention of Preterm Labor
Treatment of Preterm Labor
Diagnosis of Preterm Labor
Specific Treatments of Preterm Labor
Delivery of Premature Infants
Diseases and Operations During Pregnancy	416	(43)
General Guidelines for Pregnant Women with an Illness Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Herpes Genitalis
Gonorrhea
Chlamydia Trachomatis
Syphilis
Trichomoniasis Vaginalis (Trichomonas)
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Hepatitis B and C
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Other Infectious Diseases
Vaginitis/Vaginosis
Rubella
Other Viral Diseases
Lyme Disease
Listeriosis
Tuberculosis
Malaria
Parasites
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) and Pyelonephritis
Chronic Illness
Diabetes
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
Heart Disease
Allergies
Asthma
Seizure Disorders (Epilepsy)
Thyroid Disorders---Hypothyroid and Hyperthyroid
Systemic Lupus Erythematosis (SLE)
Cystic Fibrosis
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Blood Diseases
Venous Thrombosis
Cancer
Trauma and Surgical Complications
Dental Problems
Psychiatric Illness
Late Fetal Assessment	459	(18)
Tests of Fetal Well-being
Fetal Movement Counts
Tests of the Fetal Heart Rate
Biophysical Profile
Doppler Velocimetry
Measures of Fetal Lung Maturity
L/S Ratio
PG Assay
Fetal Lung Profile
Fluorescent Polarization
Surfacant to Albumin Ratio
Tests of Surfacant Function
Amniotic Fluid Inspection
Lamellar Body Count
Placental Grading
Fetal Measurements
Late Fetal Assessment in a Fetus with Rh Sensitization
Labor	477	(20)
Labor Pain
False Labor
Back Labor
The Cause of Labor Remains Unknown
The Onset of Labor
Rupture of the Membranes
When Does Labor Occur?
The Time of Day
The Forces Involved in Labor and Birth
How Labor Progresses
The First Stage of Labor: Effacement and Dilation
The Second Stage of Labor: Birth
The Third Stage of Labor: The Placenta
The Fourth Stage of Labor: Recovery
The Length of Labor
Birth	497	(33)
The Second Stage of Labor
The Mechanisms of Labor
Pushing
Positions for Birthing
The Birth of the Head
The Birth of the Shoulders
Baby to Mom
The Room for Birth
Your Partner and Other Support Persons at Birth
Siblings at Birth
Leboyer Birth
Water Birth
Episiotomy
Anesthesia for Vaginal Birth
Cord Clamping
Cord Blood Banking
After the Baby Is Born
Evaluation of the Infant's Condition at Birth
Tending to the Baby
The Third Stage of Labor: Birth of the Placenta
Repair of the Vagina and the Perineum
The Fourth Stage of Labor: Immediate Postdelivery Care of the Mother
Care and Support During Labor and Birth	530	(41)
Preparations for the Birth
Visit in Advance
When You Arrive at the Hospital or Birthing Center
Admission to the Labor Area
Monitoring in Labor
Monitoring the Labor
Monitoring the Laboring Woman
Monitoring the Fetus
Pain Relief in Labor and Delivery
The History of Pain Relief in Obstetrics
Methods of Pain Management
General Considerations
Nonmedical Means of Managing Pain
Medical Means of Managing Pain
Anesthesia for Birth
Difficult Labor	571	(25)
The Powers
Hypotonic and Hypertonic Uterine Contractions
Uterine Rupture
The Passenger
Abnormalities in Fetal Position
Fetal Anomalies
Nonreassuring Fetal Heart Rate Patterns and Meconium
Prolapsed Umbilical Cord
Shoulder Dystocia
The Passage: Diminished Pelvic Capacity
The Bony Pelvis
Soft-Tissue Obstruction
The Relationship Among the Powers, the Passage, and the Passenger
Cephalopelvic Disproportion
Failure to Progress
The Third Stage of Labor
Failure of the Placenta to Separate
Postpartum Hemorrhage
A Reminder
Obstetrical Interventions	596	(48)
Induction of Labor
Maternal Reasons for Induction of Labor
Fetal Reasons for Induction
Determining Readiness for Induction
Cervical Ripeness
Ripening the Cervix
Augmentation of Labor
Active Management of Labor
Amnioinfusion
Episiotomy
Breech Birth
Version
Forceps Delivery
Types of Forceps
When Are Forceps Used?
Safe Conditions for a Forceps Delivery
Classifications of Forceps Deliveries
Performance of a Forceps Delivery
Prophylactic Forceps
Incidence of Forceps Deliveries
Complications of Forceps
Vacuum Extraction
Cesarean Birth
Rates of Cesarean Birth
History of Cesarean Birth
Family-Centered Cesarean Birth
The Operation
Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery
Blood Loss from Cesarean Delivery
Complications Due to Cesarean Delivery
Recovery from Cesarean
Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC)
Elective and Emergency Cesareans
How Many Cesarean Deliveries Can a Woman Have?
Interventions for the Third Stage of Labor
Cervical Inspection
Manual Removal of the Placenta
Uterine Exploration
Transfer
Twins and Other Multiple Births	644	(19)
Multiple Births in History: Fact or Fantasy?
Multiple Births Occurring Naturally
Types of Twins
Can You Tell One-Egg from Two-Egg Twins?
Frequency of the Two Types
Conjoined Twins
Superfetation
Superfecundation
Pregnancy and Delivery
The Diagnosis of Twins
Length of Pregnancy
Discomforts of Multiple Pregnancy
Care During Multiple Pregnancy
Twin Labor
Twin Birth
Pain Relief for Labor and Birth
Birth of Triplets and Higher-Order Multiples
Postdelivery Care
The Babies
Size
Sex Ratio
Special Fetal Problems in Multiple Pregnancy
The Newborn	663	(42)
Immediate Newborn Care
Cutting the Cord
Identification
A Baby with Breathing Problems
Examination of the Baby
Appearance of the Newborn
The Head
Newborn Skin
Hands, Feet, Fingernails
Body Hair
The Eyes
The Face
Breast Engorgement
The Genitals
Newborn Reflexes
Newborn Behavior
Newborn Temperament
Feeding the Newborn
Breast-feeding
Bottle-feeding
Rooming-In
Bathing the Baby
Problems in the Newborn
Injuries in the Course of Childbirth
Diseases of the Newborn
Seizures
Infants of Mothers with Diabetes
Newborn Infection
Congenital Anomalies
Newborn Screening
Circumcision of Male Newborns
Relationship Between Parents and Infant
Bereavement
Choosing a Health Care Provider for the Baby
Taking the Baby Home
Safety Tips in the Early Weeks
Newborn Warning Signs: When to Call Your Pediatrician or Pediatric Nurse Practitioner
After Childbirth	705	(37)
Physiologic Changes
Involution: The Uterus Shrinks to Nonpregnant Size
Puerperal Vaginal Secretion
The Return of Menstruation
Increased Sweating and Urination
Vaginal Dryness
Postpartum Loss of Hair
Lactation
Breast-feeding as an Aid to Involution
Suppression of Lactation: Natural vs
Medically Induced Suppression
Weight Loss
Care During the Early Postpartum Period
Nutrition
Postpartum Exercises
Afterpains
The ``Blues.'' Bathing and Shampooing
Care of the Vulva/Perineum
The Abdomen
The Bladder
Bowels
Sleep Deprivation
Family Adjustment
Sexuality
Complications After Delivery
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Puerperal Infection
Thrombophlebitis
Engorgement/Inflamed Breasts/Mastitis
Hematoma
Urinary Tract Infection
Anemia
Postpartum Danger Signals: When to Call Your Physician or Midwife
Postpartum Examination
Breast-feeding	742	(20)
Advantages of Breast-feeding
Advantages for the Baby
Advantages for the Mother
Getting Started
Positioning
The Social Reality of Nursing
Care for the Nursing Woman
Including the Father and Other Family Members
Handling Discouragement
Breast-Feeding and Contraception
Lactational Amenorrhea
Appropriate Contraceptive Choices
Common Problems: Prevention and Care
Inverted Nipples
Engorgement
Leaking Nipples
Sore Nipples
Yeast Infection
Clogged Duct
Mastitis
Nursing in Special Situations
After a Cesarean Birth
With a Multiple Birth, a Premature Baby, or a Baby with Problems
Illness or Disability in the Mother
Available Supports
Returning to Work
Pumping Breast Milk
A Word on Weaning the Baby
Family Planning	762	(72)
Early References to Contraception and Abortion
Brief History of Birth Control in the United States
Margaret Sanger
Legal Emancipation of Birth Control
Reasons for Effective Contraception
Methods of Contraception: An Overview
Informed Consent
Contraceptive Methods for the Woman
Oral Contraceptives: The Birth Control Pill
Oral Contraceptives as Emergency Contraception (The ``Morning-After'' Pill)
Other Hormonal Contraceptives for Women
Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)
The IUD as Emergency Contraception
The Diaphragm
The Cervical Cap
The Female Condom
Over-the-Counter Vaginal Spermicides
Douching
Contraceptive Methods for the Man
The Male Condom
Coitus Interruptus (Withdrawal)
Methods for the Couple
Natural Family Planning (NFP)
Research in Contraception
Permanent Contraception (Sterilization)
Legal Status of Sterilization
Effectiveness of Sterilization
Making the Sterilization Decision
Female Sterilization: Bilateral Tubal Ligation
Male Sterilization: Vasectomy
Induced Abortion	834	(17)
A Brief History of Abortion
Nineteenth-Century Western World Abortion Laws
Present Legal Status of Abortion
Overview of Abortion Techniques
Making Decisions About Abortion
Pre-Abortion Care
Abortion Techniques in the First Trimester
Surgical Abortion in the First Trimester
Medical Abortion in the First Trimester
Abortion Techniques in the Second Trimester
Surgical Abortion in the Second Trimester
Medical Abortion in the Second Trimester
Induced Abortion After Cesarean
Abortion by Hysterotomy and Hysterectomy
Postabortion Care
Effects on Future Childbearing
Contraception Following Abortion
Appendix Resources	851	(14)
Books
Audio Tapes and Videos
Organizations
Index	865