Drugs Across the Spectrum

by Goldberg, Ray

• ISBN13: 9780534574123
• ISBN10: 0534574122
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-01-18
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

Considered the most comprehensive drug text on the market, Goldberg's four-color text encourages readers to examine the motivation for drug use, social implications of drug use, legal ramifications, and factors affecting how drugs interact with the human body. It provides a look at the history and culture surrounding drug use and abuse, key information regarding specific types of drugs, and a review of drug treatment, education, and prevention approaches and programs. DRUGS ACROSS THE SPECTRUM, FIFTH EDITION also includes a number of resources to support active learning, both in and out of the classroom. From the JoinIn on TurningPoint in-class lecture tool to the support of critical thinking with the new "Fact or Fiction" boxes and popular "Thinking Critically" boxes, students are engaged and educated about the topics and issues related to drugs in society.

Table of Contents

An Overall Perspective
Drugs in Perspective	3	(22)
Definitions	4	(1)
Drug Misuse	4	(1)
Drug Abuse	5	(1)
The Prevalence of Drug Use	5	(1)
The Impact of Drug Use and Abuse	6	(2)
An Historical Perspective of Drug Use	8	(11)
Alcohol	8	(2)
Marijuana	10	(1)
Narcotics	11	(2)
Coffee	13	(1)
Cocaine	13	(1)
Amphetamines	14	(1)
Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs	14	(2)
Hallucinogens	16	(1)
Tobacco	17	(2)
Summary	19	(6)
Drugs in Contemporary Society	25	(26)
Drugs From a Social Perspective	26	(5)
Patterns of Drug Taking	26	(2)
Extent of Drug Use	28	(3)
Drug Abuse By Older Adults	31	(2)
Drugs in the Workplace	33	(3)
Employee Assistance Programs (EAP)	33	(1)
Drug Testing	34	(2)
Consequences of Drug Use	36	(1)
Drugs and the Family	37	(1)
Drugs and Deviant Behavior	37	(2)
Drugs, Education, and Employment	38	(1)
Drug Toxicity	39	(1)
Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN)	39	(2)
Designer Drugs	41	(1)
Fentanyl	41	(1)
Meperidine	41	(1)
Look-alike and Sound-alike Drugs	42	(1)
The Drug Business	42	(2)
Summary	44	(7)
Motivations for Drug Use	51	(22)
Reasons for Drug Use	51	(4)
Experimentation	52	(1)
Pleasure/Escape From Boredom	52	(1)
Peer Influence	52	(1)
Spiritual Purposes	53	(1)
Self-Discovery	54	(1)
Social Interaction	54	(1)
Rebelliousness	54	(1)
Drug Dependency Versus Drug Addiction	55	(2)
Theories of Drug Addiction	57	(2)
Personality Theories	57	(1)
Reinforcement Theory	58	(1)
Biological Theories	58	(1)
Social Theories	59	(1)
Mass Media and Drugs	59	(3)
Advertisements	59	(2)
Billboards	61	(1)
Television	61	(1)
Music	61	(1)
Celebrities	62	(1)
Ergogenic Aids	62	(5)
Anabolic Steroids	63	(1)
Human Growth Hormones and Erythropoietin	64	(1)
Creatine	64	(1)
Androstenedione	64	(1)
Stimulants	65	(1)
Depressants	66	(1)
Sexual Performance	66	(1)
Summary	67	(6)
Drugs and the Law	73	(22)
Whiskey Rebellion	73	(1)
Significant Laws	74	(7)
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906	74	(1)
Harrison Act of 1914	75	(1)
Marijuana Tax Act of 1937	76	(1)
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938	77	(1)
Kefauver-Harris Amendments	78	(1)
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970	78	(1)
Anti-Drug Abuse Act	79	(2)
Legal Issues	81	(9)
Drug Paraphernalia	81	(1)
The War on Drugs	81	(1)
Legalization	82	(3)
Drug Enforcement	85	(2)
Prevention	87	(1)
Racism and Drug Enforcement	88	(1)
Mandatory Minimum Drug Sentencing	89	(1)
Summary	90	(5)
The Pharmacology and Physiology of Drug Use	95	(24)
Pharmacology	95	(1)
Drug Actions	96	(1)
The Neuron	96	(1)
Neurotransmitters	97	(3)
Acetycholine	98	(1)
Serotonin	98	(1)
Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)	99	(1)
Catecholamines	99	(1)
Peptides	100	(1)
The Central Nervous System (CNS)	100	(3)
Reticular Activating System	100	(1)
Hypothalamus	101	(1)
Cerebral Cortex	102	(1)
Limbic System	102	(1)
Medical Forebrain Bundle	102	(1)
Basal Ganglia	102	(1)
Perventricular System	103	(1)
Brain Stem	103	(1)
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)	103	(1)
Somatic Nervous System	104	(1)
Autonomic Nervous System	104	(1)
Drugs and Major Body Systems	104	(2)
Endocrine System	104	(1)
Cardiovascular System	105	(1)
Respiratory System	105	(1)
Gastrointestinal System	105	(1)
Factors Influencing the Effects of Drugs	106	(4)
Age	106	(1)
Gender	106	(1)
Dosage	107	(1)
Purity and Potency	107	(1)
Drug Interactions	108	(1)
Tolerance	109	(1)
Set and Setting	110	(1)
Methods of Administration	110	(2)
Oral Ingestion	110	(1)
Injection	111	(1)
Topical Application	112	(1)
Inhalation	112	(1)
Summary	112	(7)
II Categories of Drugs
Alcohol	119	(26)
History of Alcohol Use in the United States	120	(5)
Colonial Times	120	(1)
Temperance Movement	120	(2)
Prohibition	122	(1)
Current Alcohol Use	123	(2)
Alcoholic Beverages	125	(1)
Pharmacology of Alcohol	126	(1)
Effects of Alcohol	127	(4)
Alcohol and the Brain	127	(1)
Alcohol and the Liver	128	(1)
Alcohol and the Gastrointestinal Tract	129	(1)
Alcohol and the Cardiovascular System	129	(1)
Alcohol and the Immune System	130	(1)
Alcohol and Cancer	130	(1)
Alcohol and Women	130	(1)
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome	130	(1)
Alcohol-Related Issues	131	(2)
Underage Drinking	131	(1)
Problem Drinking	132	(1)
Alcoholism	132	(1)
Withdrawal	133	(1)
Causes of Alcoholism	133	(2)
Genetics	133	(1)
Psychosocial Factors	134	(1)
Culture	135	(1)
Alcohol and Society	135	(3)
Automobile Accidents	135	(1)
Accidents	136	(1)
Suicide	137	(1)
Family Violence	137	(1)
Children of Alcoholics	137	(1)
Summary	138	(7)
Narcotics	145	(20)
Extent of Narcotic Use	147	(2)
Use in the United States	147	(2)
Worldwide Comparison	149	(1)
Characteristics of Narcotics	149	(2)
Opium	149	(1)
Morphine	150	(1)
Heroin	150	(1)
Synthetic Opiates	150	(1)
Physical and Psychological Effects	151	(3)
Physical Effects	152	(1)
Emotional and Social Effects	153	(1)
Needle-Exchange Programs (NEP)	154	(1)
Dependency	155	(1)
Toxicity	156	(1)
Medical Benefits	156	(1)
Analgesia	156	(1)
Gastrointestinal Difficulties	156	(1)
Cough Suppressant	156	(1)
Treatment and Support Groups	157	(2)
Detoxification	157	(1)
Narcotic Antagonists	157	(1)
Methadone and Other Treatments	158	(1)
Narcotics Anonymous	159	(1)
Summary	159	(6)
Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs	165	(14)
Barbiturates	165	(3)
Types of Barbiturates	166	(1)
Effects of Barbiturates	166	(1)
Potential Hazards	167	(1)
Medical Uses	167	(1)
Nonbarbiturate Sedatives	168	(1)
Chloral Hydrate	168	(1)
Paraldehyde	168	(1)
Bromides	168	(1)
Meprobamate	168	(1)
Methaqualone	169	(1)
Misconceptions	169	(1)
Effects	169	(1)
Minor Tranquilizers	170	(2)
Benzodiazepines	170	(1)
``Date-Rape'' Drug	171	(1)
Inhalants	172	(2)
Glue and Other Solvents	173	(1)
Anesthetic Inhalants	173	(1)
Nitrite Inhalants	174	(1)
Summary	174	(5)
Psychotherapeutic Drugs	179	(14)
Understanding Mental Illness	179	(2)
Mental Illness and Medicine	180	(1)
Types of Disorders	180	(1)
Treatment of Mental Illness Prior to 1950	181	(1)
Demographics of Drugs and Mental Disorders	181	(1)
Antidepressants	182	(2)
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors	182	(1)
Tricyclic Antidepressants	183	(1)
Prozac	184	(1)
Zoloft	185	(1)
Lithium	185	(1)
Effectiveness	185	(1)
Side Effects	186	(1)
Toxicity	186	(1)
Antipsychotic Drugs	186	(2)
Effectiveness	187	(1)
Side Effects	187	(1)
Summary	188	(5)
Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines, and Caffeine	193	(20)
Cocaine	193	(9)
Background	193	(1)
Properties	194	(1)
Mode of Intake	195	(1)
Historical Use	195	(3)
Crack	198	(1)
Cocaine and the Media	198	(1)
Effects	199	(1)
Dependence	200	(1)
Death From Cocaine	201	(1)
Cocaine and Pregnancy	201	(1)
Amphetamines	202	(5)
Early Applications	202	(1)
Pharmacology	202	(1)
The Amphetamine Trade	203	(1)
Consequences of Amphetamine Use	203	(1)
Methamphetamines	204	(2)
Methcathinone	206	(1)
Ritalin	206	(1)
Caffeine	207	(2)
Pharmacology	207	(1)
Properties and Risks	208	(1)
Effects of Caffeine	208	(1)
Decaffeinated Coffee	208	(1)
Caffeinism	209	(1)
Summary	209	(4)
Tobacco	213	(24)
History of Tobacco Use	214	(1)
Tobacco in the U. S. Colonies	214	(1)
Mechanization and Marketing	214	(1)
Opposition and Escalation	215	(1)
Costs of Smoking	215	(1)
Extent of Tobacco Use	215	(3)
Demographics of Smoking	216	(1)
Smokeless Tobacco	216	(1)
Tobacco Use in Other Countries	217	(1)
Clove Cigarettes	218	(1)
Cigars	218	(1)
Characteristics of Smoking and Smokers	218	(4)
Nicotine and Performance	219	(1)
Tobacco Use by Young People	219	(2)
Nicotine Tolerance and Dependence	221	(1)
Symptoms of Withdrawal	221	(1)
Pharmacology of Tobacco	222	(1)
Physical Effects on the Individual	222	(3)
Heart Disease and Strokes	223	(1)
Respiratory Diseases	224	(1)
Cancer	224	(1)
Tobacco and Pregnancy	224	(1)
Tobacco and Physical Activity	224	(1)
Passive Smoke	225	(3)
Effects on Nonsmokers	226	(1)
Effects on Children of Smokers	226	(1)
Rights of Smokers Versus Nonsmokers	226	(1)
Anti-Smoking Legislation	226	(1)
Liability and Tobacco-Related Illnesses	227	(1)
Cessation Techniques	228	(2)
Nicotine Gum	228	(1)
Nicotine Patches	229	(1)
Nicotine Inhalers	229	(1)
Drug Therapy	229	(1)
Aversive Techniques	229	(1)
Behavior Modification	229	(1)
Hypnosis	230	(1)
Acupuncture	230	(1)
Summary	230	(7)
Marijuana	237	(16)
Characteristics	237	(1)
Species of Marijuana	238	(2)
Points of Origin	239	(1)
Extent of Use	239	(1)
Pharmacology of Marijuana	240	(5)
Absorption	240	(1)
Tolerance	241	(1)
Physical Dependence	241	(1)
Psychological Dependence	242	(1)
Effects of Marijuana Use	242	(1)
Psychological Effects	242	(1)
Perceptual Effects	242	(1)
Cognitive Effects	243	(1)
Amotivational Syndrome	243	(1)
Physical Effects	243	(2)
Medical Applications	245	(1)
Glaucoma	245	(1)
Nausea and Vomiting	245	(1)
Asthma	245	(1)
Additional Medical Uses	246	(1)
Decriminalization and Legalization	246	(2)
Medical Uses of Marijuana	247	(1)
Cost	247	(1)
Crime and Violence	248	(1)
Summary	248	(5)
Hallucinogens	253	(16)
Terminology	253	(1)
The Origin of Hallucinogens	254	(1)
The Search for Hallucinogens	254	(1)
Amanita Muscaria	254	(1)
Saint Anthony's Fire	254	(1)
The U. S. Experience	255	(2)
LSD and Mental Health	255	(1)
LSD and Creativity	256	(1)
LSD and Government Experiments	256	(1)
LSD and the U. S. Culture	257	(1)
Review of Major Hallucinogens	257	(4)
LSD	257	(2)
Peyote	259	(1)
Psilocybin	260	(1)
Anticholinergic Hallucinogens	261	(3)
Belladonna	261	(1)
Datura	261	(1)
Mandrake	262	(1)
Nutmeg and Mace	262	(1)
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)	262	(1)
Phencyclidine (PCP)	263	(1)
Ketamine	264	(1)
Summary	264	(5)
Over-the-Counter Drugs	269	(16)
Over-the-Counter Drug Market	269	(1)
Regulating Over-the-Counter Drugs	270	(1)
Categories of Over-the-Counter Drugs	270	(1)
Analgesics	270	(4)
Aspirin	271	(1)
Acetaminophen	272	(1)
Ibuprofen	273	(1)
Naproxen Sodium and Ketoprofen	274	(1)
Cold and Allergy Drugs	274	(2)
Antihistamines	274	(1)
Cough Medicines	275	(1)
Decongestants	275	(1)
Antacids	276	(1)
Sodium Bicarbonate	276	(1)
Calcium Carbonate	276	(1)
Salts of Magnesium and Aluminum	276	(1)
Sleep Aids and Sedatives	277	(1)
OTC Stimulants	277	(1)
Weight-Loss Aids	277	(1)
Starch Blockers	278	(1)
Phenylpropanolamine	278	(1)
Benzocaine	278	(1)
Being a Smart Consumer	278	(1)
Summary	279	(6)
III Treatment and Prevention
Substance Abuse Treatment	285	(22)
Underlying Causes of Drug Abuse	285	(1)
Benefits of Treatment	286	(1)
Profile of the Drug Abuser	287	(1)
History of Treatment	288	(1)
Treatment Issues	289	(1)
Voluntary Versus Compulsory Treatment	289	(1)
Matching Patients and Treatments	289	(1)
Treating Adolescent Drug Abusers	289	(1)
Women and Treatment	289	(1)
Problems Associated With Treatment	290	(2)
Client Resistance to Treatment	290	(1)
Community Resistance	290	(1)
Continuing Drug Use	290	(1)
Relapse	291	(1)
Personnel Recruitment and Retention	292	(1)
Treatment Programs	292	(3)
Methadone Maintenance	292	(1)
Therapeutic Communities	293	(1)
Outpatient Treatment	294	(1)
Inpatient Treatment	294	(1)
Self-Help Groups	294	(1)
Alcohol Treatment	295	(4)
Alcoholics Anonymous	296	(2)
Moderate Drinking	298	(1)
Disulfiram (Antabuse)	299	(1)
Naltrexone	299	(1)
Summary	299	(8)
Drug Prevention and Education	307	(18)
Funding Drug Prevention	307	(1)
Changes in Drug Prevention	308	(1)
Drug Prevention in Retrospect	308	(1)
Effectiveness of Prevention Programs	308	(1)
Goals of Drug Prevention	309	(1)
Levels of Drug Prevention	309	(2)
Primary Prevention	310	(1)
Secondary Prevention	310	(1)
Tertiary Prevention	310	(1)
Identifying High-Risk Youths	311	(2)
Resilient Children	311	(1)
At-Risk Factors	311	(2)
Preventing High-Risk Behavior	313	(1)
Education	313	(1)
Role of Parents	313	(1)
Community Efforts	313	(1)
Drug Education	314	(2)
The Evolution in Drug Education	314	(1)
Limitations of Drug Education	315	(1)
Goals of Drug Education	315	(1)
One-Size-Fits-All Drug Education	316	(1)
Current Approaches to Drug Education	316	(2)
Personal and Social Skills Training	316	(1)
Resistance Skills Training	317	(1)
Drug Prevention Programs	317	(1)
Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)	317	(1)
Just Say NO!	318	(1)
Effectiveness of Drug Education	318	(1)
Health Education	318	(1)
Peer Programs	319	(1)
Summary	319	(6)
Bibliography	325	(2)
Answers	327	(2)
Glossary	329	(8)
Index	337