Drugs in America : A Documentary History

by Musto, David F.

• ISBN13: 9780814756638
• ISBN10: 0814756638
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-04-01
• Publisher: New York University Press

Summary

Most Americans would be surprised to learn that large quantities of beer were brought over on the Puritan ships and that the hallowed Puritans were fond of drink. How many today realize that hemp was once one of our most lucrative cash crops encouraged by President John Adams and promoted by the Agriculture department? Or that cocaine, opium and heroin had several waves of popularity in this century and the last? Drugs and alcohol have been with us from the start. So have attempts to control or eliminate their use. In the first anthology of its kind, renowned drug policy expert David Musto chronicles the rise and fall and rise again of the most popular mind altering substances in the Unites States: alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and opiates.In the section on alcohol we hear the Reverend Lyman Beecher, prominent radical abolitionist and father of Harriet Beecher Stowe, thundering against the evils of alcohol in 1826. We read medical documents that show how the first stirrings of concern about about what is now termed fetal-alcohol syndrome in 1910 turned public opinion against drinking and helped move the country toward Prohibition. The sections on illegal drugs contain surprises as well.With accessible, jargon-free introductions this anthology puts drug and alcohol use at the center of American culture. At this critical point in the "war on drugs" if we do not appreciate our drug and alcohol history we may become captive to the powerful emotions that lead to draconian repression, exaggeration, or apathy and silence.

Author Biography

David F. Musto, M.D., is Professor of the History of Medicine and Child Psychiatry at the Yale School of Medicine and Lecturer in History and American Studies at Yale University

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments	xv
Editor's Note	xvi
PART I: Alcohol	1	(180)
Introduction	3	(11)
Alcohol in the British Colonies in America	14	(2)
The Evolution of Prohibition in the United States	14	(2)
E.H. Cherrington
A British Argument against Distilled Alcohol	16	(9)
A Friendly Admonition to the Drinkers of Brandy and Other Distilled Spirituous Liquors	16	(9)
Stephen Hales
British and U. S. Physicians on the Dangers of Alcohol	25	(2)
Petition to the House of Commons	25
College of Physicians, London
Deleterious Effects of Distilled Spirits on the Human System College of Physicians, Philadelphia	26	(27)
An Esteemed Physician Encourages First Temperance Movement	27	(17)
An Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Body and Mind	27	(17)
Benjamin Rush
A Powerful Statement against All Alcohol by a Distinguished Preacher	44	(43)
Six Sermons on the Nature, Occasions, Signs, Evils and Remedy of Intemperance	44	(43)
Lyman Beecher
The Woman's Crusade of 1873-74	87	(8)
Hillsboro Crusade Sketches	87	(8)
Eliza Jane Trimble Thompson
Frances E. Willard
The Woman's Christian Temperance Union	95	(7)
Songs	96	(3)
Primer of Physiology and Hygiene	99	(3)
William Thayer Smith
Frances E. Willard	102	(6)
Frances E. Willard: Satuary Hall, Washington, February 17th, 1903	102	(2)
Katherine Lent Stevenson
Scientific Temperance Instruction in Public Schools: A Message of Fifteen Years Ago	104	(4)
Frances E. Willard
The Anti-Saloon League	108	(4)
Proceedings of the 1913 National Convention	108	(4)
Congressional Debate over the Prohibition Amendment	112	(7)
House Joint Resolution No. 168	112	(1)
Testimony by Representatives Hobson and Mann	113	(6)
A Classic Tract by the Highest-Paid Speaker of the Anti-Saloon League	119	(3)
Alcohol and the Human Race	119	(3)
Richmond Pearson Hobson
Is Alcohol Dangerous to the Fetus? Part 1: Yes	122	(2)
The Influence of Alcoholism on the Offspring	122	(2)
Charles R. Stockard
Constitutional Prohibition	124	(1)
The Eighteenth Amendment	124	(1)
Enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment	125	(5)
The Volstead Act	125	(5)
A Leading Economist Argues for Prohibition	130	(12)
Prohibition at Its Worst	130	(12)
Irving Fisher
A Pamphlet from the Association against the Prohibition Amendment	142	(5)
A Criticism of National Prohibition	142	(5)
Pierre S. Du Pont Urges Repeal	147	(4)
Radio Speech	147	(4)
Pierre S. du Pont
FDR Stumps for Repeal	151	(4)
Campaign Address on Prohibition	151	(2)
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Campaign Address on the Federal Budget	153	(2)
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Prohibition Is Repealed	155	(3)
Roosevelt Proclaims Repeal; Urges Temperance in Nation	155	(3)
Recovery from Alcoholism	158	(2)
The Twelve Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous	158	(2)
Is Alcohol Dangerous to the Fetus? Part 2: No	160	(4)
Alcohol Explored	160	(3)
Howard W. Haggard
E. M. Jellinek
Effect of Single Large Alcohol Intake on Fetus	163	(1)
Definitions of Alcoholism	164	(6)
The Disease Concept of Alcoholism	164	(6)
E. M. Jellinek
Is Alcohol Dangerous to the Fetus? Part 3: Yes	170	(1)
Health Caution on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome	170	(1)
Warning Labels Are Mandated on Containers of Alcoholic Beverages	171	(2)
The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988	171	(2)
How to Speak about Alcohol and Drugs: Government Recommendations	173	(8)
Message and Guidelines: Office for Substance Abuse Prevention	173	(8)
PART II: Drugs	181	(14)
Introduction: Opiates, Cocaine, Cannabis, and Other Drugs	183	(12)
Section I: Opiates	195	(132)
The Pleasures of Laudanum	197	(3)
Confessions of an English Opium-Eater	197	(3)
Thomas De Quincey
Morphine Is Isolated	200	(2)
Friedrich Wilhelm Serturner and the Discovery of Morphine	200	(2)
Rudolf Schmitz
The Invention of the Hypodermic Syringe	202	(9)
A Critical Study of the Origins and Early Development of Hypodermic Medication	202	(9)
Norman Howard-Jones
Narcotic Use in the Civil War	211	(2)
The Medical and Surgical History of the Civil War	211	(2)
Upsurge in Opium Use	213	(6)
The Use and Abuse of Opium	213	(6)
F. E. Oliver
The Benefits of Nonmedical Opium Use	219	(7)
A Treatise on Therapeutics and Pharmacology	219	(7)
George Wood
The Importance of Prevention	226	(3)
Plea from a Young Laudanum Addict	226	(3)
Treatment of Chronic Diseases with Opiates	229	(10)
On the Abuse of Hypodermic Injections of Morphia	229	(3)
Clifford Allbutt
Opium and the Opium-Appetite	232	(1)
Alonzo Calkins
Morbid Craving for Morphia	233	(1)
Edward Levinstein
Inebriety, or Narcomania	234	(5)
Norman Kerr
Morphinism	239	(4)
What Is the Morphine Disease?	239	(4)
Charles W. Carter
Treating the Morphia Habit	243	(2)
The Principles and Practices of Medicine	243	(2)
William Osler
The Towns Cure	245	(6)
The Obliteration of the Craving for Narcotics	245	(6)
Alexander Lambert
The Burden of Morphine	251	(2)
Long Day's Journey into Night	251	(2)
Eugene O'Neill
A Federal Antinarcotic Law	253	(3)
The Harrison Act	253	(3)
The Doremus and Webb Decisions	256	(6)
United States v. Doremus	256	(4)
Webb et al. v. United States	260	(2)
The Demonization of Opium	262	(3)
Opium: The Demon Flower	262	(3)
Sara Graham-Mulhall
Drug Addiction as Chronic Disease	265	(6)
The Narcotic Drug Problem	265	(6)
Ernest Bishop
Richmond P. Hobson Takes on Drugs	271	(5)
Mankind's Greatest Affliction and Gravest Menace	271	(5)
Richmond P. Hobson
No Mercy for Drug Violations	276	(6)
The Boggs Act	276	(1)
The Narcotic Control Act of 1956	277	(5)
The AMA and the ABA on the Limits of Law Enforcement	282	(5)
Drug Addiction: Crime or Disease?	282	(5)
Joint Committee of the American Bar Association and the American Medical Association on Narcotic Drugs
A Presidential Commission Suggests a Medical Approach	287	(18)
Narcotics and Drug Abuse	287	(18)
Task Force on Narcotics and Drug Abuse, President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
Explosion of Drug Use	305	(5)
Drug Use in America: Problem in Perspective	305	(5)
National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse
New Laws from the 1960s to the 1980s	310	(17)
The Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965	310	(2)
The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970	312	(6)
The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986	318	(5)
The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988	323	(4)
Section II: Cocaine	327	(70)
Cocaine Is Isolated	329	(2)
A New Alkaloid in Coca	329	(2)
American Journal of Pharmacy
Praise for Coca Extract	331	(5)
Erythroxylon Coca	331	(5)
G. Archie Stockwell
The Therapeutic Value of Cocaine	336	(7)
Coca: Its Preparations and Therapeutical Qualities	336	(7)
William A. Hammond
Freud as Cocaine User and Advocate	343	(6)
Uber Coca	343	(6)
Sigmund Freud
Recognizing Addiction	349	(4)
Cocaine Dosage and Cocaine Addiction	349	(4)
J. B. Mattison
The Difficulties of Treating Cocaine Addicts	353	(3)
The Treatment of Chronic Cocaine Poisoning, or Cocaino-Mania	353	(3)
Journal of Inebriety
Investigating Drug Abuse	356	(4)
Report on Cocaine	356	(4)
Connecticut State Medical Society
Cocaine Defined as Social Menace	360	(8)
The Cocain Habit (1900)	360	(1)
The Cocain Habit (1901)	361	(1)
The Drug-Habit Menace in the South	361	(7)
Edward Huntington Williams
The Shanghai Commission's Recommendations on Cocaine	368	(12)
Report on the International Opium Commission and on the Opium Problem as Seen within the United States	368	(12)
Hamilton Wright
Cocaine Use Diminishes in the 1930s	380	(2)
Report of the Mayor's Committee on Drug Addiction	380	(2)
Cocaine Returns in the 1970s	382	(2)
White Paper on Drug Abuse	382	(2)
Domestic Council on Drug Abuse Task Force
The Social Drug	384	(4)
The Cocaine Scene	384	(4)
Richard Steele
Susan Agrest
Sylvester Monroe
Paul Brinkley-Rogers
Stephan Lesher
The Danger of Cocaine	388	(5)
Coke Kills	388	(1)
Trying to Say ``No''	389	(3)
Larry Martz
Mark Miller
Bob Cohn
George Raine
Ginny Carroll
Reagan: Drugs Are the ``No. 1'' Problem	392	(1)
The Crack Epidemic	393	(4)
Testimony before the Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control	393	(1)
Robert Byck
``Coca Paste'' and ``Free Base''	394	(3)
Section III: Cannabis	397	(158)
Hashish	399	(6)
The Hasheesh Eater	399	(6)
Fitz Hugh Ludlow
Physiological Effects and Dangers of Cannabis Use	405	(2)
An Essay on Hasheesh	405	(2)
Victor Robinson
Hemp Growing for Farmers	407	(3)
Definition of Cannabis	407	(1)
The Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America
Drug Plants under Cultivation	408	(2)
U. S. Department of Agriculture
Vipers in the Jazz Age and After	410	(12)
Really the Blues	410	(6)
Milton ``Mezz'' Mezzrow
Bernard Wolfe
Tea for a Viper	416	(6)
Meyer Berger
The Government Response	422	(8)
Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs, 1931	422	(1)
Federal Bureau of Narcotics
Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs, 1933	423	(1)
Federal Bureau of Narcotics
Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs, 1937	424	(6)
Federal Bureau of Narcotics
Marijuana Comes under Federal Control	430	(3)
The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937	430	(3)
The Danger of Marijuana	433	(8)
Marijuana: Assassin of Youth	433	(8)
H. J. Anslinger
Courtney Ryley Cooper
Clinical Observations of Marijuana Users	441	(11)
Marihuana: A Psychiatric Study	441	(11)
Walter Bromberg
The La Guardia Report	452	(8)
The Marihuana Problem in the City of New York	452	(6)
Mayor's Committee on Marihuana
The Journal of the American Medical Association Attacks the La Guardia Report	458	(2)
Recommending a ``Discouragement Policy''	460	(18)
Marijuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding	460	(18)
National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse
Long-Term Effects Uncertain	478	(6)
Report on the Health-Related Effects of Marijuana	478	(6)
Institute of Medicine
The Legalization of Marijuana: Hearings	484	(50)
Opinion and Recommended Ruling on the Marijuana Rescheduling Petition	484	(10)
U. S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration
Denial of Marijuana Scheduling Petition	494	(40)
U. S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration
Medical Legalization of Marijuana	534	(8)
Statement by the Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy	534	(8)
Barry R. McCaffrey
Therapeutic Benefits and Health Risks of Marijuana	542	(10)
Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base	542	(10)
Janet E. Joy
Stanley J. Watson
John A. Benson
Scientific Research on Marijuana	552	(3)
White House Drug Policy Office Issues Statement on Institute of Medicine's Report on Marijuana and Medicine	552	(3)
Sources and Permissions	555	(6)
Index	561	(14)
About the Editor	575