Drugs in American Society

by Goode, Erich

• ISBN13: 9780072874983
• ISBN10: 0072874988
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-06-23
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages

Summary

This well-respected text provides the most balanced and up-to-date investigation of drug use in all of its social, cultural, and legal complexity. It covers the full range of psychoactive drug use, from legal medical and prescription use to criminal recreational use, from casual use to addiction. The text maintains its distinctive emphasis on the sociological perspective, explaining the drug phenomenon using sociological concepts supported by recent data from a wide range of sources.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
PART I Introduction	1	(140)
Drugs: A Sociological Perspective	3	(25)
What Is a Drug?	5	(5)
Medical Utility	7	(1)
Illegality	7	(1)
Psychoactivity	8	(2)
Defining Drugs: A Summary	10	(1)
Drug Use and Drug Abuse	10	(1)
Drug Dependence	11	(4)
Types of Drug Use	15	(8)
Legal Instrumental Use	17	(1)
Legal Recreational Use	18	(1)
Illegal Instrumental Use	19	(1)
Illegal Recreational Use	20	(3)
Summary	23	(2)
Key Terms	25	(1)
Account: The Illegal Instrumental Use of Adderall, an Amphetamine	25	(3)
Drugs: A Pharmacological Perspective	28	(25)
Drug Action	31	(2)
A Few Basic Pharmacological Concepts	33	(2)
The Acute-Chronic Distinction	33	(1)
The ED/LD Ratio	33	(1)
Drug Tolerance	34	(1)
Drug Fate	35	(1)
Factors That Influence Drug Action	35	(5)
Route of Administration	36	(1)
Dose	37	(1)
Potency and Purity	38	(1)
Drug Mixing	39	(1)
A Classification of Psychoactive Drugs and Their Effects	40	(5)
Stimulants	41	(1)
Depressants	41	(2)
Hallucinogens or Psychedelics	43	(1)
Marijuana	44	(1)
Ecstasy	44	(1)
Appendix: Drug Names	45	(1)
Summary	46	(2)
Key Terms	48	(1)
Account: Multiple Drug Use	49	(4)
Theories of Drug Use	53	(32)
Biological Theories	55	(2)
Genetic Factors	55	(1)
Metabolic Imbalance	56	(1)
Psychological Theories	57	(5)
Reinforcement	57	(3)
Inadequate Personality	60	(1)
Problem-Behavior Proneness	61	(1)
Sociological Theories	62	(17)
Anomie Theory	63	(1)
Social Control and Self-Control Theory	64	(4)
Social Learning and Subculture Theory	68	(3)
Selective Interaction/Socialization	71	(3)
A Conflict Theory of Drug Abuse	74	(5)
Summary	79	(2)
Key Terms	81	(1)
Account: Multiple Drug Use	82	(3)
Drugs in America: The Historical Context	85	(31)
Drug Use in Nineteenth-Century America	87	(4)
Medical Drug Use	87	(2)
Cocaine-Based ``Soft'' Drinks	89	(1)
Medical, Scientific, and Technological Innovations	90	(1)
Numbers of Addicts and Abusers	90	(1)
The Movement to Prohibit Alcohol: 1784--1920	91	(3)
Early Anti-Opium Legislation	94	(1)
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906	95	(1)
The Shanghai Commission and the Hague Committee	96	(1)
The Harrison Act, 1914	97	(2)
The Impact of the Harrison Act: Did It Make Matters Worse?	99	(3)
The Marihuana Tax Act, 1937	102	(1)
The Controlled Substances Act and the Nixon/Ford Administration	103	(4)
The Backlash Gathers Strength: The Carter Years	107	(5)
Summary	112	(3)
Key Terms	115	(1)
Drugs in the News	116	(25)
Are the News Media Biased?	117	(2)
Four Theories of Media Bias	119	(2)
Sensationalism in the Media: The Drug Story	121	(1)
New Drugs in the Media: Violence, Insanity, and Genetic Damage	122	(11)
Marijuana in the 1930s	123	(1)
LSD in the 1960s	124	(2)
PCP in the 1970s	126	(2)
Crack in the 1980s	128	(4)
Ecstasy, 1985 to 2000 and Beyond	132	(1)
Telling a Story Meets Factual Accuracy: The Janet Cook Saga	133	(2)
Media Accounts of Crack-Related Homicide, 1985 to 1990	135	(3)
Summary	138	(2)
Key Terms	140	(1)
PART II Drug Use: Methods and Data	141	(58)
How Do We Know It's True? Methods of Research	143	(21)
Social Research on Drug Use: An Introduction	144	(4)
Lying	144	(2)
Sampling	146	(1)
Statistics	146	(2)
Rates of Drug Use: An Introduction	148	(1)
Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program	149	(3)
Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN)	152	(3)
Monitoring the Future (MTF)	155	(2)
National Survey on Drug Use and Health	157	(1)
Pulse Check	158	(2)
Summary	160	(3)
Key Terms	163	(1)
Historical Trends in Drug Consumption: From Past to Current Use	164	(35)
Rates and Patterns of Drug Use: The Basics	166	(7)
Overall Prevalence Rates	166	(1)
Continuance Rates	167	(3)
Consumption Levels	170	(1)
Life-Cycle Rates	171	(2)
Trends Over Time: An Introduction	173	(1)
Alcohol Consumption, 1700s to 1919	173	(2)
Alcohol Consumption During Prohibition	175	(1)
Repeal: Alcohol Consumption, 1933 to the Twenty-first Century	176	(2)
Drug Use Trends Over Time: 1960s to 1979	178	(1)
Drug Use: The 1980s to the Twenty-first Century	179	(6)
Appendix: 2001 to 2002	185	(1)
Summary	186	(1)
Key Terms	187	(1)
Accounts: Marijuana (1967)	188	(1)
Heroin (1971)	189	(3)
Ecstasy (1988)	192	(1)
Multiple Drug Use (1996)	193	(6)
PART III Drugs and Their Use	199	(128)
Legal Drugs: Alcohol, Tobacco, and Psychotherapeutic Drugs	201	(31)
Alcohol: An Introduction	204	(9)
Acute Effects of Alcohol	204	(2)
Alcohol Consumption: Accidents, Disease, and Social Cost	206	(2)
Alcohol Consumption Today	208	(3)
Who Drinks? Who Doesn't?	211	(2)
Tobacco: An Introduction	213	(6)
Tobacco: Medical Harm	213	(2)
Tobacco: A Brief History	215	(1)
The Decline of Smoking	216	(3)
Psychotherapeutic Drugs: An Introduction	219	(7)
Sedatives	219	(2)
Tranquilizers	221	(2)
Antipsychotics	223	(1)
Antidepressants	224	(2)
Summary	226	(2)
Key Terms	228	(1)
Account: My Experiences with Alcohol	229	(3)
Marijuana, LSD, and Club Drugs	232	(40)
Marijuana: An Introduction	233	(4)
Acute Effects of Marijuana	237	(2)
Chronic Effects of Marijuana	239	(3)
Who Uses Marijuana?	242	(4)
Age	243	(1)
Sex	244	(1)
Peer Influences	244	(1)
Unconventionality	245	(1)
The Gateway Hypothesis: The Progression to More Dangerous Drugs	246	(5)
The Pharmacological School	247	(2)
The Sociocultural School	249	(1)
The Predisposition School	250	(1)
Marijuana as Medicine	251	(2)
LSD and the Hallucinogens: An Introduction	253	(2)
Subjective Effects of Hallucinogenic Drugs	255	(3)
Genetic Damage	258	(2)
LSD: Continuance Rates and Frequencies of Use	260	(1)
Club Drugs	261	(5)
Summary	266	(3)
Key Terms	269	(1)
Account: Raving	270	(2)
Stimulants: Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Cocaine, and Crack	272	(29)
Amphetamine	274	(3)
Methamphetamine	277	(1)
Cocaine	278	(9)
Crack	287	(4)
Does the CIA Peddle Crack?	291	(5)
Summary	296	(2)
Key Terms	298	(1)
Account: Crack Cocaine	298	(3)
Heroin and the Narcotics	301	(26)
Narcotic Drugs: An Introduction	302	(1)
The Use and Abuse of Narcotics Today	303	(4)
Heroin: Effects and the Drug Scene	307	(2)
Why Turn On? The User's Perspective	309	(3)
Kicking Heroin	312	(2)
Heroin Addiction: Myth and Reality	314	(1)
Controlled Opiate Use	315	(3)
Heroin and AIDS	318	(3)
Summary	321	(2)
Key Terms	323	(1)
Account: OxyContin Addiction	324	(3)
PART IV Drugs, Crime, and Drug Control	327
Drugs and Crime: What's the Connection?	329	(22)
What's the Nature of the Drug--Crime Link?	330	(2)
Drugs and Crime: Three Models	332	(2)
The Enslavement Model	332	(1)
The Predisposition Model	333	(1)
The Intensification Model	333	(1)
The Drugs/Violence Nexus: Three Models	334	(3)
The Psychopharmacological Model	335	(1)
The Economic-Compulsive Model	335	(1)
The Systemic Model	336	(1)
Which Model Makes the Most Sense?	336	(1)
The Role of Cocaine Use in Violent Behavior	337	(1)
Heroin Addiction and Violence	338	(2)
Alcohol and Violence	340	(3)
Summary	343	(3)
Key Terms	346	(1)
Account: Drugs and Crime	347	(4)
The Illicit Drug Industry	351	(32)
The Myth of the Size of the Drug Trade	353	(4)
The Myth of Market Centralization in the Drug Trade	357	(2)
The Myth of the Drug Trade as an Economic Liability	359	(2)
Where Do Drugs Come From?	361	(5)
Heroin	362	(1)
Cocaine	363	(1)
Marijuana	364	(1)
Methamphetamine	364	(1)
Ecstasy	365	(1)
LSD	365	(1)
Purely Synthetic Drugs: A Summary	365	(1)
Factors that Facilitate the Illicit Drug Trade	366	(4)
The Collapse of the Soviet Union	367	(1)
Economic Privatization	367	(1)
Money Laundering	368	(1)
Globalization	368	(1)
Poverty	369	(1)
Weak or Corrupt Local and Federal Governments	370	(1)
The Street Seller-to-User Transaction: Four Views	370	(7)
The Street-Level Economics of Heroin Abuse	371	(2)
Delinquent Gangs	373	(1)
Selling Crack in El Barrio	374	(2)
Class and Ethnic Styles of Dealing	376	(1)
Summary	377	(2)
Key Terms	379	(1)
Account: Dealing Cocaine	380	(3)
Drug Control: Law Enforcement, Drug Courts, Drug Treatment	383	(32)
Drug Use and the Crime Rate versus Arrests and Incarceration	384	(3)
Prohibition: The Punitive Model	387	(5)
Two Punitive Arguments	388	(1)
Drug Control: The Current System	389	(2)
Summary	391	(1)
The Drug War As Ideology	392	(1)
Drug Asset Forfeiture	393	(2)
Does Proactive Policing against Street-Level Trafficking Work?	395	(2)
Does Prohibition Work?	397	(3)
Drug Courts: Treatment, Not Punishment	400	(2)
Drug Treatment	402	(4)
TOPS	406	(2)
DATOS	408	(1)
Summary	408	(3)
Key Terms	411	(1)
Account: Arrest and Incarceration	412	(3)
Legalization, Decriminalization, and Harm Reduction	415
Legalization: An Introduction	416	(1)
Why Do Legalizers Believe Criminalization Can't Work?	417	(2)
Four Proposals to Reform the Drug Laws	419	(6)
Legalization	420	(2)
Decriminalization	422	(1)
Prescription and Maintenance Models	423	(1)
Harm Reduction	424	(1)
Will Drug Use/Abuse Rise under Legalization?	425	(12)
Does Criminalization Ever Lower Demand?	426	(1)
National Alcohol Prohibition (1920--1933)	426	(1)
Legalization and Use: Two Issues	427	(1)
Worst-Case Scenario	428	(1)
Human Nature	429	(2)
Using Drugs, Drug Effects	431	(2)
Frequencies of Use	433	(1)
The Hassle Factor	434	(1)
Cost	434	(2)
Continuance Rates	436	(1)
Progressive Legalizers versus Progressive Prohibitionists	437	(5)
Progressive Legalizers	437	(3)
Progressive Prohibitionists	440	(2)
Summary	442	(2)
Key Terms	444	(1)
Legalization: An Agnostic Look	445
Appendix: Drug-Related Websites	1	(1)
Glossary	1	(1)
References	1	(1)
Photo Credits	1	(1)
Author Index	1	(5)
Subject Index	6