Drugs An Introduction

by Abadinsky, Howard

• ISBN13: 9780534615154
• ISBN10: 0534615155
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-08-14
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Drug History Time Line. 1. An Introduction to Drug Abuse. 2. Drug Use and Legislation: A History. 3. Drugs and the Nervous System. 4. Depressants. 5. Stimulants. 6. Hallucinogens, "Club Drugs," and Marijuana. 7. Sociology of Drug Abuse. 8. Psychology of Drug Abuse. 9. Drug Abuse Treatment. 10. Drug Abuse Prevention. 11. The Business of Drugs. 12. Drug Laws and Law Enforcement. 13. Drug Abuse Policy. 14. Drug Maintenance, Decriminalization, and Harm Reduction. Glossary. References. Author Index. Subject Index.

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 An Introduction to Drug Abuse	1	(21)
Drugs-Reaching a Definition	4	(1)
Drug Abuse and Addiction	4	(3)
The Drug Use Continuum	5	(1)
Addiction	6	(1)
Definition Determines Response	7	(1)
Drugs of Abuse	7	(1)
Depressants	7	(1)
Stimulants	8	(1)
Hallucinogens	8	(1)
Estimating the Extent of the Drug Problem	8	(4)
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse	9	(1)
Monitoring the Future	9	(1)
Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN)	10	(1)
Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM)	11	(1)
National Narcotics Intelligence Estimates	12	(1)
Retail Price/Purity	12	(1)
Drug Use; How Many, How Much?	12	(2)
What Is the Connection Between Drugs and Crime?	14	(5)
Research on Adolescents	15	(1)
Research on Adults	16	(3)
Drugs and Violence	19	(1)
SUMMARY	20	(1)
INTERNET CONNECTIONS	20	(1)
REVIEW QUESTIONS	21	(1)
CHAPTER 2 Drug Use and Legislation: A History	22	(40)
Alcohol and the Temperance Movement	23	(3)
Political and Business Support for Prohibition	23	(1)
National Prohibition	24	(2)
Opium: A Long History	26	(7)
The Opium Derivatives: Morphine and Heroin	28	(1)
China and the Opium Wars	29	(2)
The "Chinese Problem" and the American Response	31	(2)
Twentieth-Century Efforts and Legislation	33	(9)
The Pure Food and Drug Act	33	(1)
China and the International Opium Conference	34	(2)
The Harrison Act	36	(4)
The Uniform Drug Act	40	(2)
Cocaine: From Coca Leaf to Crack	42	(3)
Nineteenth-Century Use of Cocaine	43	(1)
Cocaine in the Twentieth Century	43	(2)
Marijuana: From Immigrants to the Counterculture	45	(4)
Early Marijuana Legislation and Literature	46	(1)
Counterculture Use and Changing Laws	47	(2)
Amphetamines: Speed and Ice	49	(1)
Barbiturates	50	(1)
Tranquilizers and Sedatives	51	(1)
Hallucinogens	51	(2)
Government Action After World War II	53	(6)
A Turn Toward Treatment	54	(2)
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970	56	(1)
The Drug Scare of the 1980's	57	(1)
Drug Abuse in the 1990's and Early 2000's	58	(1)
SUMMARY	59	(1)
INTERNET CONNECTIONS	60	(1)
REVIEW QUESTIONS	60	(2)
CHAPTER 3 Drugs and the Nervous System	62	(17)
Neurological Theories of Drug Abuse	62	(3)
The Disease Model	63	(1)
Arousal Theory	64	(1)
Genetic Predisposition	64	(1)
Limitations in the Neurological Study of Drug Abuse	65	(2)
Polydrug Use	65	(2)
Psychoactive Substances and the Central Nervous System	67	(6)
The Brain	67	(1)
Neurons	68	(2)
Neurotransmitters	70	(2)
Receptor Sites	72	(1)
Terms Describing Drug Abuse	73	(4)
Drug Ingestion	74	(1)
Half-Life	74	(1)
Tolerance	75	(1)
Drug Cues and Sexual Dysfunction	76	(1)
SUMMARY	77	(1)
INTERNET CONNECTIONS	77	(1)
REVIEW QUESTIONS	77	(2)
CHAPTER 4 Depressants	79	(33)
Endorphins	79	(2)
Stress and Addiction	81	(1)
Heroin	82	(9)
Effects of Heroin	86	(2)
Tolerance for Heroin	88	(1)
Heroin Withdrawal	89	(1)
Medical Use of Heroin	89	(1)
Dangers of Heroin Use	90	(1)
Barbiturates	91	(3)
Effects of Barbiturates	92	(1)
Barbiturate Tolerance and Withdrawal	92	(2)
Medical Use of Barbiturates	94	(1)
Dangers of Barbiturate Use	94	(1)
Benzodiazepines	94	(3)
Effects of Tranquilizers	95	(1)
Medical Use of Benzodiazepines	95	(1)
Benzodiazepine Tolerance and Withdrawal	95	(1)
Dangers of Tranquilizer Use	96	(1)
Methaqualone	97	(1)
Alcohol	97	(9)
Effects of Alcohol	99	(5)
Alcohol Tolerance and Withdrawal	104	(1)
Dangers of Alcohol Use	105	(1)
Inhalants	106	(2)
Effects of Inhalants and Solvents	107	(1)
Inhalant Tolerance and Withdrawal	107	(1)
Dangers of Inhalant Use	108	(1)
Analogs and Designer Drugs	108	(2)
SUMMARY	110	(1)
INTERNET CONNECTIONS	110	(1)
REVIEW QUESTIONS	110	(2)
CHAPTER 5 Stimulants	112	(31)
Cocaine	113	(13)
Effects of Cocaine	114	(4)
Coca Paste and Cocaine Combinations	118	(1)
Crack	119	(2)
Cocaine Tolerance	121	(1)
Cocaine Withdrawal	121	(1)
Medical Use of Cocaine	122	(1)
Dangers of Cocaine Use	123	(3)
Amphetamines	126	(8)
Effects of Amphetamines	128	(2)
Methamphetamine Tolerance and Withdrawal	130	(1)
Medical Use of Amphetamines	131	(1)
Dangers of Methamphetamine Use	132	(2)
Nicotine	134	(6)
Effects of Nicotine	135	(2)
Nicotine Tolerance and Withdrawal	137	(1)
Dangers of Nicotine Use	138	(2)
Herbal Stimulants	140	(1)
Caffeine	141	(1)
SUMMARY	141	(1)
INTERNET CONNECTIONS	141	(1)
REVIEW QUESTIONS	142	(1)
CHAPTER 6 Hallucinogens, Club Drugs, and Marijuana	143	(18)
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)	144	(4)
Effects of LSD	145	(1)
LSD Tolerance and Withdrawal	146	(1)
Dangers of LSD Use	146	(2)
Phencyclidine (PCP)	148	(3)
Effects of PCP	149	(1)
PCP Tolerance and Withdrawal	150	(1)
Dangers of PCP Use	150	(1)
Mushrooms and Cactus	151	(2)
Ecstasy	153	(5)
Effects of Ecstasy	154	(1)
Ecstasy Tolerance and Withdrawal	155	(1)
Dangers of MDMA	155	(3)
Ketamine	158	(1)
Rohypnol	158	(1)
GHB and GBL	159	(1)
GHB Withdrawal	160	(1)
Cannabis	160	(5)
Effects of Cannabis	163	(2)
Marijuana Tolerance and Withdrawal	165	(1)
Dangers of Marijuana Use	165	(1)
SUMMARY	165	(1)
INTERNET CONNECTIONS	166	(1)
REVIEW QUESTIONS	166
CHAPTER 7 The Sociology of Drug Abuse	161	(25)
Sociological Theory	167	(3)
Studying the Stages of Drug Addiction	170	(3)
Alcohol	170	(1)
Heroin and Cocaine	171	(2)
Anomie	173	(4)
Response to Anomie	174	(1)
Problems with the Theory	175	(1)
The Adaptive Model	176	(1)
Differential Association	177
Social Control Theory	119	(61)
Subcultures/Cultural Deviance Theory	180	(3)
Symbolic Interactionism/Labeling	183	(2)
SUMMARY	185	(1)
INTERNET CONNECTIONS	185	(1)
REVIEW QUESTIONS	185	(1)
CHAPTER 8 The Psychology of Drug Abuse	186	(17)
Psychology and Personality	186	(1)
Psychoanalytic Theory and Drug Abuse	187	(9)
Stages of Psychological Development	188	(3)
Divisions of the Psyche	191	(2)
Drug Use and Adolescence	193	(3)
Behaviorism/Learning Theory	196	(4)
Operant Conditioning	196	(2)
Behavior Modification	198	(1)
Cognitive Learning Theory	199	(1)
A Psychosociological Dimension	200	(1)
SUMMARY	201	(1)
INTERNET CONNECTIONS	201	(1)
REVIEW QUESTIONS	202	(1)
CHAPTER 9 Drug Abuse Treatment	203	(43)
The Cure Industry	204	(1)
Chemical Treatments	205	(10)
Opioid Antagonists	205	(3)
Chemicals for Detoxification	208	(1)
Opioid Agonists	209	(5)
Chemical Responses to Cocaine Abuse	214	(1)
CRF Antagonists	215	(1)
Psychological Treatments	215	(8)
A Psychoanalytic Approach	216	(2)
Behavior Modification	218	(4)
Group Treatment	222	(1)
Drug Treatment Programs	223	(12)
Treatment Programs in the Criminal Justice System	226	(2)
Drug Courts	228	(1)
Treatment Alternative to Street Crime (TASC)	229	(1)
Therapeutic Community	230	(4)
Chemical Dependency (CD) Programs	234	(1)
Alcoholics Anonymous	235	(5)
The AA Program	236	(1)
AA Organization	237	(2)
The Minnesota (12-Step) Model	239	(1)
AA Alternatives	239	(1)
Evaluating Treatment Effectiveness	240	(4)
Difficulties Measuring Effectiveness	240	(2)
Measuring AA/12-Step Effectiveness	242	(1)
Measuring Other Chemical Dependency Programs	243	(1)
SUMMARY	244	(1)
INTERNET CONNECTIONS	244	(1)
REVIEW QUESTIONS	245	(1)
CHAPTER 10 Drug Abuse Prevention	246	(16)
Models for Prevention	246	(6)
Information Model	248	(3)
Affective Model	251	(1)
Social Influence Model	252	(1)
Sample Programs	252	(5)
Project D.A.R.E.	252	(1)
Reconnecting Youth	253	(1)
Preparing for the Drug-Free Years (PDFY)	254	(1)
Strengthening Families Program	255	(2)
Prevention Research	257	(2)
Technical Problems and Criticisms	259	(1)
SUMMARY	260	(1)
INTERNET CONNECTIONS	261	(1)
REVIEW QUESTIONS	261	(1)
CHAPTER 11 The Business of Drugs	262	(37)
International Drug Trafficking	263	(22)
Colombia	264	(8)
Mexico	272	(4)
The Golden Triangle	276	(5)
The Golden Crescent	281	(3)
Nigeria	284	(1)
Domestic Drug Trafficking	285	(10)
Dominicans	286	(2)
Black Drug Organizations	288	(1)
Street-Level Drug Business	289	(4)
Domestic Production of Marijuana, Methamphetamine, and Other Drugs	293	(2)
Money Laundering	295	(1)
Currency Exchanges and Smurfs	296	(1)
SUMMARY	297	(1)
INTERNET CONNECTIONS	298	(1)
REVIEW QUESTIONS	298	(1)
CHAPTER 12 Drug Laws and Law Enforcement	299	(38)
Constitutional Constraints	299	(3)
Conceptual Models of Criminal Justice	300	(1)
The Fourth Amendment and the Exclusionary Rule	301	(1)
Jurisdictional Limitations	302	(2)
Domestic Branches and Levels	302	(1)
International Efforts	303	(1)
Corruption	304	(5)
Exposure to Temptation	305	(1)
Informants	306	(3)
Statutes and Legal Requirements	309	(8)
Conspiracy	310	(3)
Tax Violations	313	(1)
Money Laundering Control Act	314	(1)
Seizure and Forfeiture of Assets	315	(2)
Grand Jury	317	(1)
Law Enforcement Agencies	317	(12)
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)	318	(3)
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)	321	(1)
Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)	322	(1)
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)	322	(1)
Marshals Service	322	(1)
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF)	323	(1)
Coast Guard	323	(1)
Customs Service	324	(1)
The Military	325	(4)
Postal Inspection Service	329	(1)
Strike/Task Forces	329	(1)
INTERPOL	329	(1)
Street-Level Law Enforcement	330	(2)
Issues in Drug-Law Enforcement	332	(2)
SUMMARY	334	(1)
INTERNET CONNECTIONS	335	(1)
REVIEW QUESTIONS	335	(2)
CHAPTER 13 Drug Abuse Policy	337	(26)
Incongruities Between Facts and Policies	338	(2)
Supply Reduction Through Criminal Sanction	340	(9)
Overflowing Prisons	341	(3)
Would Changing the Penalties Help?	344	(1)
Centralize Federal Drug-Law Enforcement?	345	(2)
Enforcement Results	347	(1)
Conclusion	348	(1)
Supply Reduction by Controlling Drugs at Their Source	349	(4)
The "Balloon Effect" and Human Rights Violations	349	(1)
Economic Importance of the Coca Crop in Peru and Bolivia	350	(1)
Crop Eradication or Substitution	350	(3)
Drug Enforcement and Foreign Policy	353	(1)
Demand Reduction by Drug Testing	353	(4)
Case Law Results	354	(1)
Drug Testing Process	355	(2)
Testing Problems	357	(1)
Demand Reduction by Criminal Prosecution for Fetal Liability	357	(2)
Demand Reduction by Expanding Treatment	359	(1)
Mandatory Treatment	359	(1)
Measuring the Result of Policy Changes	360	(1)
SUMMARY	361	(1)
INTERNET CONNECTIONS	361	(1)
REVIEW QUESTIONS	361	(2)
CHAPTER 14 Drug Maintenance, Decriminalization, and Harm Reduction	363	(24)
Decriminalization of Drugs of Abuse	363	(4)
The Pros	364	(1)
The Cons	365	(2)
Policy Issues	367	(5)
Focus on Causes	367	(1)
Emergence of Decriminalization as a Policy Issue	368	(1)
Medical Maintenance as a Policy for Heroin?	369	(1)
What About Cocaine?	370	(1)
Comparison to Legal Substances	370	(2)
Efforts to Decriminalize Marijuana	372	(1)
Containment in Zurich	373	(1)
Needle-Exchange Programs	373	(1)
Harm Reduction	374	(5)
Principles of Harm Reduction	375	(1)
Reducing the Risky Consequences of Drug Use	376	(1)
Harm Reduction in the United Kingdom	377	(2)
Dutch Drug Policy	379	(3)
Dutch Policy Change to Harm Reduction	380	(1)
Problems Encountered by the Dutch	381	(1)
Canada Changes Direction	382	(1)
Conclusion	383	(2)
SUMMARY	385	(1)
INTERNET CONNECTIONS	386	(1)
REVIEW QUESTIONS	386	(1)
Glossary	387	(6)
References	393	(36)
Author Index	429	(6)
Subject Index	435	(3)
Photo Credits	438