Dynamics of Bone and Cartilage Metabolism

by Seibel; Robins; Bilezikian

• ISBN13: 9780120885626
• ISBN10: 012088562X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-07-24
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

This updated edition is a comprehensive treatise that spans the complete range of basic biochemistry of bone and cartilage components to the clinical evaluation of disease markers in bone and joint disorders. With contributions from over 75 international experts, this latest edition is indispensable reading for those involved in skeletal research as well as for rheumatologists, endocrinologists, clinical biochemists, and other clinical disciplines participating in the management of patients with bone and cartilage diseases. *Part I provides an up-to-date account of current knowledge of the structure, biosynthesis and molecular biology of the major tissue components *Part II covers the organizational structure and cellular metabolism of bone and cartilage *Part III deals with the utility of components specific to bone and cartilage as biomarkers of health and disease

Table of Contents

Contributors	xiii
Preface	xix
Part I Components of the Organic Extracellular Matrix of Bone and Cartilage
Structure, Biosynthesis and Gene Regulation of Collagens in Cartilage and Bone
Klaus von der Mark
Introduction	3	(2)
The Collagen Families	5	(2)
Bone Collagens	7	(2)
Cartilage Collagens	9	(5)
Collagen Biosynthesis	14	(3)
Collagen Genes and Transcriptional Regulation	17	(4)
Factors Regulating Collagen Biosynthesis	21	(4)
Conclusions	25	(16)
References	26	(15)
Fibrillogenesis and Maturation of Collagens
Simon P. Robins
Introduction	41	(1)
Fibrillogenesis	42	(2)
Cross-linking	44	(6)
Concluding Remarks	50	(5)
References	50	(5)
Vitamin K Dependent Proteins of Bone and Cartilage
Caren M. Gundberg
Satoru K. Nishimoto
Abstract	55	(1)
Introduction	55	(1)
Osteocalcin	56	(3)
Matrix Gla Protein	59	(4)
Gas6	63	(1)
Vitamin K/Warfarin	64	(7)
References	65	(6)
Noncollagenous Proteins; Glycoproteins and Related Proteins
Dick Heinegard
Pilar Lorenzo
Tore Saxne
Introduction	71	(1)
Cartilage Extracellular Matrix	72	(5)
Bone, Extracellular Matrix	77	(2)
Concluding Remarks	79	(6)
References	80	(5)
Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans
Tim Hardingham
Introduction	85	(1)
Glycosaminoglycans	86	(1)
Proteoglycans in Cartilage	87	(1)
Aggrecan	88	(5)
Leucine-rich Proteoglycans in Cartilage and Bone	93	(3)
Perlecan in Cartilage	96	(3)
References	96	(3)
Growth Factors
Philippa Hulley
Graham Russell
Peter Croucher
Introduction	99	(1)
Insulin-like Growth Factors	99	(1)
The Transforming Growth Factor-Beta/Bone Morphogenetic Protein Superfamily	100	(3)
Fibroblast Growth Factors	103	(1)
Wnts	104	(1)
Additional Growth Factors	105	(1)
Summary	106	(9)
References	107	(8)
Prostaglandins and Proinflammatory Cytokines
Lawrence G. Raisz
Joseph A. Lorenzo
Introduction	115	(1)
Prostaglandins	115	(2)
The Role that Cytokines have in Osteoclast Formation and Function	117	(1)
The Role that Proinflammatory Cytokines have in Bone and Cartilage Metabolism	118	(11)
References	121	(8)
Integrins and Other Adhesion Molecules
M. H. Helfrich
M. A. Horton
Abstract	129	(1)
Introduction	129	(1)
Molecular Structure of Adhesion Molecules	130	(4)
Adhesion Molecules in Cells of the Osteoblast Lineage	134	(5)
Adhesion Molecules in Osteoclasts	139	(3)
Adhesion Molecules in Chondrocytes	142	(2)
Conclusion	144	(9)
References	144	(9)
Alkaline Phosphatases
Jose Luis Millan
Introduction	153	(1)
Structure and Regulation of the TNAP Gene	153	(2)
Protein Structure	155	(2)
Function of TNAP	157	(3)
Clinical Use	160	(5)
References	161	(4)
Acid Phosphatases
Helena Kaija
Lila O.T. Patrikainen
Sari L. Alatalo
H. Kalervo Vaananen
Pirkko T. Vihko
Acid Phosphatases	165	(1)
Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRACP)	166	(7)
Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP)	173	(8)
References	176	(5)
Matrix Proteinases
Ian M. Clark
Gillian Murphy
Introduction	181	(1)
Aspartic Proteinases	181	(1)
Cysteine Proteinases	182	(2)
Serine Proteinases	184	(2)
Metalloproteinases	186	(15)
References	192	(9)
Part II Structure and Metabolism of the Extracellular Matrix of Bone and Cartilage
Mineralization, Structure and Function of Bone
Adele L. Boskey
Abstract	201	(1)
The Structure and Function of Bone	201	(3)
Bone Mineralization	204	(5)
Bone Modeling and Remodeling	209	(4)
References	209	(4)
Bone Structure and Strength
Ego Seeman
Introduction	213	(1)
Gravity and the Need for Stiffness, Flexibility, Lightness and Speed	213	(1)
The Material Composition and Structural Design of Bone	214	(2)
Bone Modeling and Remodeling -- The Mechanism of Bone's Construction during Growth and Decay with Advancing Age	216	(1)
Strength Maintenance	217	(2)
Conclusion	219	(2)
References	219	(2)
The Cells of Bone
Jane B. Lian
Gary S. Stein
Abstract	221	(1)
Introduction	221	(1)
Developmental Signals for Cartilage and Bone Tissue Formation	222	(5)
Osteogenic Lineage Cells	227	(9)
The Osteoclast: A Functionally Unique Cell for Physiologically Regulated Resorption of Bone Mineral	236	(6)
Perspectives	242	(17)
References	242	(17)
Signaling in Bone
T. John Martin
Natalie A. Sims
Abstract	259	(1)
Introduction	259	(1)
The Control of Osteoclasts	260	(1)
Signaling in the Control of Osteoclast Activity	261	(1)
Signals from the Osteoblast Lineage that Control Osteoclast Formation	261	(1)
Hormone and Cytokine Influences on the Contact-dependent Regulation of Osteoclasts	261	(1)
Discovery of the Physiological Signaling Mechanisms in Osteoclast Control	262	(1)
Rank Signaling	263	(1)
Coupling of Bone Formation to Resorption -- Release of Growth Factors from bone Matrix	264	(2)
Coupling of Bone Formation to Resorption -- Autocrine/Paracrine Regulation by Differentiating Osteoblasts	266	(1)
Coupling of Bone Formation to Resorption -- Are Osteoclasts a Source of Coupling Activity?	266	(7)
References	267	(6)
Parathyroid Hormone: Structure, Function and Dynamic Actions
Lorraine A. Fitzpatrick
John P. Bilezikian
Introduction	273	(1)
Structure of the PTH Gene	273	(1)
Chromosome Location	274	(1)
Control of Gene Expression	275	(3)
Biosynthesis of Parathyroid Hormone	278	(1)
Metabolism of Parathyroid Hormone	278	(1)
Receptor Interactions of Parathyroid Hormone and Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein	279	(1)
Structure of the PTH/PTHrP (PTH1R) Receptor	279	(2)
Activation of the Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Second-Messenger System by Parathyroid Hormone	281	(1)
Identification of a Second PTH Receptor	282	(1)
Physiological Actions of PTH	282	(2)
Cell-to-Cell Communication: Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts	284	(1)
Preferential Actions of PTH at Selected Skeletal Sites	285	(8)
References	287	(6)
Interaction of Parathyroid Hormone-related Peptide with the Skeleton
David Goltzman
Abstract	293	(1)
Introduction	293	(1)
Molecular Biology and Mechanism of Action	294	(4)
The Skeletal Actions of PTHrP	298	(3)
Summary	301	(6)
References	302	(5)
The Vitamin D Hormone and its Nuclear Receptor: Mechanisms Involved in Bone Biology
Geert Carmeliet
Annemieke Verstuyf
Christa Maes
Guy Eelen
Roger Bouillon
Introduction	307	(1)
Metabolism of Vitamin D	308	(1)
Nuclear Vitamin D Receptor	309	(3)
Vitamin D and Bone Cells	312	(2)
Pathology and Therapy Related to Vitamin D Availability, Metabolism, and Function	314	(5)
Conclusions	319	(8)
References	319	(8)
Sex Steroid Effects on Bone Metabolism
David G. Monroe
Thomas C. Spelsberg
S. Khosla
Abstract	327	(1)
Introduction	327	(1)
Molecular Structures, Synthesis, Mechanism of Action of Major Sex Steroids, and Transcriptional Coregulator Function	328	(3)
Effects of Sex Steroids on Bone Cells and Bone Turnover	331	(4)
Effects of Estrogens and Androgens on Bone Metabolism in Men Versus Women	335	(1)
Effects of Sex Steroids on Extraskeletal Calcium Homeostasis	336	(1)
Summary	337	(8)
References	338	(7)
Physiology of Calcium and Phosphate Homeostases
Rene Rizzoli
Jean-Philippe Bonjour
Abstract	345	(1)
Introduction	345	(1)
Body Distribution of Calcium	346	(1)
Determinants of Extracellular Calcium Concentration	346	(3)
Relative Importance of the Various Calcium Fluxes in Controlling Extracellular Calcium Homeostasis	349	(1)
Homeostatic Responses to Hypocalcemia	349	(3)
Calcium and Bone Growth	352	(1)
Body Distribution of Phosphorus	353	(1)
Determinants of Extracellular Phosphate Concentration	353	(3)
Homeostatic Responses to Changes in Phosphate Supply or Demand	356	(1)
Conclusions	357	(4)
References	357	(4)
The Central Control of Bone Remodeling
Paul A. Baldock
Susan J. Allison
Herbert Herzog
Edith M. Gardiner
Introduction	361	(1)
Actions of Leptin	362	(3)
Sympathetic Nervous System	365	(4)
Neuropeptide Y and the Y Receptors	369	(2)
Interaction between Leptin and Y2-Regulated Bone Antiosteogenic Pathways	371	(2)
Concluding Remarks	373	(4)
References	373	(4)
New Concepts in Bone Remodeling
David W. Dempster
Hua Zhou
Introduction	377	(1)
An Overview of the Remodeling Cycle	377	(3)
Functions of Bone Remodeling	380	(1)
The Role of Apoptosis in Regulating Bone Balance	381	(2)
Possible Mechanisms whereby a Reduction in Activation Frequency may Protect against Fracture	383	(8)
References	386	(5)
Products of Bone Collagen Metabolism
Juha Risteli
Leila Risteli
Introduction	391	(1)
Products of Bone Collagen Synthesis, the Procollagen Propeptides	392	(5)
Degradation Products of Type I Collagen	397	(5)
Closing Remarks	402	(5)
References	403	(4)
Supramolecular Structure of Cartilage Matrix
Peter Bruckner
Summary	407	(1)
Introduction	407	(1)
Light and Electron Micrography	408	(1)
Biochemistry of Cartilage	409	(2)
Studies of Fibril Structures by X-ray Diffraction	411	(1)
Structure of Fibril Fragments Obtained by Mechanical Disruption of Tissue	411	(1)
Studies of Collagen Cross-linking in Cartilage Fibrils	412	(1)
Reconstitution of Aggregates from Soluble Collagens and other Macromolecules	412	(2)
Studies of Transgenic Mice and of Human Genetic Matrix Diseases	414	(1)
Correlating Structure With the Biomechanical Role of Articular Cartilage	415	(1)
Models of Cartilage Fibril Structure	416	(1)
Future Perspectives	417	(4)
References	418	(3)
Products of Cartilage Metabolism
Daniel-Henri Manicourt
Jean-Pierre Devogelaer
Eugene J.-M. A. Thonar
Introduction	421	(1)
The Chondrocyte and its Extracellular Matrix	422	(2)
Products of Collagen Metabolism	424	(5)
Products of Aggrecan Metabolism	429	(5)
Products of the Metabolism of other Proteoglycans	434	(1)
Products of the Metabolism of Link Protein and Hyaluronan	435	(2)
Other Products of Chondrocyte Metabolism	437	(1)
Concluding Statement	438	(13)
References	439	(12)
Fluid Dynamics of the Joint Space and Trafficking of Matrix Products
Peter A. Simkin
Introduction	451	(1)
Interpretation of Marker Data and Strategies for Dealing with Them	451	(5)
Conclusion	456	(1)
References	456	(1)
Transgenic Models of Bone Disease
Barbara E. Kream
John R. Harrison
Introduction	457	(1)
Generation of Mouse Models	457	(3)
Transgenic Models in Bone Biology	460	(5)
Perspectives and Future Directions	465	(6)
References	465	(6)
Part III Markers of Bone and Cartilage Metabolism
The Role of Genetic Variation in Osteoporosis
Andre G. Uitterlinden
Joyce B.J. van Meurs
Fernando Rivadeneira
Johannes P.T.M. van Leeuwen
Huibert A.P. Pols
Abstract	471	(1)
Osteoporosis has Genetic Influences	471	(2)
Genome-wide Approaches to Find the Genes	473	(3)
Association Analysis of Candidate Gene Polymorphisms	476	(2)
Haplotypes	478	(2)
Meta-analyses	480	(2)
Osteoporosis Candidate Genes: Collagen Type Iα1 and the Vitamin D Receptor	482	(1)
Summary	483	(4)
References	484	(3)
Measurement of Calcium, Phosphate and Magnesium
Heinrich Schmidt-Gayk
Measurement of Calcium	487	(8)
Measurement of Phosphate	495	(4)
Measurement of Magnesium	499	(8)
References	502	(5)
Measurement of Parathyroid Hormone
Harald Juppner
Ghada El-Hajj Fuleihan
Abstract	507	(1)
Background	507	(2)
Different Immunometric Assays for the Detection of PTH	509	(1)
Primary Hyperparathyroidism	510	(1)
Hyperparathyroidism in Renal Osteodystrophy	510	(1)
Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP)	510	(1)
Conclusion	511	(2)
References	511	(2)
New Horizons for Assessment of Vitamin D Status in Man
Gary L. Lensmeyer
Neil Binkley
Marc K. Drezner
Measurement of Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) and Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol)	513	(1)
Measurement of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D	513	(11)
Measurement of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D	524	(5)
References	525	(4)
Measurement of Biochemical Markers of Bone Formation
Kim E. Naylor
Richard Eastell
Abstract	529	(1)
Introduction	529	(1)
Propeptides of Type I Procollagen	530	(3)
Total Alkaline Phosphatase	533	(1)
Bone Alkaline Phosphatase	533	(2)
Osteocalcin	535	(2)
Discussion	537	(4)
References	537	(4)
Measurement of Biochemical Markers of Bone Resorption
Marius E. Kraenzlin
Markus J. Seibel
Introduction	541	(2)
Collagen Related Markers	543	(10)
Non-Collagenous Proteins of the Bone Matrix	553	(2)
Osteclast Enzymes	555	(10)
References	557	(8)
Variability in the Measurement of Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover
Tuan V. Nguyen
Christian Meier
Markus J. Seibel
Introduction	565	(1)
Sources of Pre-Analytical Variability in the Measurement of Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover	566	(5)
Statistical Consideration of Variability	571	(6)
Summary	577	(6)
References	578	(5)
Validation of Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover
Kim Brixen
Erik Fink Eriksen
Introduction	583	(1)
Validation of Biochemical Markers by Calcium Kinetics	584	(4)
Validation of Biochemical Markers by Bone Histomorphometry	588	(4)
Conclusions	592	(3)
References	592	(3)
Genetic Markers of Joint Disease
Michel Neidhart
Renate E. Gay
Steffen Gay
Introduction	595	(1)
Ankylosing Spondylitis	595	(2)
Reactive Arthritis	597	(1)
Rheumatoid Arthritis	598	(7)
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis	605	(1)
Conclusion	606	(5)
References	606	(5)
Laboratory Assessment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
Patrick Garnero
Pierre D. Delmas
Introduction	611	(1)
Postmenopausal Bone Loss	612	(4)
Management of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis	616	(8)
Conclusion	624	(5)
References	624	(5)
Monitoring Anabolic Treatment
John P. Bilezikian
Mishaela R. Rubin
Introduction	629	(1)
Cellular and Regulatory Mechanisms of the Anabolic Actions of Parathyroid Hormone	630	(1)
Pharmacokinetics of Teriparatide in Human Subjects	631	(1)
Actions of Parathyroid Hormone to Improve Bone Quality	632	(10)
Conclusions	642	(7)
References	642	(7)
Monitoring of Antiresorptive Therapy
Christian Meier
Tuan V. Nguyen
Markus J. Seibel
Introduction	649	(1)
Effects of Pretreatment Bone Turnover and Mineral Density on Therapeutic Outcomes	650	(1)
The Role of Markers of Bone Turnover in Monitoring Antiresorptive Osteoporosis Therapy	651	(10)
Interpretation of Changes in Bone Turnover Markers	661	(10)
References	665	(6)
Age-related Osteoporosis and Skeletal Markers of Bone Turnover
Clifford J. Rosen
Introduction	671	(1)
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Age-Related Osteoporosis-Relationship to Bone Turnover	672	(7)
Markers of Bone Turnover and Age-Related Osteoporosis - Clinical Implications	679	(4)
Summary	683	(6)
References	683	(6)
Steroid-Induced Osteoporosis
Ian R. Reid
Summary	689	(1)
Introduction	689	(1)
Epidemiology	689	(1)
Pathogenesis	690	(1)
Effects of Glucocorticoids on Histological Indices of Bone Turnover	691	(1)
Effect of Glucocorticoids on Markers of Bone Turnover	692	(2)
Evaluation of Steroid-Treated Patients	694	(1)
Treatment and Follow-up	694	(7)
References	695	(6)
Transplantation Osteoporosis: Biochemical Correlates of Pathogenesis and Treatment
Carolina A. Moreira Kulak
Elizabeth Shane
Introduction	701	(1)
Kidney Transplantation	702	(3)
Cardiac Transplantation	705	(1)
Liver Transplantation	706	(1)
Lung Transplantation	706	(1)
Bone Marrow Transplantation	707	(1)
Mechanisms of Bone Loss After Transplantation	707	(2)
Prevention and Management of Transplantation Osteoporosis	709	(2)
Conclusions	711	(6)
References	711	(6)
Secondary Osteoporosis
Jean E. Mulder
Carolina A. Moreira Kulak
Elizabeth Shane
Introduction	717	(1)
Hyperthyroidism and Osteoporosis	717	(7)
Osteoporosis Secondary to Hypogonadism	724	(6)
Anticonvulsant Drugs and Osteoporosis	730	(9)
References	732	(7)
Osteomalacia and Rickets
Marc K. Drezner
Definition	739	(2)
Etiology	741	(1)
Incidence and Epidemiology	742	(1)
Calciopenic Rickets and Osteomalacia	743	(4)
Phosphopenic Rickets and Osteomalacia	747	(3)
Normal Mineral Rickets and Osteomalacia	750	(5)
References	751	(4)
Assessment of Bone and Joint Diseases: Renal Osteodystrophy
Esther A. Gonzalez
Ziyad Al Aly
Kevin J. Martin
Introduction	755	(2)
Biochemical Assessment of Renal Osteodystrophy	757	(4)
Skeletal Imaging in Renal Osteodystrophy	761	(1)
Summary	762	(5)
References	762	(5)
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Shonni J. Silverberg
John P. Bilezikian
Introduction	767	(1)
Etiology	767	(1)
Clinical Presentation	768	(2)
Bone Markers in Primary Hyperparathyroidism	770	(2)
Cytokines in Primary Hyperparathyroidism	772	(1)
Treatment of Primary Hyperparathyroidism	772	(3)
Summary	775	(4)
References	775	(4)
Paget's Disease of Bone
Andreas Grauer
Ethel Siris
Stuart Ralston
Introduction	779	(1)
Etiology and Pathogenesis	779	(5)
Treatment	784	(9)
References	788	(5)
Metastatic Bone Disease
Jean-Jacques Body
Abstract	793	(1)
Introduction	794	(2)
Use of Markers of Bone Turnover for the Diagnosis of Bone Metastases	796	(6)
Use of Markers of Bone Turnover for the Monitoring of Tumor Bone Disease	802	(4)
Prediction of the Development of Bone Metastases	806	(5)
References	806	(5)
Rare Bone Diseases
Michael P. Whyte
Introduction	811	(1)
Osteopenia	812	(5)
Osteosclerosis and Hyperostosis	817	(6)
Ectopic Calcification	823	(2)
Other Disorders	825	(6)
References	826	(5)
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Francis H. Glorieux
Frank Rauch
Introduction	831	(1)
Classification	832	(1)
Diagnosis	833	(1)
Differential Diagnosis	834	(1)
Pathogenesis	834	(1)
Bisphosphonate Therapy in OI	835	(3)
Medical Therapies Other than Bisphosphonates	838	(1)
Potential Future Therapies	839	(1)
Conclusions	839	(4)
References	839	(4)
Rheumatoid Arthritis and other Inflammatory Joint Pathologies
Steven R. Goldring
Mary B. Goldring
Abstract	843	(1)
Introduction	843	(1)
Effects of Joint Inflammation on Skeletal Remodeling	844	(8)
Effects of Joint Inflammation on Cartilage Remodeling	852	(6)
Conclusion	858	(13)
References	858	(13)
Osteoarthritis and Degenerative Spine Pathologies
Kristina Akesson
Introduction	871	(1)
Characteristics of OA	872	(1)
Etiology	872	(1)
Treatment Options	873	(1)
Current Diagnostic Procedures	873	(1)
Biochemical Aspects of Osteoarthritis	873	(1)
Markers of Bone Turnover	874	(4)
Markers of Cartilage Metabolism	878	(4)
Spine Degeneration and Markers	882	(1)
Summary	883	(1)
Conclusions	884	(1)
References	884