What is included with this book?
Preface | p. xi |
How Has Earth Evolved? | p. 1 |
The Birth of Planet Earth | p. 3 |
From Meteorites to Earth | p. 3 |
The Formation of the Moon | p. 8 |
Early Earth Organizes Itself | p. 8 |
The Emergence of an Atmosphere and an Ocean | p. 11 |
Learning the Age of Earth | p. 13 |
The Seeds of Doubt | p. 13 |
The Emergence of the Revolutionary Concept of an Old Earth | p. 15 |
Radioactivity and the Age of Earth | p. 19 |
The Evolution of the Continents | p. 23 |
Earth: The Only Planet with a Continental Crust | p. 25 |
The Continents and Continental Crust | p. 28 |
The First Continental Crust | p. 30 |
The Assembly of the Continents | p. 32 |
Life and Conditions on Early Earth | p. 36 |
Ancient Microbes | p. 37 |
Banded Iron Formations and Oxygenation of the Atmosphere and Ocean | p. 38 |
A Warm Early Earth? | p. 44 |
The Appearance of Animals and Explosion of Life in the Cambrian | p. 46 |
Reading Rocks: The Story of the Grand Canyon | p. 49 |
How Sedimentary Rocks Describe Ancient Environments | p. 51 |
Evidence of Missing Rock | p. 56 |
How Old Is the Grand Canyon? | p. 57 |
Why Are There Ocean Basins, Continents, and Mountains? | p. 63 |
Internal Earth | p. 65 |
The Core | p. 66 |
The Magnetic Field | p. 69 |
Convection in the Core and Origin of the Geomagnetic Field | p. 72 |
Earth's Internal Heat | p. 76 |
The Mantle | p. 78 |
Convection in the Mantle | p. 80 |
Plate Tectonics | p. 84 |
Continental Drift: An Idea Proposed Before Its Time | p. 85 |
Wegener's Theory of Continental Drift | p. 87 |
From Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics | p. 89 |
Plate Boundaries: Where the Action Is | p. 93 |
Plate Motions and Continental Reconstruction | p. 98 |
Lavas from the Depths of Earth | p. 99 |
Hawaii | p. 99 |
Kilauea Volcano | p. 102 |
Volcanoes of the Mid-Ocean Ridges | p. 106 |
Great Lava Floods and the Columbia River Basalts | p. 111 |
Great Explosive Volcanoes | p. 116 |
The Nature of Explosive Volcanism | p. 117 |
How Gases Drive Explosive Eruptions | p. 118 |
Vesuvius: The Anatomy of an Explosive Eruption | p. 121 |
Tambora: Volcanoes and Climate Change | p. 123 |
Krakatau: An Explosion that Reverberated Around the World | p. 127 |
Great Prehistoric Eruptions | p. 130 |
Granite | p. 133 |
Earthquakes | p. 137 |
Why Do Earthquakes Occur? | p. 138 |
How Earthquakes Are Measured | p. 139 |
How Earthquakes Destroy | p. 141 |
Fault Behavior and Calculating the Odds | p. 145 |
Short-term Prediction | p. 148 |
The San Andreas Fault Zone, California | p. 149 |
The Great Alaska Earthquake | p. 152 |
Mountains | p. 156 |
The Shape of Earth and Why Mountains Are High | p. 157 |
The Importance of Erosion | p. 160 |
The Folding of Rocks | p. 162 |
The Metamorphism of Rocks | p. 167 |
The Alps | p. 172 |
The Beginnings of Alpine Research | p. 173 |
The Formation and Structure of the Alps | p. 176 |
What Causes Earth's Climate and Climate Change? | p. 183 |
The Atmosphere | p. 185 |
The Structure of the Atmosphere | p. 185 |
Global Atmospheric Circulation | p. 188 |
Greenhouse Earth: The Troposphere Story | p. 190 |
Ozone: The Stratosphere Story | p. 193 |
The Importance of Clouds | p. 196 |
The World Ocean | p. 197 |
The Important Properties of Water | p. 197 |
Why Is the Ocean Salty? | p. 198 |
The Global Ocean Conveyor System | p. 200 |
Ocean Surface Currents | p. 202 |
Upwelling and Downwelling | p. 205 |
El Nino and La Nina | p. 205 |
The Geological Record of Climate Change | p. 209 |
Climate Forcing Factors | p. 209 |
The Climate Record in Greenland Ice | p. 212 |
Some Other Indicators of Past Climate | p. 219 |
The Ice Age | p. 223 |
Why Is Earth Habitable? | p. 227 |
Conditions for Life | p. 229 |
Water: The Essential Ingredient | p. 230 |
The Carbon Cycle | p. 233 |
Earth, Venus, and Mars | p. 239 |
Earth's Intangible Shields | p. 240 |
Black Smokers from the Deep | p. 242 |
How Hydrothermal Vent Fields Form | p. 244 |
Life at Hydrothermal Vents | p. 246 |
Did Life Originate in Deep-Sea Vents? | p. 250 |
Heat and Water: What Goes In, and What Goes Out | p. 254 |
Some Natural Resources and How They Form | p. 255 |
What Salt, Gold, and Coal Have in Common | p. 256 |
Ore Deposits from Hot Water | p. 260 |
An Ancient Analogue of Black Smokers | p. 265 |
Ore Deposits from Magmas | p. 267 |
Notes | p. 273 |
Glossary | p. 299 |
Bibliography | p. 305 |
Index | p. 327 |
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