Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus

by Edited by David M. Richardson

• ISBN13: 9780521789103
• ISBN10: 0521789109
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-07-31
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

Pinus is a remarkable genus of trees with a very large distribution range in the northern hemisphere. Where they occur, pines usually form the dominant vegetation cover and are extremely important components of ecosystems. They also provide a wide range of products for human use. In many cases exploitation and other human pressures are threatening the survival of natural pine forests, although pines are also widely grown in commercial plantations, both within and outside their natural range. This book presents a definitive review of pine ecology and biogeography written by forty of the world's leading authorities on this important genus. In the face of increasing human pressure and global climate change, it provides an essential source of reference for all those concerned with the management of natural and planted pine forests.

Table of Contents

Contributors	xiii
Preface and acknowledgements	xv
Part One: Introduction
Ecology and biogeography of Pinus: an introduction	3	(46)
David M. Richardson
Philip W. Rundel
Introduction	3	(1)
The origin and evolution of pines	3	(6)
Pines compared with other conifers and broadleaved trees	9	(1)
Morphological traits of pines	10	(3)
Ecophysiological traits of pines in relation to other conifers	13	(1)
Pines in the landscape	14	(13)
Pines and humans	27	(11)
The study of pines	38	(11)
Acknowledgements	40	(1)
References	40	(9)
Part Two: Evolution, phylogeny and systematics
Phylogeny and systematics of Pinus	49	(20)
Robert A. Price
Aaron Liston
Steven H. Strauss
Introduction	49	(1)
Pinus in relation to other Pinaceae	50	(1)
History of pine systematics	51	(5)
Morphological characters important to pine classification	56	(1)
Contributions from cytology and crossability studies	57	(2)
Contributions from secondary product chemistry and protein comparisons	59	(1)
Contributions from DNA analysis	60	(3)
Conclusions	63	(6)
Acknowledgements	63	(2)
References	65	(4)
Early evolution of pines	69	(26)
Constance I. Millar
Introduction	69	(1)
Mesozoic biogeography	69	(4)
Early Tertiary biogeography	73	(8)
Impact of early Tertiary climate on pine evolution	81	(5)
Pleistocene versus Eocene impacts	86	(1)
Validation	86	(9)
References	87	(8)
Part Three: Historical biogeography
The late Quaternary dynamics of pines in northern Asia	95	(12)
Constantin V. Kremenetski
Kam-biu Liu
Glen M. MacDonald
Introduction	95	(1)
Siberia and Mongolia	96	(2)
China	98	(3)
Japan	101	(1)
Discussion	102	(5)
Acknowledgements	103	(1)
References	103	(4)
The late Quaternary dynamics of pines in Europe	107	(15)
Katherine J. Willis
Keith D. Bennett
H. John B. Birks
Introduction	107	(3)
Full-glacial and late-glacial distribution	110	(2)
Late-glacial and postglacial (Holocene) distribution change	112	(3)
Late Holocene range contraction of Pinus sylvestris in northern Europe	115	(2)
Late Holocene expansion of pines in southern Europe	117	(1)
Conclusions	118	(4)
References	119	(3)
The late Quaternary dynamics of pines in northern North America	122	(15)
Glen M. MacDonald
Les C. Cwynar
Cathy Whitlock
Introduction	122	(1)
Northeastern North America	123	(3)
The continental northern interior	126	(2)
The Pacific Northwest and Alaska	128	(3)
Discussion	131	(6)
Acknowledgements	133	(1)
References	133	(4)
The history of pines in Mexico and Central America	137	(16)
Jesse P. Perry Jr
Alan Graham
David M. Richardson
Introduction	137	(1)
Preglacial spread of pines in continental North America	138	(4)
Postglacial migration of pines in Mexico and Central America: its impact on diversification of pines	142	(1)
The diversification of pines in Mexico and Central America	142	(3)
Human influences	145	(1)
Conclusions	146	(7)
References	147	(6)
Part Four: Macroecology and recent biogeography
Pines of the Mediterranean Basin	153	(18)
Marcel Barbero
Roger Loisel
Pierre Quezel
David M. Richardson
Francois Romane
Introduction	153	(1)
The Mediterranean pine resource	154	(5)
The present ecological status of pines and their biogeography in the Mediterranean Basin	159	(2)
The role of pines in the vegetation history of the Mediterranean Basin after the last glaciation	161	(2)
The role of pines in recent vegetation history	163	(1)
Vegetation change scenarios	163	(2)
The present: models of dynamics	165	(1)
Conclusions	165	(6)
References	166	(5)
The recent history of pinyon pines in the American Southwest	171	(12)
Ronald M. Lanner
Thomas R. Van Devender
Introduction	171	(1)
Data sources for Pleistocene/Holocene studies	172	(1)
Species case studies	173	(5)
The historical period	178	(2)
Concluding note	180	(3)
Acknowledgements	180	(1)
References	180	(3)
Macroecological limits to the abundance and distribution of pinus	183	(10)
Geoge C. Stevens
Brian J. Enquist
Introduction	183	(1)
Rapoport's Rule in pines	184	(2)
Statistical methods and visualization protocol	186	(1)
Rapoport's intraspecific rule for range fragments	186	(3)
Conclusions	189	(4)
Acknowledgements	190	(1)
References	190	(3)
Part Five: Ecological themes
Fire and pine ecosystems	193	(26)
James K. Agee
Introduction	193	(1)
The fire environment of Pinus	193	(3)
Fire adaptations and successional status of pines	196	(1)
The fire regimes of pines	197	(1)
Low-severity fire regimes	198	(4)
Moderate-severity fire regimes	202	(4)
High-severity fire regimes	206	(5)
Fire and tropical pines	211	(1)
The role of fire in pine invasions and plantation management in the southern hemisphere	211	(1)
Conclusions	212	(7)
References	213	(6)
Evolution of life histories in Pinus	219	(32)
Jon E. Keeley
Paul H. Zedler
Introduction	219	(1)
Ecological strategies in pines	220	(14)
Role of ecological strategies in determining patterns of cone production, seed germination, and predation	234	(5)
Conclusions on life history evolution in pines	239	(12)
Acknowledgements	242	(1)
References	242	(9)
Genetic variation in Pinus	251	(30)
F. Thomas Ledig
Introduction	251	(1)
The genetic system	251	(18)
Patterns of variation in pines	269	(2)
Domestication	271	(1)
Conservation	272	(1)
Conclusions	272	(9)
References	273	(8)
Seed dispersal in Pinus	281	(15)
Ronald M. Lanner
Introduction	281	(1)
The context of pine seed dispersal	281	(7)
Agents of pine seed dispersal	288	(4)
Conclusions	292	(4)
References	293	(3)
Ecophysiology of Pinus	296	(28)
Philip W. Rundel
Barbara J. Yoder
Introduction	296	(1)
Physiological processes	296	(6)
Water relations	302	(4)
Respiration	306	(1)
Ecophysiological response to environmental stress	306	(7)
The atmospheric environment	313	(2)
Conclusions	315	(9)
References	316	(8)
The mycorrhizal status of Pinus	324	(17)
David J. Read
Introduction	324	(1)
Structural and epidemiological aspects of Pinus mycorrhiza	325	(2)
The extramatrical mycelial system of pine ectomycorhiza	327	(2)
Returns on carbon investment in mycorrhizal Pinus plants	329	(4)
Ecological aspects of the mycorrhizal symbiosis in Pinus	333	(3)
Summary and conclusions	336	(5)
Acknowledgements	336	(1)
References	337	(4)
Effects of pines on soil properties and processes	341	(13)
Mary C. Scholes
Thomas E. Nowicki
Introduction	341	(1)
Characteristic soil properties and processes associated with pines	341	(2)
Soil changes associated with pine afforestation	343	(7)
Conclusions	350	(4)
References	350	(4)
Insect-pine interactions	354	(27)
Peter de Groot
Jean J. Turgeon
Introduction	354	(1)
Insect fauna of pines in Canada and the United States	354	(13)
Effect of insect herbivory on pine	367	(2)
Tree defence against insect herbivory and the response of insects	369	(2)
Management of pine: keeping insects in mind	371	(4)
Conclusions	375	(6)
Acknowledgements	375	(1)
References	376	(5)
Diseases and the ecology of indigenous and exotic pines	381	(26)
Thomas C. Harrington
Michael J. Wingfield
Introduction	381	(1)
Dwarf mistletoe	382	(2)
Stem rots	384	(1)
Root rots	385	(3)
Other root diseases	388	(1)
Canker diseases	389	(3)
Needle diseases	392	(2)
Rust diseases	394	(3)
Diseases caused by nematodes	397	(1)
Conclusions	398	(9)
Acknowledgements	398	(1)
References	399	(8)
Part Six: Pines and humans
Pines in cultivation: a global view	407	(25)
David C. Le Maitre
Introduction	407	(1)
Prehistory to Classical Greece	408	(2)
Classical Greece to the Middle Ages	410	(3)
Middle Ages to the 17th century	413	(1)
The 18th and 19th centuries	414	(3)
The 20th century	417	(6)
Synthesis	423	(9)
Acknowledgements	425	(1)
References	425	(7)
Pinus radiata: a narrow endemic from North America takes on the world	432	(18)
Peter B. Lavery
Donald J. Mead
Preamble	432	(1)
Discovery and destiny	432	(1)
Taxonomy and nomenclature	433	(3)
The native resource and gene pool	436	(3)
The ex situ plantation resource	439	(7)
The future for Pinus radiata	446	(4)
References	449	(1)
Pines as invaders in the southern hemisphere	450	(25)
David M. Richardson
Steven I. Higgins
Introduction	450	(2)
Pines as alien invaders in the southern hemisphere	452	(6)
Case study: invasive pines on the Cape Peninsula, South Africa	458	(2)
Towards a predictive understanding of pine invasions	460	(6)
Managing pine invasions	466	(3)
Conclusions	469	(6)
Acknowledgements	470	(1)
References	470	(5)
Glossary	475	(15)
A glossary of English common names for pines	490	(7)
Index of biota and taxa	497	(22)
Subject index	519