Economic Policy and Sustainable Land Use

by Heerink, Nico; Keulen, Herman Van; Kuiper, Marijke

• ISBN13: 9783790813517
• ISBN10: 3790813516
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-03-01
• Publisher: Physica Verlag

Summary

The book provides an overview of quantitative approaches to analyse the effects of economic policy reforms on sustainable land use in developing countries. It illustrates recent advances in modelling approaches at the plot, household, regional and national level. Special attention is paid to the influence of market failures and other aspects of the institutional environment on the policy-response of households in developing countries, and to problems of linking biophysical and economic models. Four key issues in quantifying relationships between economic policy and agricultural land use are used to compare the different modelling approaches. The book concludes with suggestions for future research aiming at increasing our understanding of the impact of policy instruments on soil quality.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Economic Policy Reforms and Sustainable Land Use in Developing Countries: Issues and Approaches
Nico Heerink
Arie Kuyvenhoven
Maarten S. van Wijk
Abstract	1	(1)
Introduction	1	(1)
Soil Degradation and Agricultural Production	2	(3)
Economic Policy Reforms and Soil Degradation	5	(3)
An Analytical Framework	8	(2)
Modelling Approaches	10	(6)
Bio-economic Models	11	(1)
Household and Village Models	12	(2)
Macro-and Regional Models	14	(1)
Potential Contributions	15	(1)
Purpose and Structure of the Book	16	(1)
References	17	(4)
Soil Degradation and Agricultural Production: Economic and Biophysical Approaches
Gideon Kruseman
Herman van Keulen
Abstract	21	(1)
Introduction	21	(1)
Soil Degradation: What Are We Talking About?	22	(3)
Economic Interpretation of the Production Function	25	(2)
Fundamental Issues Underlying the Debate	27	(5)
Efficiency	27	(4)
Cause and Effect	31	(1)
Biophysical Approaches to the Production Function	32	(4)
Generating Biophysical Inputs in Bio-Economic Modelling	36	(5)
A Technical Coefficient Generator (TCG)	36	(2)
A Process Approach	38	(1)
A Tropical Soil Productivity Calculator (TSPC)	39	(1)
Soil Depth Calculation and Changes in Yields	39	(1)
Multi-Period Modelling	40	(1)
The Interface Between Biophysical and Economic Models	41	(1)
References	42	(7)
Technical Options for Agricultural Development in the Ethiopian Highlands: A Model of Crop-Livestock Interactions
Ayele A. Abiye
Jens B. Aune
Abstract	49	(1)
Introduction	49	(1)
Choice of Agro-ecological Models	50	(1)
The Model	51	(2)
Collection of Household Data and Model Construction	51	(1)
The Soil-Crop Component	52	(1)
The Livestock Component	52	(1)
Socio-economic Data	53	(1)
Resource Efficiency of Different Crop-Livestock Systems in Ethiopia: Model Results	53	(2)
Development Paths for the Crop-Livestock System in Ethiopia	55	(1)
References	56	(4)
Land Degradation as a Transformation Process in an Intertemporal Welfare Optimisation Framework
Peter J. Albersen
Laixiang Sun
Abstract	59	(1)
Introduction	60	(1)
The Transformation Process	61	(7)
Overall Framework	61	(2)
Description of Land	63	(2)
Costs of Productivity-Increasing Transformation	65	(3)
The Degradation-Induced Transformation Process	68	(2)
Micro and Macro Level	70	(1)
References	71	(3)
Population Pressure and Land Degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A Bio-Economic Model with Endogenous Soil Degradation
Bekele Shiferaw
Stein Holden
Jens Aune
Abstract	73	(1)
Introduction	74	(1)
The Conceptual Framework	75	(2)
The Biophysical and Economic System	77	(3)
The Bio-economic Model	80	(4)
Simulation Results	84	(5)
Impact of Population Pressure on Better-off Households	84	(3)
Impact of Population Pressure on Poor Households	87	(2)
Conclusions	89	(1)
References	90	(3)
Imperfect Food Markets and Household Adoption of Soil Conservation Practices in the Dominican Republic Highlands: Household Probit and Duration Models
Benedicte de la Briere
Abstract	93	(1)
Introduction	93	(2)
A Household Model of Adoption and Maintenance of Soil Conservation Techniques	95	(4)
Households Facing Food Market Imperfections	96	(2)
Households Facing Functioning Food Markets	98	(1)
Some Comparative Statics Results	99	(2)
Profitability over Time and Decision to Withdraw	101	(1)
Descriptive Statistics	102	(3)
Adoption Behaviour: Probit Analysis	105	(3)
Maintenance Behaviour: Duration Analysis	108	(4)
Conclusions	112	(1)
References	113	(3)
Soil Conservation and Imperfect Labour Markets in El Salvador: an Empirical Application of a Dynamic Control Model of Farm Production
Claudia B. Romano
Abstract	115	(1)
Introduction	116	(1)
Labour Allocation in a Model of Farm Production with Missing Agricultural Labour Markets	117	(8)
An Econometric Application of the Model	125	(3)
Data	125	(1)
Estimation Procedures	125	(3)
Results and Discussion	128	(3)
Conclusions	131	(2)
References	133	(2)
Assessing the Effects of Policy Measures on Household Welfare and Agro-Ecological Sustainability: an Overview of Farm Household Modelling Approaches
Gideon Kruseman
Abstract	135	(1)
Introduction	135	(2)
Theoretical Underpinnings of Farm Household Modelling	137	(3)
Empirical Estimation of Bio-economic Farm Household Models	140	(1)
Mathematical Programming Models: Advantages and Shortcomings	141	(4)
Metamodelling	145	(2)
Discussion and Conclusions	147	(1)
References	148	(3)
Agricultural Prices and Land Degration in Koutiala, Mali: a Regional Simulation Model Based on Farmers' Decision Rules
Tjark Struif Bontkes
Abstract	151	(1)
Introduction	151	(2)
Structure of the Model	153	(2)
Detailed Description of Model Components	155	(6)
Choice of Crops and Inputs Applied per Farm Type	155	(2)
Availability of N and P for Crop Uptake	157	(1)
Crop Production, Including Production of the Common Pastures	157	(1)
Animal Production Based on Available Quantity and Quality of Feed	158	(1)
Cereal Prices	158	(1)
Sale or Purchase of Cattle on the Basis of Farm Incomes	159	(1)
Changes in the State Variables	159	(2)
Some Illustrations of Simulation Results	161	(3)
Base Run	161	(1)
Policy Experiment	162	(2)
Discussion	164	(2)
References	166	(3)
Integrating Site-Specific Biophysical and Economic Models to Assess Trade-offs in Sustainable Land Use and Soil Quality
John M. Antle
Jetse Stoorvogel
Abstract	169	(1)
Introduction	169	(2)
Defining and Measuring Soil Quality	171	(3)
An Economic Model of Site-Specific Land Use and Management	174	(2)
Site-Specific Management and Soil Quality	176	(2)
Aggregation and Policy Analysis	178	(3)
An Example: Mechanical Erosion	181	(1)
Conclusions	182	(1)
References	182	(3)
Effects of Land Degradation in a Diversified Economy with Local Staple and Labour Markets: A Village-Town CGE Analysis from Mexico
George Dyer
Antonio Yunez-Naude
J. Edward Taylor
Abstract	185	(1)
Introduction	185	(1)
The Model and Data	186	(3)
The Village-Town Model	187	(2)
Data	189	(1)
Simulations	189	(5)
Results	194	(1)
Decrease in Staple Productivity	194	(1)
Decrease in Land Availability	194	(1)
Increase in World Market Price for Staples	195	(1)
Conclusions	195	(2)
References	197	(2)
Agricultural Production and Erosion in a Small Watershed in Honduras: a Non-Linear Programming Approach
Bruno Barbier
Abstract	199	(1)
Introduction	199	(1)
Model Structure	200	(5)
Land Limitation	201	(1)
Water Limitation	201	(1)
Labour Limitation	202	(1)
Cash Limitation	202	(1)
Market Limitation	202	(1)
Crop Production Modelling	202	(1)
Erosion	203	(2)
Application to a Small Watershed in Honduras	205	(2)
Discussion and Conclusions	207	(1)
References	207	(5)
Alternative Approaches to the Economics of Soil Nutrient Depletion in Costa Rica: Exploratory, Predictive and Normative Bio-Economic Models
Hans G.P. Jansen
Robert A. Schipper
Peter Roebeling
Erwin H. Bulte
Huib Hengsdijk
Bas A.M. Bouman
Andre Nieuwenhuyse
Abstract	211	(1)
Introduction	212	(1)
Methods	212	(13)
The SOLUS Methodology	212	(6)
The UNA-DLV Methodology	218	(4)
An Optimal Control Model	222	(3)
Study Area	225	(1)
Results	226	(7)
Explorative SOLUS Methodology	226	(3)
Predictive UNA-DLV Methodology	229	(1)
Normative Optimal Control Methodology	230	(3)
Conclusions	233	(1)
References	234	(5)
Effects of Economic Policies on Farmers, Consumers and Soil Degradation: a Recursively Dynamic Sector Model with an Application for Burkina Faso
Daniel Deybe
Abstract	239	(1)
Introduction	239	(2)
The Multilevel Analysis Tool for the Agricultural Sector	241	(1)
The Production Module	242	(5)
The Marketing/Consumption Module	247	(2)
The Macro-Economic Context	249	(1)
Results of Policy Simulations for Burkina Faso	249	(3)
Conclusions	252	(1)
References	252	(3)
Soil Degradation in Macro CGE Models
Solveig Glomsrod
Abstract	255	(1)
Introduction	255	(1)
Environment and Productivity	256	(2)
A CGE Model with Soil Nutrient Mining	258	(5)
Economic Core Model	258	(1)
The Agro-Ecological Model	259	(2)
Links Between the Two Modules	261	(1)
Policy Simulations	262	(1)
A CGE Model with Deforestation, Soil Degradation and Migration	263	(3)
Model Specification	263	(3)
Policy Simulations	266	(1)
Some Final Comments	266	(1)
References	267	(3)
The Effect of Soil Degradation on Agricultural Productivity in Ethiopia: A Non-Parametric Regression Analysis
Michiel A. Keyzer
Ben G.J.S. Sonneveld
Abstract	269	(1)
Introduction	270	(4)
Constraints on Incorporating Soil Degradation into Economic Models	272	(1)
A Non-Parametric Approach	273	(1)
Data	274	(3)
Sources	274	(2)
Selection of Variables	276	(1)
The Mollifier Program: 3D-Visualisation of Kernel Density Regressions	277	(1)
Mollifier Mapping	277	(1)
Mollifier Program	277	(1)
Results of the Non-Parametric Analysis	278	(8)
The Qualitative Assessment of Soil Degradation and its Relation to Crop Yield	278	(2)
Reliability of Relationships Between Yield Ratio and Common Explanatory Variables	280	(3)
Spatial Correlation	283	(1)
The Relation with Population Levels and Fertiliser Use	284	(2)
Back to GIS	286	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	286	(1)
References	287	(6)
Annex Chapter 16	290	(3)
Between Free Riders and Free Raiders: Property Rights and Soil Degradation in Context
Franz von Benda-Beckmann
Abstract	293	(1)
Introduction	293	(4)
Points of Departure and Assumptions	297	(6)
Empirical Generalisations	297	(1)
Categorical and Concretised Property Rights	298	(2)
The Conventional Four Property Categories	300	(1)
Legal-Institutional Pluralism	301	(1)
Towards a Post-Institutionalist Perspective	302	(1)
The Tragedy of Individual Rights under Different Property Rights Bundles	303	(2)
Revisting Hardin and Open Access	303	(2)
The Tragedy and Other Property Rights	305	(1)
Features of Property Rights Constellations and Care for Resource Quality	305	(5)
The Temporal Dimension of Property Rights and the Time Horizon of Property Holders	306	(1)
The Functions of Property and Outside Opportunities	307	(3)
Conclusions	310	(1)
References	311	(6)
Land Rights, Farmers' Investment, and Sustainable Land Use: Modelling Approaches and Empirical Evidence
Ruerd Ruben
Marrit van den Berg
Tan Shuhao
Abstract	317	(1)
Introduction	317	(1)
Land Rights and Resource Management	318	(2)
Land Rights and Investment Decisions	320	(3)
Modelling Framework	323	(3)
Basic Model with Credit Constraints	323	(2)
Migration	325	(1)
Uncertainty of Land Ownership	326	(1)
Empirical Evidence	326	(5)
Effects	327	(2)
Implications	329	(2)
Discussion	331	(1)
References	332	(3)
Assessing Social Factors in Sustainable Land-Use Management: Social Capital and Common Land Development in Rajasthan, India
Anirudh Krishna
Norman Uphoff
Abstract	335	(1)
Social Factors in Soil Conservation	335	(1)
Setting the Stage: Location and Context	336	(3)
Evaluating Program Performance	339	(2)
Scaling Social Capital	341	(2)
Examining the Impact of Social Capital on Program Performance	343	(3)
What Do These Results Mean?	346	(2)
References	348	(3)
Modelling Economic Policy Reforms and Sustainable Land Use in Developing Countries: Key Issues
Marijke Kuiper
Nico Heerink
Herman van Keulen
Abstract	351	(1)
Introduction	351	(1)
Key Issues in Modelling Bio-Economic Interactions	352	(9)
Conceptualisation	352	(4)
Interactions	356	(2)
Aggregation	358	(1)
Time Dimension	359	(2)
Addressing the Key Issues: Comparing Approaches	361	(9)
Conceptualisation	362	(4)
Interactions	366	(1)
Aggregation	367	(3)
Time Dimension	370	(1)
Concluding Remarks	370	(4)
Complementary Advantages of Different Approaches	372	(1)
Directions for Future Research	372	(2)
References	374