Electric Power Distribution Equipment And Systems

by Short; Thomas Allen

• ISBN13: 9780849395765
• ISBN10: 0849395763
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-11-29
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Power distribution and quality remain the key challenges facing the electric utilities industry. Choosing the right equipment and architecture for a given application means the difference between success and failure. Comprising chapters carefully selected from the best-selling Electric Power Distribution Handbook, Electric Power Distribution Equipment and Systems provides an economical, sharply focused reference on the technologies and infrastructures that enable reliable, efficient distribution of power, from traversing vast distances to local power delivery.The book works inward from broad coverage of overall power systems all the way down to specific equipment application. It begins by laying a foundation in the fundamentals of distribution systems, explaining configurations, substations, loads, and differences between European and US systems. It also includes a look at the development of the field as well as future problems and challenges to overcome. Building on this groundwork, the author elaborates on both overhead and underground distribution networks, including the underlying concepts and practical issues associated with each. Probing deeper into the system, individual chapters explore transformers, voltage regulation, and capacitor application in detail, from basic principles to operational considerations.With clear explanations and detailed information, Electric Power Distribution Equipment and Systems gathers critical concepts, technologies, and applications into a single source that is ideally suited for immediate implementation.

Table of Contents

Fundamentals of Distribution Systems	1	(32)
Primary Distribution Configurations	4	(5)
Urban Networks	9	(3)
Primary Voltage Levels	12	(5)
Distribution Substations	17	(3)
Subtransmission Systems	20	(2)
Differences between European and North American Systems	22	(4)
Loads	26	(2)
The Past and the Future	28	(5)
References	30	(3)
Overhead Lines	33	(58)
Typical Constructions	33	(5)
Conductor Data	38	(5)
Line Impedances	43	(8)
Simplified Line Impedance Calculations	51	(6)
Line Impedance Tables	57	(1)
Conductor Sizing	57	(4)
Ampacities	61	(12)
Neutral Conductor Sizing	71	(2)
Secondaries	73	(1)
Fault Withstand Capability	74	(9)
Conductor Annealing	75	(2)
Burndowns	77	(6)
Other Overhead Issues	83	(8)
Connectors and Splices	83	(3)
Radio Frequency Interference	86	(2)
References	88	(3)
Underground Distribution	91	(68)
Applications	91	(7)
Underground Residential Distribution (URD)	92	(2)
Main Feeders	94	(1)
Urban Systems	94	(1)
Overhead vs. Underground	95	(3)
Cables	98	(10)
Cable Insulation	99	(5)
Conductors	104	(1)
Neutral or Shield	104	(2)
Semiconducting Shields	106	(1)
Jacket	107	(1)
Installations and Configurations	108	(3)
Impedances	111	(12)
Resistance	111	(3)
Impedance Formulas	114	(7)
Impedance Tables	121	(1)
Capacitance	121	(2)
Ampacity	123	(13)
Fault Withstand Capability	136	(3)
Cable Reliability	139	(8)
Water Trees	139	(3)
Other Failure Modes	142	(2)
Failure Statistics	144	(3)
Cable Testing	147	(1)
Fault Location	148	(11)
References	153	(6)
Transformers	159	(74)
Basics	159	(5)
Distribution Transformers	164	(2)
Single-Phase Transformers	166	(8)
Three-Phase Transformers	174	(17)
Grounded Wye -- Grounded Wye	179	(4)
Delta -- Grounded Wye	183	(1)
Floating Wye -- Delta	183	(2)
Other Common Connections	185	(1)
Delta -- Delta	185	(1)
Open Wye -- Open Delta	186	(3)
Other Suitable Connections	189	(1)
Neutral Stability with a Floating Wye	189	(2)
Sequence Connections of Three-Phase Transformers	191	(1)
Loadings	191	(6)
Losses	197	(4)
Network Transformers	201	(1)
Substation Transformers	202	(4)
Special Transformers	206	(4)
Autotransformers	206	(1)
Grounding Transformers	207	(3)
Special Problems	210	(23)
Paralleling	210	(1)
Ferroresonance	211	(9)
Switching Floating Wye -- Delta Banks	220	(3)
Backfeeds	223	(3)
Inrush	226	(3)
References	229	(4)
Voltage Regulation	233	(36)
Voltage Standards	233	(3)
Voltage Drop	236	(2)
Regulation Techniques	238	(7)
Voltage Drop Allocation and Primary Voltage Limits	238	(2)
Load Flow Models	240	(2)
Voltage Problems	242	(1)
Voltage Reduction	243	(2)
Regulators	245	(15)
Line-Drop Compensation	249	(1)
Load-Center Compensation	250	(3)
Voltage-Spread Compensation	253	(4)
Effects of Regulator Connections	257	(1)
Voltage Override	258	(1)
Regulator Placement	258	(1)
Other Regulator Issues	259	(1)
Station Regulation	260	(2)
Parallel Operation	261	(1)
Bus Regulation Settings	262	(1)
Line Loss and Voltage Drop Relationships	262	(7)
References	266	(3)
Capacitor Application	269	(42)
Capacitor Ratings	273	(3)
Released Capacity	276	(1)
Voltage Support	277	(3)
Reducing Line Losses	280	(4)
Energy Losses	283	(1)
Switched Banks	284	(2)
Local Controls	286	(2)
Automated Controls	288	(2)
Reliability	290	(1)
Failure Modes and Case Ruptures	291	(4)
Fusing and Protection	295	(12)
Grounding	307	(4)
References	309	(2)
Index	311