ELECTRICAL TRANSIENTS IN POWER SYSTEMS

by Greenwood, Allan

• ISBN13: 9780471620587
• ISBN10: 0471620580
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1991-09-03
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

The principles of the First Edition--to teach students and engineers the fundamentals of electrical transients and equip them with the skills to recognize and solve transient problems in power networks and components--also guide this Second Edition. While the text continues to stress the physical aspects of the phenomena involved in these problems, it also broadens and updates the computational treatment of transients. Necessarily, two new chapters address the subject of modeling and models for most types of equipment are discussed. The adequacy of the models, their validation and the relationship between model and the physical entity it represents are also examined. There are now chapters devoted entirely to isolation coordination and protection, reflecting the revolution that metal oxide surge arresters have caused in the power industry. Features additional and more complete illustrative material--figures, diagrams and worked examples. An entirely new chapter of case studies demonstrates modeling and computational techniques as they have been applied by engineers to specific problems.

Author Biography

Dr. Allan Greenwood is presently Philip Sporn Professor of Engineering at Rensselaer, the oldest engineering school in North America. His professional career, which started with a B.T.-H. apprenticeship in 1940, has been spent about equally in industry and university environments. His particular interests are in power switching equipment and the interactions of such equipment with power systems. He was one of the small team that developed the first high power vacuum interrupters for the General Electric Co. (USA) in the 1950s and has been involved with this technology ever since. He holds many patents and has published widely on this subject. He is the author of Electrical Transients in Power Systems (John Wiley & Sons, 2nd edn, 1991). Dr. Greenwood is a life Fellow of the IEEE, an Attwood Associate of CIGRE and a former Visiting Fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge.

Table of Contents

Preface to the First Edition	xiii	(2)
Preface	xv
1 Fundamental Notions about Electrical Transients	1	(10)
1.1 Introduction	1	(1)
1.2 Circuit Parameters	1	(2)
1.3 Mathematical Statement of the Problem and Its Physical Interpretation	3	(2)
1.4 Circuit Characteristics or Thumbprints	5	(1)
1.5 The Principle of Superposition	6	(3)
Problems	9	(2)
2 The Laplace Transform Method of Solving Differential Equations	11	(26)
2.1 The Concept of a Transform	11	(1)
2.2 The Laplace Transform	12	(6)
2.3 Some Simple Applications of the Laplace Transform in Circuit Problems	18	(8)
2.4 Building Other Transforms	26	(1)
2.5 Operational Impedance	27	(2)
2.6 Duhamel's Integral--Response of a Circuit to an Arbitrary Stimulus	29	(4)
Problems	33	(3)
References	36	(1)
3 Simple Switching Transients	37	(25)
3.1 Introduction	37	(1)
3.2 The Circuit Closing Transient	37	(10)
3.3 The Recovery Transient Initiated by the Removal of a Short Circuit	47	(5)
3.4 Double-Frequency Transients	52	(5)
Problems	57	(4)
References	61	(1)
4 Damping	62	(30)
4.1 Some Observations on the RLC Circuit	62	(2)
4.2 The Basic Transforms of the RLC Circuits	64	(8)
4.3 The Generalized Damping Curves	72	(3)
4.4 The Series RLC Circuit	75	(5)
4.5 Resistance Switching	80	(3)
4.6 Load Switching	83	(4)
4.7 Other Forms of Damping	87	(1)
4.8 Damping and Frequency	87	(1)
Problems	88	(3)
References	91	(1)
5 Abnormal Switching Transients	92	(34)
5.1 Normal and Abnormal Switching Transients	92	(1)
5.2 Current Suppression	92	(8)
5.3 Capacitance Switching	100	(4)
5.4 Other Restriking Phenomena	104	(9)
5.5 Transformer Magnetizing Inrush Current	113	(3)
5.6 Ferroresonance	116	(6)
Problems	122	(2)
References	124	(2)
6 Transients in Three-Phase Circuits	126	(24)
6.1 Introduction	126	(1)
6.2 Importance of the Type of Neutral Connection	126	(2)
6.3 Switching a Three-Phase Reactor with an Isolated Neutral	128	(4)
6.4 Three-Phase Capacitance Switching	132	(8)
6.5 The Symmetrical-Component Method for Solving Three-Phase Switching Transients	140	(7)
Problems	147	(2)
References	149	(1)
7 Transients in Direct Current Circuits, Conversion Equipment and Static Var Controls	150	(38)
7.1 Introduction	150	(1)
7.2 Interruption of Direct Current in Low Voltage Circuits	150	(8)
7.3 Transients Associated with HVDC Circuit Breakers	158	(2)
7.4 Delayed and Periodic Functions	160	(6)
7.5 Characteristics of the Thyristor and the Gate Turn Off (GTO) Thyristor	166	(3)
7.6 Commutation Transients--The Current-Limiting Static Circuit Breaker	169	(5)
7.7 Commutation Transients in Conversion Equipment	174	(10)
7.8 Transients in Static Var Control Equipment	184	(1)
Problems	185	(1)
References	186	(2)
8 Electromagnetic Phenomena of Importance Under Transient Conditions	188	(45)
8.1 Introduction	188	(1)
8.2 A Review of Electrostatic Induction with Some Transient Applications	189	(3)
8.3 A Review of Electromagnetic Induction and Related Topics	192	(8)
8.4 Steady-State Penetration of Magnetic Flux and Current into Conductors	200	(8)
8.5 Transient Penetration of Magnetic Flux and Current into Conductors	208	(11)
8.6 Electromagnetic Shielding	219	(9)
8.7 Implications of Electromagnetic Effects for Cryogenic Systems	228	(1)
8.8 Other Electromagnetic Manifestations of Practical Concern	229	(1)
Problems	230	(1)
References	231	(2)
9 Traveling Waves and Other Transients on Transmission Lines	233	(67)
9.1 Circuits with Distributed Constants	233	(5)
9.2 The Wave Equation	238	(5)
9.3 Reflection and Refraction of Traveling Waves	243	(3)
9.4 Behavior of Traveling Waves at Line Terminations	246	(9)
9.5 Lattice Diagrams	255	(2)
9.6 Attenuation and Distortion of Traveling Waves	257	(5)
9.7 Switching Operations Involving Transmission Lines	262	(12)
9.8 Multiconductor Systems and Multivelocity Waves	274	(13)
9.9 Switching Surges on an Integrated System	287	(7)
Problems	294	(4)
References	298	(2)
10 Principles of Transient Modeling of Power Systems and Components	300	(22)
10.1 Introduction	300	(1)
10.2 Frequency Response of Networks and Components	301	(7)
10.3 Capacitance of Windings	308	(1)
10.4 Frequency-Dependent Parameters	309	(3)
10.5 Circuit Reduction	312	(9)
References	321	(1)
11 Modeling Power Apparatus and the Behavior of Such Equipment Under Transient Conditions	322	(63)
11.1 Modeling of Transformers	322	(27)
11.2 Modeling of Generators	349	(6)
11.3 Modeling Motors	355	(8)
11.4 Model for an Overhead Transmission Line	363	(7)
11.5 Models for Cables	370	(2)
11.6 Modeling of Steel Cores	372	(6)
11.7 Miscellaneous Components	378	(2)
Problems	380	(2)
References	382	(3)
12 Computing Aids to the Calculation of Electrical Transients	385	(39)
12.1 Introduction	385	(1)
12.2 The Transient Network Analyzer	386	(6)
12.3 The Digital Computer	392	(21)
12.4 The Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP)	413	(8)
12.5 The Hybrid Computer	421	(1)
References	421	(3)
13 System and Component Parameter Values for Use in Transient Calculations and Means to Obtain Them by Measurement	424	(39)
13.1 Introduction	424	(1)
13.2 Transient Parameter Values for Transformers	424	(20)
13.3 Transient Parameter Values for Reactors	444	(1)
13.4 Transient Parameter Values for Generators	445	(1)
13.5 Measurement of Transient Recovery Voltages in a Power Plant	446	(2)
13.6 Transient Parameter Values for Motors	448	(3)
13.7 Transient Parameters for Transmission Lines and Cables	451	(5)
13.8 Characteristics of Bus Work	456	(3)
13.9 Capacitance of Instrument Transformers	459	(1)
Problems	460	(1)
References	461	(2)
14 Lightning	463	(27)
14.1 The Scope of the Lightning Problem	463	(1)
14.2 The Physical Phenomenon of Lightning	464	(5)
14.3 Interaction between Lightning and the Power System	469	(9)
14.4 Computation of a Specific Lightning Event	478	(5)
14.5 Induced Lightning Surges	483	(1)
14.6 Thunderstorm Tracking and Other Recent Developments	484	(1)
Problems	485	(2)
References	487	(3)
15 Insulation Coordination	490	(23)
15.1 Some Basic Ideas About Insulation Coordination	490	(1)
15.2 The Strength of Insulation	491	(8)
15.3 The Hierarchy of Insulation Coordination	499	(2)
15.4 Test Voltage Waveforms and Transient Ratings	501	(3)
15.5 Deterministic and Statistical Approaches to Insulation Coordination	504	(6)
Problems	510	(1)
References	511	(2)
16 Protection of Systems and Equipment Against Transient Overvoltages	513	(62)
16.1 Introduction	513	(1)
16.2 Protection of Transmission Lines Against Lightning	513	(4)
16.3 Lightning Shielding of Substations	517	(1)
16.4 Surge Suppressors and Lightning Arresters	517	(21)
16.5 Application of Surge Arresters	538	(9)
16.6 Surge Suppressors for Direct Current Circuits	547	(1)
16.7 Surge Capacitors and Surge Reactors	548	(6)
16.8 Surge Protection of Rotating Machines	554	(2)
16.9 Transient Voltages and Grounding Practices	556	(4)
16.10 Protection of Control Circuits	560	(6)
16.11 Surge Protection Scheme for an Industrial Drive System	566	(3)
Problems	569	(4)
References	573	(2)
17 Case Studies in Electrical Transients	575	(36)
17.1 Introduction	575	(1)
17.2 Misoperation of Protective and Switching Equipment During Source-Side Faults	575	(4)
17.3 Transients Associated With Bank-to-Bank Capacitor Switching	579	(4)
17.4 Voltage Escalation Due to Multiple Reignitions During Switching	583	(7)
17.5 Transient Behavior of a Transformer Coil	590	(9)
17.6 Internal Resonance in a Transformer Winding	599	(6)
17.7 An Investigation of Arrester Separation Distance	605	(5)
References	610	(1)
18 Equipment for Measuring Transients	611	(43)
18.1 Some General Observations on the Measurement of Transients	611	(2)
18.2 Frequency Response, Bandwidth, and Rise Time	613	(3)
18.3 The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope	616	(12)
18.4 Cameras for Cathode Ray Oscilloscopes	628	(1)
18.5 Magnetic Recording of Transients	628	(1)
18.6 Equipment for Measuring Transient Currents	629	(12)
18.7 Transient Voltage Measuring Equipment	641	(10)
Problems	651	(2)
References	653	(1)
19 Measuring Techniques and Surge Testing	654	(73)
19.1 Introduction	654	(1)
19.2 Minimizing Problems of Interference	654	(6)
19.3 Differential Measurements	660	(1)
19.4 Multichannel Sequence Timer	661	(2)
19.5 Low voltage Surge Testing	663	(8)
19.6 Measurement of Random Disturbances	671	(7)
19.7 Measurement of Fast Transients	678	(8)
19.8 Surge Voltage Testing	686	(13)
19.9 High Power Testing	699	(10)
19.10 Case Studies in Transient Measurements	709	(14)
Problems	723	(1)
References	724	(3)
Appendix 1 Table of Laplace Transform Pairs	727	(2)
Appendix 2 Natural Cosines	729	(3)
Appendix 3 Natural Sines	732	(3)
Appendix 4 Exponential and Hyperbolic Functions	735	(2)
Appendix 5 Statistical Information	737	(3)
Index	740