Electromagnetics Explained : A Handbook for Wireless/ RF, EMC, and High-Speed Electronics

by Schmitt

• ISBN13: 9780750674034
• ISBN10: 0750674032
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-05-13
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Based on familiar circuit theory and basic physics, this book serves as an invaluable reference for both analog and digital engineers alike. For those who work with analog RF, this book is a must-have resource. With computers and networking equipment of the 21st century running at such high frequencies, it is now crucial for digital designers to understand electromagnetic fields, radiation and transmission lines. This knowledge is necessary for maintaining signal integrity and achieving EMC compliance. Since many digital designers are lacking in analog design skills, let alone electromagnetics, an easy-to-read but informative book on electromagnetic topics should be considered a welcome addition to their professional libraries.

Author Biography

Ron Schmitt, Former Director of Electrical Engineering, Sensor Research and Development Corporation in Orono, Maine

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Acknowledgments	xv
Introduction and Survey of the Electromagnetic Spectrum	1	(24)
The Need for Electromagnetics	1	(2)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum	3	(5)
Electrical Length	8	(1)
The Finite Speed of Light	8	(1)
Electronics	9	(3)
Analog and Digital Signals	12	(1)
RF Techniques	12	(4)
Microwave Techniques	16	(1)
Infrared and the Electronic Speed Limit	16	(2)
Visible Light and Beyond	18	(2)
Lasers and Photonics	20	(1)
Summary	21	(4)
Fundamentals of Electric Fields	25	(26)
The Electric Force Field	25	(1)
Other Types of Fields	26	(2)
Voltage and Potential Energy	28	(2)
Charges in Metals	30	(2)
The Definition of Resistance	32	(1)
Electrons and Holes	33	(1)
Electrostatic Induction and Capacitance	34	(4)
Insulators (Dielectrics)	38	(1)
Static Electricity and Lightning	39	(6)
The Battery Revisited	45	(2)
Electric Field Examples	47	(1)
Conductivity and Permittivity of Common Materials	47	(4)
Fundamentals of Magnetic Fields	51	(24)
Moving Charges: Source of All Magnetic Fields	51	(2)
Magnetic Dipoles	53	(3)
Effects of the Magnetic Field	56	(12)
The Vector Magnetic Potential and Potential Momentum	68	(1)
Magnetic Materials	69	(4)
Magnetism and Quantum Physics	73	(2)
Electrodynamics	75	(14)
Changing Magnetic Fields and Lenz's Law	75	(1)
Faraday's Law	76	(1)
Inductors	76	(2)
AC Circuits, Impedance, and Reactance	78	(1)
Relays, Doorbells, and Phone Ringers	79	(1)
Moving Magnets and Electric Guitars	80	(1)
Generators and Microphones	80	(1)
The Transformer	81	(1)
Saturation and Hysteresis	82	(1)
When to Gap Your Cores	82	(1)
Ferrites: The Friends of RF, High-Speed Digital, and Microwave Engineers	83	(1)
Maxwell's Equations and the Displacement Current	84	(2)
Perpetual Motion	86	(1)
What About D and H? The Constitutive Relations	87	(2)
Radiation	89	(22)
Storage Fields versus Radiation Fields	89	(2)
Electrical Length	91	(3)
The Field of a Static Charge	94	(2)
The Field of a Moving Charge	96	(1)
The Field of an Accelerating Charge	96	(2)
X-Ray Machines	98	(1)
The Universal Origin of Radiation	98	(1)
The Field of an Oscillating Charge	99	(1)
The Field of a Direct Current	99	(3)
The Field of an Alternating Current	102	(3)
Near and Far Field	105	(2)
The Fraunhoffer and Fresnel Zones	107	(1)
Parting Words	108	(3)
Relativity and Quantum Physics	111	(28)
Relativity and Maxwell's Equations	111	(4)
Space and Time are Relative	115	(5)
Space and Time Become Space-Time	120	(1)
The Cosmic Speed Limit and Proper Velocity	120	(4)
Electric Field and Magnetic Field Become the Electromagnetic Field	124	(1)
The Limits of Maxwell's Equations	125	(1)
Quantum Physics and the Birth of the Photon	126	(4)
The Quantum Vacuum and Virtual Photons	130	(3)
Explanation of the Magnetic Vector Potential	133	(1)
The Future of Electromagnetics	133	(1)
Relativity, Quantum Physics, and Beyond	134	(5)
The Hidden Schematic	139	(14)
The Non-Ideal Resistor	139	(3)
The Non-Ideal Capacitor	142	(1)
The Non-Ideal Inductor	143	(3)
Non-Ideal Wires and Transmission Lines	146	(3)
Other Components	149	(1)
Making High-Frequency Measurements of Components	150	(1)
RF Coupling and RF Chokes	150	(1)
Component Selection Guide	151	(2)
Transmission Lines	153	(28)
The Circuit Model	153	(2)
Characteristic Impedance	155	(2)
The Waveguide Model	157	(2)
Relationship between the Models	159	(1)
Reflections	159	(2)
Putting It All Together	161	(2)
Digital Signals and the Effects of Rise Time	163	(2)
Analog Signals and the Effects of Frequency	165	(2)
Impedance Transforming Properties	167	(4)
Impedance Matching for Digital Systems	171	(1)
Impedance Matching for RF Systems	172	(1)
Maximum Load Power	173	(2)
Measuring Characteristic Impedance: TDRs	175	(2)
Standing Waves	177	(4)
Waveguides and Shields	181	(28)
Reflection of Radiation at Material Boundaries	182	(1)
The Skin Effect	183	(1)
Shielding in the Far Field	184	(6)
Near Field Shielding of Electric Fields	190	(1)
Why You Should Always Ground a Shield	190	(1)
Near Field Shielding of Magnetic Fields	191	(3)
Waveguides	194	(10)
Resonant Cavities and Schumann Resonance	204	(1)
Fiber Optics	204	(1)
Lasers and Lamps	205	(4)
Circuits as Guides for Waves and S-Parameters	209	(20)
Surface Waves	210	(3)
Surface Waves on Wires	213	(1)
Coupled Surface Waves and Transmission Lines	214	(3)
Lumped Element Circuits versus Distributed Circuits	217	(1)
λ/8 Transmission Lines	218	(1)
S-Parameters: A Technique for All Frequencies	219	(4)
The Vector Network Analyzer	223	(6)
Antennas: How to Make Circuits that Radiate	229	(22)
The Electric Dipole	229	(1)
The Electric Monopole	230	(1)
The Magnetic Dipole	230	(1)
Receiving Antennas and Reciprocity	231	(1)
Radiation Resistance of Dipole Antennas	231	(1)
Feeding Impedance and Antenna Matching	232	(4)
Antenna Pattern versus Electrical Length	236	(3)
Polarization	239	(2)
Effects of Ground on Dipoles	241	(3)
Wire Losses	244	(1)
Scattering by Antennas, Antenna Aperture, and Radar Cross-Section	245	(1)
Directed Antennas and the Yagi-Uda Array	246	(1)
Traveling Wave Antennas	246	(2)
Antennas in Parallel and the Folded Dipole	248	(1)
Multiturn Loop Antennas	249	(2)
EMC	251	(56)
Part I: Basics
Self-Compatibility and Signal Integrity	251	(1)
Frequency Spectrum of Digital Signals	252	(3)
Conducted versus Induced versus Radiated Interference	255	(2)
Crosstalk	257	(2)
Part II: PCB Techniques
Circuit Layout	259	(1)
PCB Transmission Lines	260	(2)
The Path of Least Impedance	262	(2)
The Fundamental Rule of Layout	264	(1)
Shielding on PCBs	265	(2)
Common Impedance: Ground Rise and Ground Bounce	267	(2)
Star Grounds for Low Frequency	269	(1)
Distributed Grounds for High Frequency: The 5/5 Rule	269	(1)
Tree or Hybrid Grounds	270	(1)
Power Supply Decoupling: Problems and Techniques	271	(7)
Power Supply Decoupling: The Design Process	278	(4)
RF Decoupling	282	(1)
Power Plane Ripples	282	(1)
90 Degree Turns and Chamfered Corners	282	(1)
Layout of Transmission Line Terminations	283	(2)
Routing of Signals: Ground Planes, Image Planes, and PCB Stackup	285	(1)
3W Rule for Preventing Crosstalk	286	(1)
Layout Miscellany	286	(1)
Layout Examples	287	(1)
Part III: Cabling
Ground Loops (Multiple Return Paths)	287	(3)
Differential Mode and Common Mode Radiation	290	(6)
Cable Shielding	296	(11)
Lenses, Dishes, and Antenna Arrays	307	(14)
Reflecting Dishes	307	(4)
Lenses	311	(2)
Imaging	313	(3)
Electronic Imaging and Antenna Arrays	316	(3)
Optics and Nature	319	(2)
Diffraction	321	(10)
Diffraction and Electrical Size	321	(2)
Huygens' Principle	323	(1)
Babinet's Principle	324	(1)
Fraunhofer and Fresnel Diffraction	325	(1)
Radio Propagation	326	(1)
Continuous Media	327	(4)
Frequency Dependence of Materials, Thermal Radiation, and Noise	331	(18)
Frequency Dependence of Materials	331	(7)
Heat Radiation	338	(5)
Circuit Noise	343	(1)
Conventional and Microwave Ovens	343	(6)
Appendix A Electrical Engineering Book Recommendations	349	(4)
Index	353