Electron Beam Curing of Composites

by Wolff-Fabris, Felipe; Altstadt, Volker; Arnold, Ulrich; Doring, Manfred

• ISBN13: 9781569904732
• ISBN10: 1569904731
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-12-31
• Publisher: Hanser Pub Inc

Summary

Electron beam curing technology for advanced composites has emerged as a credible and attractive alternative to thermal curing for a number of high performance composite products. Technical advantages, e.g.,-for aerospace structures, include fast curing at room temperature, using low-cost tooling, and the ability to fabricate large integrated structures.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Electron Beam Curing of Composites	p. 1
Principles of the Technique	p. 1
Chemical Aspects of the Curing Reaction	p. 2
Free Radical Polymerization	p. 3
Cationic Polymerization	p. 4
Network Formation	p. 6
Parameters Affecting Electron Beam Curing	p. 7
Impurities	p. 7
Irradiation Dose	p. 8
Initiator Content	p. 9
Thermal history	p. 9
Irradiation Energy	p. 11
Electron Beam Curing Facilities	p. 13
Safety Issues	p. 15
Aspects of Electron Beam Curable Materials	p. 17
Initiators	p. 17
Onium Salt Initiators	p. 20
Iodonium Salt Initiators	p. 20
Sulfonium Salt Initiators	p. 26
Other Onium Salt Initiators and Related Compounds	p. 34
Metal Complex Initiators	p. 37
Cyclopentadienyl Iron(II) Arene Complex Initiators	p. 37
Silver Alkene Complex Initiators	p. 39
Neat Resins	p. 41
Free Radical Polymerizable Resins	p. 41
Cationically Polymerizable Resins	p. 43
Toughened Resins	p. 45
Liquid Reactive Rubber	p. 47
Core-Shell Rubber Particles	p. 48
Thermoplastics	p. 56
Block Co-polymers	p. 67
Inorganic Nanoparticles	p. 72
Hyperbranched Polymers	p. 76
Interfacial Properties Between Fibers and Matrix	p. 77
Fiber Surface Treatment and Use of Sizings	p. 78
Processing Conditions	p. 79
Residual Stresses	p. 80
Effect of Post-Curing	p. 81
Electron Beam Curing Applied to Composite Molding Technologies	p. 85
Layer-by-Layer Assembly	p. 85
Prepregging	p. 87
Vacuum Bagging	p. 88
Pultrusion	p. 89
Filament Winding	p. 89
Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) and Vacuum Assisted RTM (VARTM)	p. 90
Lost Core Molding	p. 91
Current Limitations and Potentials for Electron Beam Curing	p. 93
Cost Analysis of Electron Beam Curing Processes	p. 93
Comparison Between Thermal and Electron Beam Cured Materials in Terms of Properties	p. 95
Summary of Potential Applications for Electron Beam Curing	p. 98
Research Trends and Projects in the Field of Electron Beam Curing	p. 101
Examples of Electron Beam Curing Applications	p. 105
Automotive	p. 105
Composite Concept Vehicle, Daimler-Chrysler	p. 105
Composite Armored Vehicle, US Army	p. 105
Aircraft Industry	p. 107
Patch Repairs for Civil and Military Applications	p. 107
T-38 Talon, US Air Force	p. 109
F\A-18 Hornet, Northrop Grumman	p. 110
Space Applications	p. 111
Space Shuttle Venture Star, Lockheed and NASA	p. 111
Satellite's Flywheel, AFS Trinity and NASA	p. 113
Satellite's Reflector Dish, Acsion and CASA (Spanish space agency)	p. 114
References	p. 115
Key Players in Electron Beam Curing	p. 123
List of Commercially Available Materials for Electron Beam Curing	p. 125
Subject Index	p. 127
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