Elementary Statistics

by Johnson, Robert R.; Kuby, Patricia J.

• ISBN13: 9780534356767
• ISBN10: 0534356761
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-08-27
• Publisher: Duxbury Press

Summary

ELEMENTARY STATISTICS, Eighth Edition offers comprehensive coverage of elementary statistics in a language that speaks to today's students. This text goes beyond formulas, offering 'real-world' data and examples that present statistics as a useful tool in real-world applications, e.g. physical and social sciences, business, and engineering. The authors promote the learning of statistics in a context that relates to personal experience. ELEMENTARY STATISTICS features modern ideas by integrating the use of computer output and instruction for every exercise.

Table of Contents

Part One DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS	1	(29)
Sir Francis Galton
Statistics	4	(25)
Chapter Outline	4	(1)
Chapter Case Study Americans, Here's Looking at You	5	(1)
Chapter Objectives	6	(1)
What is Statistics?	6	(5)
Measuring Physical Discomfort	6	(1)
Explaining One of Life's Mysteries	7	(1)
Telling Us ``What We Think''	8	(1)
Statistics Is Tricky Business	8	(1)
Describing Our Romance With the Road	9	(2)
Introduction to Basic Terms	11	(8)
Eating Together: Still Important	16	(3)
Measurability and Variability	19	(1)
Data Collection	19	(7)
Rain Again This Weekend!	21	(1)
Are We Treated Equally?	22	(4)
Comparison of Probability and Statistics	26	(1)
Statistics and Technology	27	(2)
RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY	29	(7)
In Retrospect	29	(1)
Chapter Exercises	30	(1)
Vocabulary and Key Concepts	31	(1)
Chapter Practice Test	32	(2)
Part I: Knowing the Definitions	32	(1)
Part II: Applying the Concepts	33	(1)
Part III: Understanding the Concepts	33	(1)
Descriptive Analysis and Presentation of Single-Variable Data	34	(2)
Chapter Outline	34	(1)
Chapter Case Study Describing the Commute to Work Is Not Simple	35	(1)
Chapter Objectives	36	(1)
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION OF DATA	36	(30)
Graphs, Pareto Diagrams, and Stem-and-Leaf Displays	36	(15)
Qualitative Data	37	(4)
Quantitative Data	41	(10)
Frequency Distributions and Histograms	51	(15)
The Age of Talk	53	(13)
NUMERICAL DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS	66	(46)
Measures of Central Tendency	66	(9)
``Average'' Means Different Things	71	(4)
Measures of Dispersion	75	(9)
Mean and Standard Deviation of Frequency Distribution	84	(8)
Measures of Position	92	(10)
Interpreting and Understanding Standard Deviation	102	(6)
Test for Normality	104	(4)
The Art of Statistical Deception	108	(4)
Good Arithmetic, Bad Statistics	109	(1)
Insufficient Information	109	(1)
The Information That Was Almost Presented	109	(1)
Truncated Vertical Scale	110	(1)
Claiming Rapid Growth	110	(1)
Nonhorizontal Horizontal Axis	110	(1)
Increasing the Increase	110	(1)
Variable Scales	111	(1)
S-t-r-e-t-c-h-i-n-g the Graph	111	(1)
RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY	112	(54)
In Retrospect	112	(1)
Chapter Exercises	113	(11)
Vocabulary List	124	(1)
Chapter Practice Test	124	(4)
PART I: Knowing the Definitions	124	(1)
PART II: Applying the Concepts	125	(1)
PART III: Understanding the Concepts	126	(2)
Descriptive Analysis and Presentation of Bivariate Data	128	(38)
Chapter Outline	128	(1)
Chapter Case Study How Do You Spend Your Time?	129	(1)
Chapter Objectives	130	(1)
Bivariate Data	131	(14)
Two Qualitative Variables	131	(1)
Percentages Based on the Grand Total (Entire Sample)	132	(1)
Percentages Based on Row Totals	133	(1)
Percentages Based on Column Totals	134	(1)
One Qualitative and One Quantitative Variable	134	(3)
Two Quantitative Variables	137	(1)
Paid Vacation Days	138	(7)
Linear Correlation	145	(8)
Understanding the Linear Correlation Coefficient	149	(1)
Points and Fouls in Basketball	150	(3)
Linear Regression	153	(13)
Making Predictions	159	(2)
Understanding the Line of Best Fit	161	(1)
Thirty-five Years of Car Prices and Income	162	(4)
RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY	166
In Retrospect	166	(1)
Chapter Exercises	167	(4)
Vocabulary List	171	(1)
Chapter Practice Test	171	(3)
Part I: Knowing the Definitions	171	(1)
Part II: Applying the Concepts	172	(1)
Part III: Understanding the Concepts	173	(1)
Working with Your Own Data	174
Single Variable Data	174	(1)
Bivariate Data	174
Part Two PROBABILITY	177	(200)
Karl Pearson
Probability	178	(22)
Chapter Outline	178	(1)
Chapter Case Study Lotteries Are Big Business	179	(1)
Chapter Objectives	180	(1)
Concepts of Probability	180	(1)
The Nature of Probability	180	(3)
Probability of Events	183	(5)
Simple Sample Spaces	188	(6)
Rules of Probability	194	(6)
Odds	196	(1)
Trying to Beat the Odds	197	(1)
Complement of an Event	197	(3)
CALCULATING PROBABILITIES OF COMPOUND EVENTS	200	(25)
Mutually Exclusive Events and the Addition Rule	200	(6)
Mutually Exclusive Events	200	(2)
Addition Rule	202	(4)
Independence, the Multiplication Rule, and Conditional Probability	206	(10)
Independence and Conditional Probabilities	207	(3)
Multiplication Rule	210	(2)
New York PICK 10	212	(4)
Combining the Rules of Probability	216	(9)
Is What You Read, What Was Printed?	222	(3)
RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY	225	(44)
In Retrospect	226	(1)
Chapter Exercises	226	(6)
Vocabulary List	232	(1)
Chapter Practice Test	232	(2)
Part I: Knowing the Definitions	232	(1)
Part II: Applying the Concepts	232	(1)
Part III: Understanding the Concepts	233	(1)
Probability Distributions (Discrete Variables)	234	(35)
Chapter Outline	234	(1)
Family Values and Family Togetherness	235	(1)
Chapter Objectives	236	(1)
Random Variables	236	(2)
Probability Distributions of a Discrete Random Variable	238	(8)
Who Needs the Ambulance?	242	(4)
Mean and Variance of a Discrete Probability Distribution	246	(4)
The Binomial Probability Distribution	250	(14)
Mean and Standard Deviation of the Binomial Distribution	264	(5)
RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY	269	(41)
In Retrospect	269	(1)
Chapter Exercises	270	(3)
Vocabulary List and Key Concepts	273	(1)
Chapter Practice Test	274	(2)
Part I: Knowing the Definitions	274	(1)
Part II: Applying the Concepts	274	(1)
Part III: Understanding the Concepts	274	(2)
Normal Probability Distributions	276	(34)
Chapter Outline	276	(2)
Measures of Intelligence	278	(1)
Chapter Objectives	278	(1)
Normal Probability Distributions	278	(1)
The Standard Normal Distribution	279	(7)
Applications of Normal Distributions	286	(13)
A Predictive Failure Cost Tool	288	(11)
Notation	299	(5)
Normal Approximation of the Binomial	304	(6)
RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY	310	(27)
In Retrospect	310	(1)
Chapter Exercises	311	(3)
Vocabulary List	314	(1)
Chapter Practice Test	315	(1)
Part I: Knowing the Definitions	315	(1)
Part II: Applying the Concepts	315	(1)
Part III: Understanding the Concepts	315	(1)
Sample Variability	316	(21)
Chapter Outline	316	(1)
Galluping Attitudes	317	(1)
Chapter Objectives	318	(1)
Sampling Distributions	318	(6)
Average Aircraft Age	322	(2)
The Central Limit Theorem	324	(7)
Application of the Central Limit Theorem	331	(6)
RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY	337
In Retrospect	337	(1)
Chapter Exercises	338	(4)
Vocabulary List	342	(1)
Chapter Practice Test	342	(2)
Part I: Knowing the Definitions	342	(1)
Part II: Applying the Concepts	343	(1)
Part III: Understanding the Concepts	343	(1)
Working with Your Own Data	344
The Population	344	(1)
The Sampling Distribution, Theoretically	344	(1)
The Sampling Distribution, Empirically	344
Part Three INFERENTIAL STATISTICS	347	(404)
William Gosset
Introduction to Statistical Inferences	348	(56)
Chapter Outline	348	(1)
Holiday Spending	349	(1)
Chapter Objectives	350	(1)
The Nature of Estimation	350	(4)
Gallup Report: Sampling Tolerances	353	(1)
Estimation of Mean μ (σ Known)	354	(12)
Rockies Snow Brings Little Water	359	(3)
Sample Size	362	(4)
The Nature of Hypothesis Testing	366	(7)
Evaluation of Teaching Techniques	369	(4)
Hypothesis Test of Mean μ (σ Known): A Probability-Value Approach	373	(16)
Hypothesis Test of Mean μ (σ Known): A Classical Approach	389	(15)
RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY	404	(59)
In Retrospect	405	(1)
Chapter Exercises	406	(5)
Vocabulary List	411	(1)
Chapter Practice Test	412	(2)
Part I: Knowing the Definitions	412	(1)
Part II: Applying the Concepts	412	(1)
Part III: Understanding the Concepts	413	(1)
Inferences Involving One Population	414	(49)
Chapter Outline	414	(1)
Paying Their Own Way	415	(1)
Chapter Objectives	416	(1)
Inferences About Mean μ (σ Unknown):	416	(18)
Confidence Interval Procedure	421	(3)
Hypothesis-Testing Procedure	424	(5)
Mother's Use of Personal Pronouns When Talking with Toddlers	429	(5)
Inferences About the Binomial Probability of Success	434	(17)
Confidence Interval Procedure	436	(4)
Hypothesis-Testing Procedure	440	(4)
The Methods Behind the Polling Madness	444	(7)
Inferences About Variance and Standard Deviation	451	(12)
Hypothesis-Testing Procedure	454	(9)
RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY	463	(62)
In Retrospect	463	(2)
Chapter Exercises	465	(3)
Vocabulary List	468	(1)
Chapter Practice Test	469	(3)
Part I: Knowing the Definitions	469	(1)
Part II: Applying the Concepts	469	(2)
Part III: Understanding the Concepts	471	(1)
Inferences Involving Two Populations	472	(53)
Chapter Outline	472	(1)
Who Knows the American Flag?	473	(1)
Chapter Objectives	474	(1)
Independent and Dependent Samples	474	(3)
Exploring the Traits of Twins	476	(1)
Inferences Concerning the Mean Difference Using Two Dependent Samples	477	(13)
Confidence Interval Procedure	479	(2)
Hypothesis-Testing Procedure	481	(9)
Inferences Concerning the Difference Between Means Using Two Independent Samples	490	(16)
Confidence Interval Procedure	491	(2)
Hypothesis-Testing Procedure	493	(6)
An Empirical Study of Faculty Evaluation Systems: Business Faculty Perceptions	499	(7)
Inferences Concerning the Difference Between Proportions Using Two Independent Samples	506	(8)
Confidence Interval Procedure	507	(2)
Hypothesis-Testing Procedure	509	(3)
Smokers Need More Time in Recovery Room	512	(2)
Inferences Concerning the Ratio of Variances Using Two Independent Samples	514	(11)
Personality Characteristics of Police Academy Applicants	522	(3)
RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY	525
In Retrospect	525	(1)
Chapter Exercises	526	(5)
Vocabulary List	531	(1)
Chapter Practice Test	532	(1)
Part I: Knowing the Definitions	532	(1)
Part II: Applying the Concepts	532	(1)
Part III: Understanding the Concepts	533	(1)
Working with Your Own Data	534
A High-Speed Filling Operation	535	(1)
Your Own Investigation	535
Part Four MORE INFERENTIAL STATISTICS	537	(566)
Sir Ronald A. Fisher
Applications of Chi-Square	538	(28)
Chapter Outline	538	(1)
Cooling Your Mouth After a Great Hot Taste	539	(1)
Chapter Objectives	539	(1)
Chi-Square Statistic	540	(2)
Inferences Concerning Multionmial Experiments	542	(11)
Why We Rearrange Furniture	547	(1)
Why People Volunteer	548	(5)
Inferences Concerning Contingency Tables	553	(13)
Test of Independence	553	(5)
Test of Homogeneity	558	(1)
Westerners Bake Their Spuds	559	(1)
Why We Don't Exercise	560	(6)
RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY	566	(29)
In Retrospect	566	(1)
Chapter Exercises	567	(5)
Vocabulary List	572	(1)
Chapter Practice Test	572	(2)
Part I: Knowing the Definitions	572	(1)
Part II: Applying the Concepts	572	(1)
Part III: Understanding the Concepts	573	(1)
Analysis of Variance	574	(21)
Chapter Outline	574	(1)
Time Spent Reading the Newspaper	575	(1)
Chapter Objectives	576	(1)
Introduction to the Analysis of Variance Technique	576	(6)
The Logic Behind Anova	582	(2)
Applications of Single-Factor Anova	584	(11)
High School Homework Time	584	(1)
A Time for Giving	585	(10)
RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY	595	(54)
In Retrospect	596	(1)
Chapter Exercises	596	(7)
Vocabulary List	603	(1)
Chapter Practice Test	603	(3)
Part I: Knowing the Definitions	603	(1)
Part II: Applying the Concepts	604	(1)
Part III: Understanding the Concepts	605	(1)
Linear Correlation and Regression Analysis	606	(43)
Chapter Outline	606	(1)
Charting the Pounds	607	(1)
Chapter Objectives	608	(1)
Linear Correlation Analysis	608	(6)
Inferences About the Linear Correlation Coefficient	614	(9)
Confidence Interval Procedure	614	(2)
Hypothesis-Testing Procedure	616	(2)
DNA Quantitation by Image Cytometry of Touch Preparation from Fresh and Frozen Tissue	618	(5)
Linear Regression Analysis	623	(6)
Inferences Concerning the Slope of the Regression Line	629	(10)
Confidence Interval Procedure	630	(1)
Hypothesis-Testing Procedure	631	(1)
Reexamining the Use of Seriousness Weights in an Index of Crime	631	(8)
Confidence Interval Estimates for Regression	639	(9)
Understanding the relationship Between Correlation and Regression	648	(1)
Hotel Chains Cutting Staff to Boost Profits	649	(1)
RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY	649	(51)
In Retrospect	649	(1)
Chapter Exercises	650	(5)
Vocabulary List	655	(1)
Chapter Practice Test	656	(2)
Part I: Knowing the Definitions	656	(1)
Part II: Applying the Concepts	656	(1)
Part III: Understanding the Concepts	657	(1)
Elements of Nonparametric Statistics	658	(42)
Chapter Outline	658	(1)
Men and Women in the Workplace	659	(1)
Chaper Objectives	660	(1)
Nonparametric Statistics	660	(1)
Comparing Statistical Tests	660	(1)
The Sign Test	661	(13)
Single-Sample Confidence Interval Procedure	662	(1)
Single-Sample Hypothesis Test Procedure	662	(3)
Two-Sample Hypothesis Test Procedure	665	(2)
Normal Approximation	667	(7)
The Mann-Whitney U Test	674	(10)
Hypothesis Test Procedure	674	(4)
Normal Approximation	678	(4)
Health Beliefs and Practices of Runners versus Nonrunners	682	(2)
The Runs Test	684	(7)
Normal Approximation	687	(4)
Rank Correlation	691	(9)
Effects of Therapeutic Touch on Tension Headache Pain	697	(3)
RETURN TO CHAPTER CASE STUDY	700	(11)
In Retrospect	701	(1)
Chapter Exercises	701	(5)
Vocabulary List	706	(1)
Chapter Practice Test	707	(2)
Part I: Knowing the Definitions	707	(1)
Part II: Applying the Concepts	707	(1)
Part III: Understanding the Concepts	708	(1)
Working with Your Own Data	709	(2)
The Age and Value of Peggy's Car	709	(1)
Your Own Investigation	710	(1)
APPENDIX A BASIC PRINCIPLES OF COUNTING	711	(8)
APPENDIX B TABLES	719
1. Random Numbers	719	(2)
2. Binomial Probabilities	721	(3)
3. Areas of the Standard Normal Distribution	724	(1)
4. Critical Values of Standard Normal Distribution	725	(1)
5. P-Values for Standard Normal Distribution	726	(1)
6. Critical Values of Student's t-Distribution	727	(1)
7. Probability-Values for Student's t-Distribution	728	(1)
8. Critical Values of x2 (Chi-Square) Distribution	729	(1)
9a. Critical Values of the F Distribution (α = 0.05)	730	(2)
9b. Critical Values of the F Distribution (α = 0.025)	732	(2)
9c. Critical Values of the F Distribution (α = 0.01)	734	(2)
10. Confidence Belts for the Correlation Coefficient, 1-α = 0.95	736	(1)
11. Critical Values of r When p = 0	737	(1)
12. Critical Values of the Sign Test	738	(1)
13. Critical Values of U in the Mann-Whitney Test	739	(1)
14. Critical Values for Total Number of Runs (V)	740	(1)
15. Critical Values of Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient	741
Answers to Selected Exercises	A1	(1)
Answers to Practice Tests	A42	(1)
Computer and Calculator Instructions	I1	(1)
Index	I2	(1)
Credits	I8	(1)
Formula Card