Introduction | |
Definition of Surveying | |
Geomatics | |
History of Surveying | |
Geodetic and Plane Surveys | |
Importance of Surveying | |
Specialized Types of Surveys | |
Surveying Safety | |
Land and Geographic Information Systems | |
Federal Surveying and Mapping Agencies | |
The Surveying Profession | |
Professional Surveying Organizations | |
Surveying on the Internet | |
Future Challenges in Surveying | |
Problems | |
Bibliography | |
Units, Significant Figures, and Field Notes | |
Units and Significant Figures | |
Introduction | |
Units of Measurement 25t | |
International System of Units (SI) | |
Significant Figures | |
Rounding Off NumbersPart II Field Notes | |
Field Notes | |
General Requirements of Handwritten Field Notes | |
Types of Field Books | |
Kinds of Notes | |
Arrangements of Notes | |
Suggestions for Recording Notes | |
Introduction to Data Collectors | |
Transfer of Files from Data Collectors | |
Digital Data File Management | |
Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Collectors | |
Problems | |
Bibliography | |
Theory of Errors in Observations | |
Introduction | |
Direct and Indirect Observations | |
Errors in Measurements | |
Mistakes | |
Sources of Errors in Making Observations | |
Types of Errors | |
Precision and Accuracy | |
Eliminating Mistakes and Systematic Errors | |
Probability | |
Most Probable Value | |
Residuals | |
Occurrence of Random Errors | |
General Laws of Probability | |
Measures of Precision | |
Interpretation of Standard Deviation | |
The 50, 90, and 95 Percent Errors | |
Error Propagation | |
Error of a Sum | |
Error of a Series | |
Error in a Product | |
Error in the Mean | |
Applications | |
Conditional Adjustment of Observations | |
Weights of Observations | |
Least-Squares Adjustment | |
Problems | |
Bibliography | |
Leveling-Theory, Methods, and Equipment | |
Leveling-Theory and Methods | |
Introduction | |
Definitions | |
North American Vertical Datum | |
Curvature and Refraction | |
Methods for Determining Differences in Elevation | |
Measuring Vertical Distances by Taping or Electronic Methods | |
Differential Leveling | |
Barometric Leveling | |
Trigonometric Leveling | |
Equipment for Differential Leveling | |
Categories of Levels | |
Telescopes | |
Level Vials | |
Tilting Levels | |
Automatic Levels | |
Digital Levels | |
Tripods | |
Hand Level | |
Level Rods | |
Testing and Adjusting Levels | |
Requirements for Testing and Adjusting Instruments | |
Adjusting for Parallax | |
Testing and Adjusting Level Vials | |
Preliminary Adjustment of the Horizontal Cross Hair | |
Testing and Adjusting the Line of Sight | |
Problems | |
Bibliography | |
Leveling Field Procedures and Computations | |
Introduction | |
Carrying and Setting Up a Level | |
Duties of a Rodperson | |
Differential Leveling | |
Precision | |
Adjustments of Simple Level Circuits | |
Reciprocal Leveling | |
Three-Wire Leveling | |
Profile Leveling | |
Staking and Stationing the Reference Line | |
Field Procedures for Profile Leveling | |
Drawing and Using the Profile | |
Grid, Cross-Section, or Borrow-Pit Leveling | |
Use of the Hand Level | |
Sources of Error in<$$$> | |
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