Embedded C Programming and the Atmel AVR

by Barnett, Richard H.; Cox, Sarah; O'Cull, Larry

• ISBN13: 9781418039592
• ISBN10: 1418039594
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-06-05
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

Enter the world of embedded programming and microcontroller applications! One of the only books available today that uses the increasingly popular and cost-effective Atmel AVR embedded controller as the platform and application for learning, Embedded C Programming and the Atmel AVR, 2E is the perfect choice for novices. Featuring a host of fully-functional example applications, this highly innovative book enables users to adopt a "learn by doing" approach as they develop the knowledge and skills needed to achieve proficiency. Following an introduction to Atmel AVR RISC processors, readers are launched immediately into an embedded C language tutorial. Here, they'll experiment with variables and constants, operators and expressions, control statements, pointers and arrays, memory types, preprocessor directives, real-time methods, and more! In addition to a comprehensive library functions reference, an entire chapter on the CodeVision AVR C Compiler provides clear, step-by-step instruction in IDE installation and operation, mixing Assembler with C, and using the Code Wizard Code Generator. Use of peripherals - such as keypads, LCD displays, and other common embedded microcontroller-related devices - is also explored fully in this all-inclusive, state-of-the-art programmer's how-to and reference manual.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Introduction	xxi
Embedded C Language Tutorial
Objectives	1	(1)
Introduction	1	(1)
Beginning Concepts	2	(2)
Variables and Constants	4	(7)
Variable Types	4	(1)
Variable Scope	5	(1)
Local Variables	5	(1)
Global Variables	5	(1)
Constants	6	(1)
Numeric Constants	7	(1)
Character Constants	7	(1)
Enumerations and Definitions	7	(2)
Storage Classes	9	(1)
Automatic	9	(1)
Static	9	(1)
Register	9	(1)
Type Casting	9	(2)
I/O Operations	11	(1)
Operators and Expressions	12	(7)
Assignment and Arithmetic Operators	12	(1)
Bitwise Operators	13	(1)
Logical and Relational Operators	14	(1)
Logical Operators	15	(1)
Relational Operators	15	(1)
Increment, Decrement, and Compound Assignment	16	(1)
Increment Operators	16	(1)
Decrement Operators	17	(1)
Compound Assignment Operators	17	(1)
The Conditional Expression	17	(1)
Operator Precedence	18	(1)
Control Statements	19	(14)
While Loop	19	(2)
Do/While Loop	21	(1)
For Loop	22	(1)
If/Else	23	(1)
If Statement	23	(1)
If/Else Statement	23	(3)
Conditional Expression	26	(1)
Switch/Case	26	(2)
Break, Continue, and Goto	28	(1)
Break	28	(1)
Continue	28	(1)
Goto	29	(4)
Functions	33	(8)
Prototyping and Function Organization	34	(2)
Functions that Return Values	36	(1)
Recursion	37	(4)
Pointers and Arrays	41	(13)
Pointers	41	(4)
Arrays	45	(2)
Multidimensional Arrays	47	(2)
Pointers to Functions	49	(5)
Structures and Unions	54	(9)
Structures	54	(2)
Arrays of Structures	56	(1)
Pointers to Structures	57	(1)
Unions	58	(2)
Typedef Operator	60	(1)
Bits and Bitfields	61	(1)
Sizeof Operator	62	(1)
Memory Types	63	(6)
Constants and Variables	63	(2)
Pointers	65	(1)
Register Variables	65	(1)
sfrb and sfrw	66	(3)
Real-Time Methods	69	(11)
Using Interrupts	69	(3)
Real-Time Executives	72	(3)
State Machines	75	(5)
Programming Style, Standards, and Guidelines	80	(1)
Chapter Summary	81	(1)
Exercises	81	(2)
Laboratory Activities	83	(4)
The Atmel Risc Processors
Objectives	87	(1)
Introduction	87	(1)
Architectural Overview	88	(1)
Memory	89	(8)
Flash Code Memory	89	(1)
Data Memory	89	(1)
Registers	90	(1)
I/O Registers	90	(2)
SRAM	92	(2)
EEPROM Memory	94	(3)
Reset and Interrupt Functions	97	(8)
Interrupts	98	(3)
Reset	101	(1)
Watchdog Timer and Reset	102	(3)
Parallel I/O Ports	105	(4)
Timer/Counters	109	(23)
Timer/Counter Prescalers and Input Selectors	110	(1)
Timer 0	110	(4)
Timer 1	114	(1)
Timer 1 Prescaler and Selector	115	(1)
Timer 1 Input Capture Mode	115	(4)
Timer 1 Output Compare Mode	119	(4)
Timer 1 Pulse Width Modulator Mode	123	(5)
Timer 2	128	(1)
One--second recording interval using Timer 0	129	(1)
Engine rpm measurement using Timer 1	130	(1)
Drive shaft rpm measurement using Timer 1	131	(1)
Serial Communication Using the Usart	132	(9)
Analog Interfaces	141	(10)
Analog-to-Digital Background	141	(1)
Analog-to-Digital Converter Peripheral	142	(4)
Analog Comparator Peripheral	146	(3)
Measuring engine temperature using the analog-to-digital converter (ADC)	149	(1)
Sending collected data to the PC	150	(1)
Serial Communication Using the SPI	151	(7)
Serial Communication Using I2C	158	(2)
The AVR Risc Assembly Language Instruction Set	160	(3)
Chapter Summary	163	(4)
Exercises	167	(1)
Laboratory Activities	168	(3)
Standard I/O and Preprocessor Functions
Objectives	171	(1)
Introduction	171	(1)
Character Input/Output Functions -- getchar() and putchar()	172	(6)
Standard Output Functions	178	(5)
Put String---puts()	178	(1)
Put String Flash---putsf()	179	(1)
Print Formatted---printf()	180	(2)
String Print Formatted---sprintf()	182	(1)
Standard Input Functions	183	(5)
Get String---gets()	184	(1)
Scan Formatted---scanf()	185	(2)
Scan String Formatted---sscanf()	187	(1)
Preprocessor Directives	188	(13)
The #include Directive	188	(1)
The #define Directive	189	(2)
The #ifdef, #ifndef, #else, and #endif Directives	191	(5)
The #pragma Directive	196	(1)
#pragma warn	197	(1)
#pragma opt	197	(1)
#pragma optsize	197	(1)
#pragma savereg	198	(1)
#pragma regalloc	199	(1)
#pragma promotechar	199	(1)
#pragma uchar	199	(1)
#pragma library	200	(1)
Other Macros and Directives	200	(1)
Chapter Summary	201	(1)
Exercises	202	(1)
Laboratory Activities	202	(3)
The Codevisionavr C Compiler and IDE
Objectives	205	(1)
Introduction	205	(1)
IDE Operation	206	(10)
Projects	206	(1)
Open Existing Projects	206	(1)
Create New Projects	207	(1)
Configure Projects	208	(1)
Close Project	209	(1)
Source Files	209	(1)
Open an Existing Source File	209	(1)
Create a New Source File	209	(1)
Add an Existing File to the Project	209	(2)
Edit Files	211	(3)
Print Files	214	(1)
The File Navigator	214	(2)
C Compiler Options	216	(4)
Memory Model	217	(1)
Optimize For	218	(1)
Optimization Level	218	(1)
Program Type	218	(1)
(s)printf Features and (s)scanf Features	218	(1)
SRAM	219	(1)
Compilation	219	(1)
Messages Tab	220	(1)
Compile and Make Projects	220	(2)
Compile a Project	220	(1)
Make a Project	221	(1)
Program the Target Device	222	(7)
Chip	223	(1)
Flash and EEPROM	224	(2)
Flash Lock Bits	226	(1)
Fuse Bits	226	(1)
Boot Lock Bit 0 and Boot Lock Bit 1	226	(1)
Signature	226	(1)
Chip Erase	227	(1)
Programming Speed	227	(1)
Program All	227	(1)
Other Programmers	228	(1)
Codewizardavr Code Generator	229	(18)
Chip Tab	232	(1)
Ports Tab	233	(1)
External IRQ Tab	234	(1)
Timers Tab	235	(1)
USART Tab	236	(1)
ADC Tab	237	(1)
Project Information Tab	238	(1)
Generate Source Code	239	(8)
Terminal Tool	247	(2)
The ATMEL AVR Studio Debugger	249	(4)
Create a COFF File for AVR Studio	250	(1)
Launch AVR Studio from CodeVisionAVR	250	(1)
Open a File for Debug	250	(1)
Start, Stop, and Step	250	(1)
Set and Clear Breakpoints	251	(1)
View and Modify Registers and Variables	252	(1)
View and Modify the Machine State	252	(1)
Chapter Summary	253	(1)
Exercises	253	(2)
Laboratory Activities	255	(2)
Project Development
Objectives	257	(1)
Introduction	257	(1)
Concept Development Phase	257	(1)
Project Development Process Steps	257	(6)
Definition Phase	258	(2)
Design Phase	260	(1)
Test Definition Phase	261	(1)
Build and Test the Prototype Hardware Phase	262	(1)
System Integration and Software Development Phase	262	(1)
System Test Phase	263	(1)
Celebration Phase	263	(1)
Project Development Process Summary	263	(1)
Example Project: A Weather Monitor	263	(86)
Concept Phase	263	(1)
Definition Phase	264	(2)
Electrical Specification	266	(1)
Operational Specification	266	(1)
Basic Block Diagrams	267	(2)
Measurement Considerations for the Design	269	(1)
Temperature	270	(2)
Barometric Pressure	272	(1)
Humidity	273	(1)
Wind Speed	274	(3)
Wind Direction	277	(1)
Rainfall	278	(3)
Dew Point Computation	281	(1)
Wind Chill Computation	282	(1)
Battery Health	283	(1)
Real Time	283	(1)
Hardware Design, Outdoor Unit	284	(1)
Wind Speed Input	284	(2)
Rain Gauge Input	286	(1)
900 MHz Transmitter	286	(1)
Power Supply	286	(1)
Software Design, Outdoor Unit	286	(1)
Hardware Design, Indoor Unit	287	(1)
900 MHz Receiver	287	(3)
Power Supply	290	(1)
Software Design, Indoor Unit	290	(2)
Test Definition Phase	292	(1)
Wind Direction	293	(1)
Wind Speed	293	(1)
Rain Gauge	293	(1)
Air Temperature	293	(1)
Barometric Pressure	294	(1)
Relative Humidity	294	(1)
System Test for Complete Project	294	(1)
Build and Test Prototype Hardware Phase	294	(1)
Outdoor Unit Checkout	295	(2)
Indoor Unit Checkout	297	(4)
System Integration and Software Development Phase, Outdoor Unit	301	(4)
Temperature, Humidity, Wind Direction, and Battery Health	305	(1)
Rainfall	305	(1)
Wind Speed	306	(1)
RF Telemetry	306	(6)
System Integration and Software Development Phase, Indoor Unit	312	(1)
Keeping Time	312	(2)
Low-Battery Indication	314	(2)
The Buttons and the Beeper	316	(2)
Decoding the RF Telemetry	318	(3)
Collecting and Protecting Rainfall Data	321	(3)
Converting from Counts to Real Units	324	(1)
Routines for Controlling the LCD	325	(6)
Keeping the Display Up to Date	331	(4)
Editing the Time and Date	335	(4)
System Test Phase	339	(4)
Changing It Up	343	(1)
Picking a Part for a Better Fit	343	(1)
Changes to the Schematic	344	(1)
Changes to I/O Mapping	344	(4)
Other Considerations	348	(1)
Challenges	349	(1)
Chapter Summary	350	(1)
Exercises	350	(1)
Laboratory Activity	351	(2)
Appendix A Library Functions Reference	353	(100)
Appendix B Getting Started with Codevisionavr and the STK500	453	(18)
Appendix C Programming the AVR Microcontrollers	471	(4)
Appendix D Installing and Using TheCableAVR	475	(14)
Appendix E The MEGAAVR-DEV Development Board	489	(4)
Appendix F ASCII Table	493	(4)
Appendix G AVR Instruction Set Summary	497	(6)
Appendix H Answers to Selected Exercises	503	(6)
Appendix I A ``Fast Start'' to Embedded C Programming and the AVR	509	(10)
Index	519