Embedded C Programming and the Microchip PIC

by Barnett, Richard H.; Cox, Sarah; O'Cull, Larry

• ISBN13: 9781401837488
• ISBN10: 1401837484
• Edition: CD
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-11-03
• Publisher: Delmar Cengage Learning

Summary

This new book is carefully designed to teach C language programming as it applies to embedded microcontrollers and to fuel knowledge in the application of the Microchip® family of PIC® microcontrollers. Coverage begins with a step-by-step exploration of the C language showing readers how to create C language programs to solve problems. PIC processors are then studied, from basic architecture to all of the standard peripheral devices included in the microcontrollers. Numerous worked-out example programs demonstrate common uses for each of the peripherals. Readers are subsequently introduced to the built-in functions available in C, to help speed their programming and problem solving. Finally, readers are taken through use of the C Compiler, and learn to efficiently develop custom projects.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	xiii
INTENDED AUDIENCE	xiii
PREREQUISITES	xiv
ORGANIZATION	xiv
CHAPTER CONTENTS SUMMARY	xiv
RATIONALE	xv
HARDWARE USED	xvi
CD-ROM CONTENTS AND SOFTWARE USED IN THE TEXTBOOK	xvi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	xvii
AUTHOR-SPECIFIC ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	xviii
INTRODUCTION	xix
CHAPTER 1 EMBEDDED C LANGUAGE TUTORIAL
1.1 OBJECTIVES
1.2 INTRODUCTION	1	(1)
1.3 BEGINNING CONCEPTS	2	(2)
1.4 VARIABLES AND CONSTANTS	4	(7)
1.4.1 Variable Types	4	(2)
1.4.2 Variable Scope	6	(1)
Local Variables	6	(1)
Global Variables	6	(1)
1.4.3 Constants	7	(1)
Numeric Constants	7	(1)
Character Constants	8	(1)
1.4.4 Enumerations and Definitions	8	(1)
1.4.5 Storage Classes	9	(1)
Automatic	10	(1)
Static	10	(1)
Register	10	(1)
1.4.6 Type Casting	10	(1)
1.5 I/O OPERATIONS	11	(1)
1.6 OPERATORS AND EXPRESSIONS	12	(8)
1.6.1 Assignment and Arithmetic Operators	12	(4)
Bitwise Operators	13	(3)
1.6.2 Logical and Relational Operators	16	(1)
Logical Operators	16	(1)
Relational Operators	16	(1)
1.6.3 Increment, Decrement, and Compound Assignment	17	(1)
Increment Operators	17	(1)
Decrement Operators	18	(1)
Compound Assignment Operators	18	(1)
1.6.4 The Conditional Expression	18	(1)
1.6.5 Operator Precedence	19	(1)
1.7 CONTROL STATEMENTS	20	(15)
1.7.1 While Loop	20	(2)
1.7.2 Do/While Loop	22	(1)
1.7.3 For Loop	23	(2)
1.7.4 If/Else	25	(3)
If Statement	25	(1)
If/Else Statement	25	(3)
Conditional Expression	28	(1)
1.7.5 Switch/Case	28	(2)
1.7.6 Break, Continue, and Goto	30	(5)
Continue	31	(4)
1.8 FUNCTIONS	35	(8)
1.8.1 Prototyping and Function Organization	36	(2)
1.8.2 Functions that Return Values	38	(2)
1.8.3 Recursion	40	(3)
1.9 POINTERS AND ARRAYS	43	(14)
1.9.1 Pointers	44	(3)
1.9.2 Arrays	47	(3)
1.9.3 Multidimensional Arrays	50	(2)
1.9.4 Pointers to Functions	52	(5)
1.10 STRUCTURES AND UNION	57	(10)
1.10.1 Structures	57	(2)
1.10.2 Arrays of Structures	59	(1)
1.10.3 Pointers to Structures	60	(2)
1.10.4 Unions	62	(2)
1.10.5 Typedef Operator	64	(1)
1.10.6 Bits and Bitfields	65	(1)
1.10.7 Sizeof Operator	66	(1)
1.11 MEMORYTYPES	67	(7)
1.11.1 Constants and Variables	67	(4)
1.11.2 Register Variables	71	(3)
#bit and #byte	72	(2)
1.12 REAL-TIME METHODS	74	(10)
1.12.1 Using Interrupts	75	(3)
1.12.2 State Machines	78	(6)
CHAPTER SUMMARY	84	(1)
1.14 EXERCISES	85	(2)
1.15 LABORATORY ACTIVITIES	87	(2)
CHAPTER 2 PIC MICROCONTROLLER HARDWARE
2.1 OBJECTIVES	89	(1)
2.2 INTRODUCTION	89	(1)
2.3 ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW	90	(2)
2.4 MEMORY ORGANIZATION	92	(2)
2.4.1 Data Memory	92	(1)
2.4.2 FLASH Memory	92	(1)
2.4.3 Return Address Stack	93	(1)
2.5 INTERRUPTS AND RESET	94	(3)
2.5.1 Reset	97	(1)
2.6 I/O PORTS	97	(5)
2.6.1 Parallel Slave Port Mode	100	(2)
2.7 TIMERS	102	(26)
2.7.1 General	104	(4)
2.7.1.1 Timers as "Ticks"	104	(1)
2.7.1.2 Timers Measuring Pulse Widths or Frequencies	105	(1)
2.7.1.3 Timers as Output Devices	106	(2)
2.7.2 Timer 0	108	(3)
2.7.3 Timer 1	111	(10)
2.7.3.1 Capture and Compare Modules	113	(8)
2.7.4 Timer2	121	(6)
2.7.5 Watchdog Timer	127	(1)
2.8 Serial I/O	128	(21)
2.8.1 Asynchronous Serial Port (USART)	129	(8)
One-Second Recording Interval Using Timer0	134	(1)
Engine rpm Measurement Using Capture/Compare Module 1	135	(2)
2.8.2 CAN Bus Module	137	(1)
2.8.3 Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP)	138	(11)
2.8.3.1 SPI Bus	138	(6)
2.8.3.2 12C Bus	144	(5)
2.9 ANALOG TO DIGITAL I/O	149
2.9.1 Analog to Digital Background	149	(1)
2.9.2 Analog to Digital Module	150	(24)
Measuring Engine Measurement Using the AID Converter (ADC)	154
2.11 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE	57	(3)
2.12 CHAPTER SUMMARY	60	(4)
2.13 WRITTEN EXERCISES	64	(101)
2.14 LABORATORY EXERCISES	165	(2)
CHAPTER 3 STANDARD I/O AND PREPROCESSOR DIRECTIVES
3.1 OB ECTIVES	167	(1)
3.2 INTRODUCTION	167	(1)
3.3 CHARACTER INPUT/OUTPUT FUNCTIONS - GETCHARO AND PUTCHARO	168	(6)
3.4 STANDARD OUTPUT FUNCTIONS	174	(3)
3.4.1 Put String, puts(), and File Put String, fputs()	174	(1)
3.4.2 Print Formatted, printf(), and File Print Formatted, fprintf()	175	(2)
3.5 STANDARD INPUT FUNCTIONS	177	(3)
3.5.1 Get String Functions - gets() and fgets()	178	(1)
3.5.2 Get String Function - get string()	179	(1)
3.6 STANDARD PREPROCESSOR DIRECTIVES	180	(10)
3.6.1 The #include Directive	181	(1)
3.6.2 The #define Directive	181	(3)
3.6.3 The #ifdef, #ifndef, #else, and #endif Directives	184	(5)
3.6.4 The #error Directive	189	(1)
3.6.5 The #pragma Directive	190	(1)
3.7 CCS-PICC FUNCTION-QUALIFYING DIRECTIVES	190	(2)
3.7.1 The #inline and #separate Directives	190	(1)
3.7.2 The #int default, #intglobal, and #int xxx Directives	191	(1)
3.8 CCS-PICC PREDEFINED IDENTIFIERS	192	(1)
3.9 CCS-PICC DEVICE SPECIFICATION DIRECTIVES	193	(3)
3.9.1 The #device Directive	193	(1)
3.9.2 The #fuse Directive	194	(1)
3.9.3 The #id Directive	195	(1)
3.10 CCS-PICC BUILT-IN LIBRARY PREPROCESSOR DIRECTIVES	196	(4)
3.10.1 The #use delay Directive	196	(1)
3.10.2 The #use fast_io, #use fixed_io, and #use standard_io Directives	196	(2)
3.10.3 The #use i2c Directive	198	(1)
3.10.4 The #use rs232 Directive	199	(1)
3.11 CCS-PICC MEMORY CONTROL PREPROCESSOR DIRECTIVES	200	(5)
3.11.1 The #type Directive	200	(1)
3.11.2 The #bit Directive	201	(1)
3.11.3 The #byte Directive	201	(1)
3.11.4 The #locate Directive	202	(1)
3.11.5 The #reserve Directive	202	(1)
3.11.6 The #zero_ram Directive	202	(1)
3.11.7 The #rom Directive	203	(1)
3.11.8 The #org Directive	203	(1)
3.11.9 The #asm and #endasm Directives	204	(1)
3.12 CCS-PICC COMPILER CONTROL PREPROCESSOR DIRECTIVES	205	(1)
3.12.1 The #case Directive	205	(1)
3.12.2 The #opt Directive	205	(1)
3.12.3 The #priority Directive	206	(1)
3.13 CHAPTER SUMMARY	206	(1)
3.14 EXERCISES	207	(1)
3.15 LABORATORY ACTIVITIES	208	(1)
CHAPTER 4 THE CCS-PICC C COMPILERAND IDE
4.1 OB ECTIVES	209	(1)
4.2 INTRODUCTION	209	(1)
4.3 INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT	210	(1)
4.4 PROJECTS	210	(4)
4.4.1 Open Existing Projects	211	(1)
4.4.2 Create New Projects	211	(1)
4.4.3 Setting the Include Directories for a Project	212	(1)
4.4.4 Compile Projects	212	(2)
4.4.5 Close Projects	214	(1)
4.5 PIC WIZARD CODE GENERATOR	214	(10)
4.5.1 General Tab	216	(1)
4.5.2 Communications Tab	217	(1)
4.5.3 SPI and LCD Tab	218	(1)
4.5.4 Timers Tab	218	(2)
4.5.5 Analog Tab	220	(1)
4.5.6 Interrupts Tab	220	(1)
4.5.7 Drivers Tab	220	(2)
4.5.8 I/O Pins Tab	222	(1)
4.5.9 Generated Project	222	(2)
4.6 SOURCE FILES	224	(1)
4.6.1 Open an Existing Source File	225	(1)
4.6.2 Create a New Source File	225	(1)
4.6.3 Changing the Main Source File for a Project	225	(1)
4.7 EDITOR OPERATION	225	(2)
4.7.1 Bookmarks	225	(1)
4.7.2 Indentation and Tabs	226	(1)
4.7.3 Brace Matching	227	(1)
4.7.4 Syntax Highlighting	227	(1)
4.7.5 Other Editor Options	227	(1)
4.8 VIEW MENU	227	(5)
4.8.1 C/ASM List	228	(1)
4.8.2 Symbol Map	228	(1)
4.8.3 Call Tree	229	(1)
4.8.4 Statistics	230	(1)
4.8.5 Compiler Messages	230	(1)
4.8.6 Data Sheet	230	(1)
4.8.7 Valid Fuses	230	(1)
4.8.8 Valid Interrupts	230	(1)
4.8.9 Binary File	230	(2)
4.8.10 COD Debug File	232	(1)
4.9 PROGRAM THE TARGET DEVICE	232	(1)
4.10 TOOL MENU	232	(4)
4.10.1 Device Editor	232	(1)
4.10.2 Device Selector	233	(1)
4.10.3 File Compare	233	(1)
4.10.4 Numeric Converter	234	(1)
4.10.5 Serial Port Monitor	234	(2)
4.11 MICROCHIP MPLAB	236	(6)
4.11.1 Launch MPLAB from CCS-PICC	236	(1)
4.11.2 MPLAB Workspace and Project	237	(1)
4.11.3 Simulator Development Mode	238	(1)
4.11.4 Compiling under MPLAB	238	(1)
4.11.5 Source File and Program Memory Windows	238	(1)
4.11.6 Execution Speed	239	(1)
4.11.7 Debugging Commands	239	(1)
4.11.8 Set and Clear Breakpoints	239	(1)
4.11.9 Run to Cursor	240	(1)
4.11.10 Watch	240	(1)
4.11.11 File Registers (RAM)Window	241	(1)
4.11.12 Modify Memory	241	(1)
4.11.13 View and Modify the Machine State	241	(1)
4.12 CHAPTER SUMMARY	242	(1)
4.13 EXERCISES	243	(1)
4.14 LABORATORY ACTIVITIES	244	(3)
CHAPTER 5 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
5.1 OB ECTIVES	247	(1)
5.2 INTRODUCTION	247	(1)
5.3 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT PHASE	247	(1)
5.4 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS STEPS	247	(6)
5.4.1 Definition Phase	248	(2)
5.4.2 Design Phase	250	(1)
5.4.3 Test Definition Phase	251	(1)
5.4.4 Build and Test the Prototype Hardware Phase	252	(1)
5.4.5 System Integration and Software Development Phase	252	(1)
5.4.6 System Test Phase	253	(1)
5.4.7 Celebration Phase	253	(1)
5.5 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS SUMMARY	253	(1)
5.6 EXAMPLE PROJECT: AN ELECTRONIC SCOOTER	253	(82)
5.6.1 Concept Phase	253	(1)
5.6.2 Definition Phase	254	(5)
5.6.2.1 Preliminary Product Specification	255	(1)
5.6.2.2 Operational Specification	256	(1)
5.6.2.3 Basic Block Diagrams	257	(2)
5.6.3 System Considerations for the Design	259	(10)
5.6.3.1 Drive Requirements (According to Newton)	259	(4)
5.6.3.2 Motor Selection	263	(2)
5.6.3.3 Vehicle Speed Measurement	265	(1)
5.6.3.4 Battery Health Measurement	266	(1)
5.6.3.5 Motor Current Measurement	266	(1)
5.6.3.6 Brake Control Measurement	267	(1)
5.6.3.7 Electronic Braking	268	(1)
5.6.4 Hardware Design - Drive Unit	269	(6)
Speed Input	269	(2)
Braking Input	271	(1)
Motor Current Monitoring	271	(1)
Motor Power Control	272	(1)
Electronic Brake	272	(1)
CAN Interface	273	(1)
Power Supply	274	(1)
Battery Selection	274	(1)
5.6.5 Software Design - Drive Unit	275	(3)
5.6.6 Hardware Design - Display Unit	278	(4)
LCD Interface	278	(3)
Buttons, Lights, and Sound	281	(1)
5.6.7 Software Design - Display Unit	282	(3)
5.6.8 Test Definition Phase	285	(1)
Braking Input	285	(1)
Vehicle Speed	285	(1)
Battery Health	285	(1)
Motor Current	285	(1)
System Test for the Complete Project	285	(1)
5.6.9 Build and Test Prototype Hardware Phase	286	(6)
Drive Unit Checkout	286	(3)
Display Unit Checkout	289	(3)
5.6.10 System Integration and Software Development Phase, Drive Unit	292	(29)
Vehicle Speed	293	(4)
Battery Health and Motor Current Monitoring	297	(1)
Cruise and Brake Control	298	(1)
CAN Communications	298	(23)
5.6.11 System Integration and Software Development Phase, Display Unit	321	(8)
The Collection and Conversion of the CAN Data	321	(3)
The Buttons, Beeper, and Indicators	324	(5)
Driving the LCD	329	(1)
5.6.12 System Test Phase	329	(6)
5.7 CHALLENGES	335	(1)
5.8 CHAPTER SUMMARY	336	(1)
5.9 EXERCISES	336	(1)
5.10 LABORATORY ACTIVITY	337	(2)
APPENDIX A LIBRARY FUNCTIONS REFERENCE	339	(98)
APPENDIX B PROGRAMMING THE PIC MICROCONTROLLERS	437	(4)
APPENDIX C CCS ICD-S SERIAL IN-SYSTEM PROGRAMMER/DEBUGGER	441	(2)
APPENDIX D MICROCHIP ICD 2 SERIAL IN-SYSTEM PROGRAMMER/DEBUGGER	443	(4)
APPENDIX E THE "FLASH PIC-DEV" DEVELOPMENT BOARD	447	(6)
APPENDIX F ASCII TABLE	453	(6)
APPENDIX G PIC 16F877 INSTRUCTION SET SUMMARY	459	(10)
APPENDIX H PIC 18F458 INSTRUCTION SET SUMMARY	469	(8)
APPENDIX I ANSWERSTO SELECTED QUESTIONS (BY CHAPTER)	477	(8)
INDEX	485