Emergency Responder Training Manual for the Hazardous Materials Technician

by Oldfield, Kenneth W.; Veasey, Dwight A.; Craft McCormick, Lisa; Krayer, Theodore H.; Hansen, Lloyd Sam; Martin, Brooke N.; Stover, Ervin Roy

• ISBN13: 9780471213871
• ISBN10: 047121387X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-11-08
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

The most comprehensive hazmat emergency response training manual following NFPA and OSHA competency criteriaThe choice of firefighters and other rapid response personnel for years, this user friendly manual helps first responders build their skills step-by-step to professionally handle any hazmat emergency. Organized to enhance understanding and retention-and reinforced with copious illustrations, photographs, learning exercises, and case studies-this book takes the reader from preplanning to dispatch to the stabilization of an incident, and on to post-incident critique and follow-up. New material addresses advances in protective clothing, new products for confinement and containment, and changes in the OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard, plus much more. Additional chapters cover WMDs, with sections specific to WMD response including site control, personal protective equipment, and decontamination.

Author Biography

The authors of this book have across-the-board experience in both public and private sector response to hazardous materials incidents. Experience among the authors includes working as incident commander, firefighter, paramedic, industrial hygienist, hazardous materials manager, environmental consultant, and/or hazmat responder. In addition, most hold graduate degrees in occupational health and safety. All are professional trainers with extensive practical experience in the classroom and on the training field.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Acknowledgments	xxi
1 Introduction To Hazardous Materials	1	(12)
What are Hazardous Materials?	2	(2)
DOT's Terminology: Hazardous Materials	2	(1)
EPA's Terminology: Hazardous Substances, Extremely Hazardous Substances, and Hazardous Waste	2	(1)
OSHA's Terminology: Hazardous Chemicals	3	(1)
Benner's Definition	3	(1)
Hazardous Materials Terminology in Common Usage: Hazmats	3	(1)
Why are we Concerned about Hazardous Materials?	4	(2)
Texas City, Texas	4	(1)
Waverly, Tennessee	5	(1)
Bhopal, India and Institute, West Virginia	5	(1)
Kansas City, Missouri	5	(1)
Birmingham, Alabama	6	(1)
Your Town, USA	6	(1)
In what Ways are Hazardous Materials Harmful?	6	(2)
Hazardous Materials and Human Health	7	(1)
Chemical Reaction, Fire, and Explosion	7	(1)
Chemicals in the Environment	7	(1)
New Threats: Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction	7	(1)
Hazmat Response 101	8	(3)
Response Guidelines and Models	8	(1)
Response Roles and Procedures	9	(2)
Organization and Applicability of this Textbook	11	(1)
Summary	11	(2)
2 Response Laws, Regulations, Standards, and Other Policies	13	(38)
Introduction	13	(2)
Major Federal Policy Impacting Hazmat Response	15	(10)
National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan	16	(2)
The Clean Water Act and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990	18	(1)
Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act	18	(2)
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act	20	(1)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act	21	(1)
Clean Air Act	21	(1)
Occupational Safety and Health Act	22	(1)
Hazardous Materials Transportation Act	23	(1)
Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act	23	(1)
Homeland Security Act	24	(1)
Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5	24	(1)
Regulatory Departments and Agencies	25	(15)
The Environmental Protection Agency	25	(4)
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration	29	(1)
The Department of Transportation	30	(2)
The Department of Homeland Security	32	(2)
State and Local Governmental Regulatory Agencies	34	(1)
Nonregulatory Standards and Guidance by Governmental Agencies	34	(1)
Consensus Standards of Professional Agencies	35	(5)
The OSHA HAZWOPER Standard	40	(9)
Purpose and Applicability	41	(1)
Applicability to Emergency Response Operations	41	(1)
Provisions of 29 CFR 1910.120 Applicable to Emergency Response Operations	42	(7)
Summary	49	(2)
3 Planning for Hazardous Materials Response	51	(48)
Introduction	51	(1)
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know	52	(7)
History	52	(1)
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act Title III (SARA Title III)	52	(1)
Framework of SARA Title III	53	(2)
Emergency Notification	55	(1)
Toxic Chemical Release Reporting (TRI Reporting)	56	(1)
What SARA Legislation Means to Responders	57	(2)
Developing the Plan	59	(25)
Defining the Plan	60	(11)
Information Research and Evaluation	71	(1)
Organizing a Planning Team	72	(1)
Hazard Analysis	73	(8)
Research Existing Plans	81	(1)
Writing the Plan	81	(3)
Plan Approval	84	(1)
Plan Review and Modification Procedures	84	(1)
Exercising the Plan	84	(13)
Benefits of Conducting Exercises	85	(1)
Levels of Exercise	85	(8)
The Exercise Process	93	(4)
Summary	97	(2)
4 Incident Management System	99	(26)
Introduction	99	(2)
History of the Incident Command System	101	(1)
Basics of the Incident Command System	102	(7)
Components of the IMS	103	(1)
Major Functional Areas of the IMS	104	(3)
Interaction of the Functional Areas of the IMS	107	(1)
IMS Communications	108	(1)
Command of the Incident Response	109	(3)
Single and Unified Command Structures	109	(2)
Area Command Structure	111	(1)
National Incident Management System-HSPD 5	111	(1)
Command Staff Responsibilities	112	(3)
Safety Officer	112	(1)
Public Information Officer	113	(1)
Liaison Officer	113	(2)
The Operations Section	115	(5)
Structure of the Operations Section	115	(1)
Basic Considerations for Operations	116	(4)
The Planning Section	120	(1)
The Logistics Section	121	(1)
The Finance Section	122	(1)
Putting It All Together	122	(2)
Summary	124	(1)
5 Incident Assessment and Initial Actions of Responders	125	(84)
Recognizing and Identifying Hazardous Materials	126	(67)
Overview of Regulatory Requirements Related to Incident Assessment	127	(2)
Personal Knowledge, Emergency Response Plans, and Facility Maps	129	(2)
Shipping Papers	131	(2)
Labels, Placards, and Other Hazard Identification Markings	133	(10)
Occupancy and Location of the Incident	143	(1)
Container Recognition	144	(47)
Air Monitoring and Sampling of Hazardous Materials	191	(1)
Biological Indicators	192	(1)
Human Senses	192	(1)
Initial Assessment and Actions	193	(15)
Using the DOT Emergency Response Guidebook	193	(9)
Decision-Making In Emergencies	202	(3)
Conducting a Perimeter Survey	205	(1)
Making Entry and Conducting an On-Site Survey	206	(2)
Summary	208	(1)
6 Chemical Hazard Assessment	209	(46)
Introduction	209	(1)
Estimate Likely Harm Without Intervention	210	(4)
Atoms and Molecules	210	(1)
Physical State	210	(1)
Solids	211	(2)
Liquids	213	(1)
Gases and Vapors	213	(1)
Changes in Physical State	214	(1)
Properties of Chemicals	214	(7)
Flammability	215	(2)
Boiling Point	217	(1)
Vapor Pressure	217	(2)
Vapor Density	219	(1)
Solubility	220	(1)
Specific Gravity	220	(1)
Corrosives	220	(1)
Predicting Dispersal of Hazardous Materials	221	(6)
Gas or Vapor Dispersal in Air	221	(3)
Liquids Released into Water	224	(1)
Liquids Released on Land	225	(2)
Chemical Reactions	227	(3)
Water-Reactive Materials	227	(1)
Air-Reactive Materials	228	(1)
Oxidizers	228	(1)
Unstable Materials and Polymerization	228	(1)
Incompatible Materials	229	(1)
Toxic Combustion Products	229	(1)
Researching Identified Materials	230	(12)
Material Safety Data Sheets	230	(6)
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards	236	(4)
Emergency Action Guides	240	(1)
CHRIS Manual	240	(1)
Telephone Hotlines	240	(1)
Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operations (CAMEO®)	241	(1)
Assessment Models	242	(10)
The Street Smart Approach to Workplace Hazards	242	(5)
The General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model	247	(5)
Summary	252	(3)
7 Human Health Effects	255	(26)
Introduction	255	(1)
Toxicity	255	(1)
Learning About Toxic Effects	256	(9)
Laboratory Studies with Animals	256	(4)
Toxicity Information from Human Exposures	260	(3)
Using Study Data to Predict Human Health Effects	263	(2)
Sources of Health Effect Information	265	(1)
Routes of Entry	265	(3)
Contact with the Body Surface	265	(2)
Inhalation into the Respiratory System	267	(1)
Ingestion into the Digestive System	267	(1)
The Body's Response to Chemical Exposure	268	(4)
Excretion	270	(1)
Storage	270	(1)
Metabolism	271	(1)
Damage to the Body	272	(5)
Timing Terminology	272	(1)
Damage to Body Systems	273	(3)
Exposures to Multiple Chemicals	276	(1)
Recognizing and Preventing Health Effects	277	(2)
Recognizing Symptoms	277	(1)
Biological Monitoring	277	(1)
Medical Surveillance and Monitoring	278	(1)
Summary	279	(2)
8 Physical Hazards of Emergency Response	281	(44)
Introduction	281	(1)
Physical Hazards	281	(30)
Localized Burns	282	(1)
Heat Stress	283	(8)
Cold Stress	291	(4)
Radiation	295	(10)
Noise	305	(6)
Scene-Related Hazards	311	(9)
Vehicles and Heavy Equipment	311	(1)
Hazardous Energy	311	(4)
Excavations	315	(3)
Confined Spaces	318	(2)
Musculoskeletal Injuries	320	(1)
Upper Extremity Disorders	320	(1)
Lower Back Disorders	321	(1)
Preventing Accidents	321	(3)
Job Safety Analysis	321	(2)
Standard Operating Procedures	323	(1)
Summary	324	(1)
9 Air Surveillance	325	(44)
Introduction	325	(3)
General Air Surveillance Strategies	328	(5)
Perimeter and Background Survey	329	(1)
Initial Entry	330	(2)
Periodic Monitoring	332	(1)
Termination Monitoring	333	(1)
Air Sampling with Laboratory Analysis	333	(7)
Sample Period	334	(1)
Sampling Systems	334	(3)
Sampling Media	337	(1)
Laboratory Analysis	338	(1)
Using Air Sampling Data	339	(1)
Air Monitoring with Direct-Reading Instruments	340	(17)
Basic Operation of DRIs	340	(2)
Common Features of DRIs	342	(3)
Multigas Meters	345	(5)
Survey Instruments	350	(1)
Special Sensors for Chemical and Biological WMD	351	(2)
Gas Chromatography	353	(2)
Instrument Calibration	355	(2)
Interpreting Air Monitoring Results	357	(2)
Relative Response	358	(1)
Unidentified Contaminants	359	(1)
Mixtures	359	(1)
Colorimetric Indicators	359	(4)
Detector Tubes	360	(3)
Chip Measurement System (CMS)	363	(1)
Papers and Tapes	363	(1)
Exposure Limits	363	(5)
Occupational Exposure Limits	364	(1)
Emergency Exposure Limits	365	(2)
Applying Exposure Limits	367	(1)
Summary	368	(1)
10 Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction	369	(42)
Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction Defined	369	(1)
The Role of WMDs in Terrorism Incidents	370	(4)
The Tokyo Subway Sarin Attack	370	(1)
The Bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City	371	(1)
The September 11th, 2001 Attack on the World Trade Towers and Pentagon	372	(1)
Post-911 Anthrax Attacks	372	(1)
Future Terrorist Attacks: Anytown, U.S.A	373	(1)
Special Considerations for Terrorism Events	374	(1)
Unique Aspects of WMD Events	374	(1)
Special Hazards to Responders	374	(1)
Basic Considerations for WMD Agents	375	(3)
Lethality and Effectiveness	376	(1)
Routes of Exposure	376	(1)
Dispersion	376	(1)
Persistency	377	(1)
Immediate Versus Delayed Effects	377	(1)
Types of WMD Agents and their Hazards	378	(23)
Biological Agents	378	(7)
Nuclear or Radiological Devices	385	(6)
Incendiary Devices	391	(1)
Chemical Agents	392	(7)
Explosives	399	(2)
Basic Guidelines for Responding to Terrorism/WMD Incidents	401	(9)
Using the Federal Job Aid and DOT ERG	401	(6)
Recognizing Potential Terrorist Incidents	407	(1)
Security Assessment for Response and Initial Approach to an Incident	408	(1)
On-Scene Safety Issues	409	(1)
Summary	410	(1)
11 Site Control	411	(16)
Objectives of Site Control	412	(1)
Considerations for Establishing Site Control	413	(1)
Isolation Procedures	414	(4)
Access Control	414	(1)
Evacuation and Protection in Place	415	(3)
Zoning	418	(4)
Hot Zone	419	(1)
Warm Zone	420	(1)
Cold Zone	421	(1)
Access Control Points	422	(1)
Other Zoning Considerations	422	(1)
Site Control for Incidents Involving WMDs and Other Mass Casualty Incidents	422	(3)
Special Considerations for WMD/Mass Casualty Incident Site Control	422	(2)
Incorporating Mass Decontamination, Triage, Treatment, and Transport into Site Control	424	(1)
Summary	425	(2)
12 Personal Protective Equipment	427	(74)
Introduction	427	(2)
HAZWOPER Regulatory Requirements	429	(1)
Written PPE Program	429	(1)
Training	430	(1)
Step 1-Assess all Hazards	430	(4)
Type of Hazard	431	(1)
Degree of Hazard	432	(1)
Anticipate the Environmental Conditions and Entry Activities	433	(1)
Entering Unidentified Hazard Areas	433	(1)
Step 2-Select the Appropriate Respiratory Protection	434	(25)
Regulations and Standards	434	(4)
Respirator Classification	438	(9)
Selection and Use Considerations for Respirators for Hazmat Response	447	(5)
Respiratory Protection for WMD Incidents	452	(2)
Respirator Fit Testing	454	(5)
Protection Factors	459	(1)
Step 3-Select Chemical Protective Clothing	459	(12)
Chemical Attacks on CPC	461	(1)
Measurement of Chemical Attack	462	(1)
CPC Material Selection Information	463	(2)
Using CPC Material Selection Information	465	(1)
Types of Protective Clothing	466	(5)
Step 4-Choose Personal Safety Equipment	471	(12)
Head Protection	471	(4)
Eye and Face Protection	475	(3)
Hearing Protection	478	(1)
Hand Protection	479	(2)
Foot Protection	481	(2)
PASS Alarms	483	(1)
Step 5-Put it all Together into Levels of Protection	483	(9)
EPA Levels of Protection	484	(4)
NFPA Levels	488	(3)
3/30 Rule	491	(1)
Step 6-Use the PPE Properly	492	(7)
Factors Limiting Safe Work Mission Duration	492	(1)
Personal Factors Affecting Respirator Use	493	(1)
Donning PPE	494	(1)
Inspection of PPE	494	(2)
In-Use Monitoring of PPE	496	(2)
Doffing PPE	498	(1)
Step 7-Store and Maintain PPE Properly	499	(2)
Storing PPE	499	(1)
Reuse of CPC	499	(1)
Maintenance of PPE	500	(1)
Summary	500	(1)
13 Decontamination	501	(26)
Introduction	501	(1)
Technical Decontamination: Definition and Justification	501	(1)
Methods of Decontamination	502	(6)
Physical Decontamination	502	(3)
Chemical Solutions	505	(2)
Levels of Decontamination Required	507	(1)
Setting up a Contamination Reduction Corridor (CRC)	508	(8)
Location	508	(1)
Personnel Decontamination Line	509	(6)
Decontamination of Tools, Equipment, and Vehicles	515	(1)
Management of the Decontamination Area	516	(2)
Orderly Cleaning and Doffing	516	(1)
Protection of Decontamination Personnel	517	(1)
Containment of Liquids	517	(1)
Emergency Medicine and Decontamination	518	(3)
Protect the Responder	518	(1)
Stop Contamination and Prevent Secondary Contamination	519	(1)
Patient Treatment	520	(1)
Patient Transport	520	(1)
Medical Management Guidelines	521	(1)
Postincident Management	521	(1)
Mass Decontamination	522	(3)
Mass Decontamination Corridor (MDC)	522	(1)
Methods of Mass Decontamination	523	(1)
Recommended Equipment for use in Mass Decontamination Operations	524	(1)
Other Mass Decontamination Resources	525	(1)
Summary	525	(2)
14 Basic Hazardous Materials Control	527	(20)
Introduction	527	(1)
The Role of Hazard and Risk Assessment and Decision Making in Hazardous Materials Control	528	(1)
Types of Releases	528	(1)
Other Considerations	529	(1)
Procedures and Considerations for Basic Hazardous Materials Control	529	(12)
Controlling Land Releases	530	(5)
Controlling Water Releases	535	(3)
Controlling Air Releases	538	(3)
Collection Techniques	541	(5)
Pumping and Vacuum Collection	542	(1)
Sorbent Collection	543	(2)
Other Techniques and Considerations	545	(1)
Summary	546	(1)
15 Advanced Hazardous Materials Control	547	(36)
Assessment and Decision Making for Containment Operations	548	(2)
Containment-Related Planning and Decision Making	548	(1)
Assessment Considerations for Selection of Containment Procedures	549	(1)
Considerations for Hazards to Personnel	549	(1)
Equipment, Supplies, and Tools used in Containment	550	(3)
Plugs, Patches, and Related Items	552	(1)
Adhesives. Sealants, and Gaskets	553	(1)
Tools	553	(1)
Other Containment-Related Items	553	(1)
Containment Kits	553	(1)
Containment Procedures	553	(20)
General Procedures	555	(4)
Procedures for Small Containers	559	(4)
Procedures for Large Containers	563	(3)
Procedures for Plumbing Leaks	566	(5)
Procedures for Pressurized Containers	571	(2)
Grounding and Bonding Flammable Liquid Containers	573	(4)
Grounding and Bonding Equipment	574	(1)
Procedures for Grounding and Bonding	575	(2)
Other Safety Precautions for Transferring Flammables	577	(1)
Overpacking Damaged Containers	577	(4)
Safety Considerations for Overpacking	577	(1)
Procedures for Placing Damaged Containers into Overpack Containers	578	(3)
Summary	581	(2)
16 Mental Stress in Emergency Response	583	(10)
Introduction	583	(1)
Stress Basics	583	(3)
Traumatic Stress	584	(1)
Posttraumatic Stress	585	(1)
Victims of Traumatic Stress	586	(1)
Methods of Coping with Traumatic Event Stress	586	(6)
Critical Incident Stress Management	586	(5)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Strategy for Coping with Traumatic Stress	591	(1)
Summary	592	(1)
References	593	(4)
Index	597