Emotion in Social Relations: Cultural, Group, and Interpersonal Processes

by Parkinson; Brian

• ISBN13: 9781841690452
• ISBN10: 1841690457
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-11-29
• Publisher: Psychology Pres

Summary

Within psychology, emotion is often treated as something private and personal. In contrast, this book tries to understand emotion from the 'outside,' by examining the everyday social settings in which it operates. Three levels of social influence are considered in decreasing order of inclusiveness, starting with the surrounding culture and subculture, moving on to the more delimited organization or group, and finally focusing on the interpersonal setting. At all these levels, emotion is influenced by social factors and has an impact on the way social life proceeds. For example, there are no direct equivalents in many cultures for some of the particular forms of emotion experienced in Western societies, suggesting that not all aspects of emotion are universal or biologically determined. Further, our various social identifications and allegiances partly determine what is emotionally relevant in a situation and how we respond to ingroup and outgroup members' emotions. Finally, emotions are usuallyoccasioned by things that other people say, do, or have done to them, and often change the way interaction with those others proceeds. The book provides a critical review of existing theory and research on these topics from a social psychological perspective, and develops its own distinctive approach by recontextualizing emotion in an integrated cultural, organizational and relational world.

Table of Contents

About the Authors	xi
Preface	xiii
Emotion's Place in the Social World	1	(24)
Levels of Social Analysis	2	(1)
Pieces of the Emotional Jigsaw	3	(1)
Appraisal and Feedback Theories	4	(6)
Social Influences on Emotion Components	10	(1)
Causes and Objects	10	(2)
Appraisal	12	(1)
Bodily Changes	13	(3)
Action Tendencies	16	(1)
Expression	17	(1)
Regulation	18	(1)
Emotion Itself	19	(1)
Individual and Social Conceptions of Emotion	20	(3)
Subsequent Chapters	23	(2)
Emotional Meaning Across Cultures	25	(30)
Operationalizing ``Culture''	26	(1)
Emotional Meaning	27	(2)
Emotion Vocabularies Across Cultures	29	(5)
``Emotion'' as a General Category	29	(3)
``Basic'' or Prototypical Emotions	32	(2)
Meanings of Specific Emotion Words	34	(2)
Culturally Specific Emotion Words	34	(2)
Evaluating Semantic Equivalence	36	(3)
The Semantic Primitive Approach	37	(2)
Comparing Emotion Scripts	39	(4)
Emotional Antecedents	39	(2)
Responses	41	(1)
Evaluative and Moral Implications	41	(2)
Methodological Recommendations	43	(2)
Emotion Ethnotheories	45	(5)
Beliefs About the Nature of Emotion	45	(1)
Emotion in Contrast to Reason	46	(2)
Self or Social Relations	48	(2)
Historical Changes in Ethnotheory	50	(1)
Emotion and Meaning	51	(4)
Linguistic Effects	52	(1)
Ethnotheoretical Effects	53	(2)
Cultural Variation in Emotion	55	(32)
Basic Emotions and Expressions	57	(7)
Are There Basic Emotions?	57	(2)
Are There Basic Emotion Expressions?	59	(5)
Decoding Rules	64	(2)
Cultural Differences in Emotion	66	(17)
Emotion in Collectivistic and Individualistic Cultures	67	(1)
Pleasant and Unpleasant Emotions	68	(3)
Happiness	71	(3)
Shame	74	(3)
Anger and assertiveness	77	(4)
Sadness, grief, and mourning	81	(2)
Conclusions	83	(4)
Group Emotion	87	(28)
Defining a Group	89	(1)
Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Influence Processes	90	(2)
Defining Group Emotion	92	(1)
Relevant Theory and Research	92	(1)
Group Cohesiveness	93	(4)
Normative Versus Informational Social Influence	94	(1)
Self-Categorization Theory	94	(1)
Social Versus Personal Attraction	95	(1)
Social Versus Personal Identity	95	(1)
Intrinsically Versus Derivatively Social Groups	96	(1)
Organizational Culture	97	(8)
Roles and Rules in Organizations	97	(1)
The Employee Role in Service Industries	98	(1)
Surface versus deep acting	99	(3)
Affective Team Composition	102	(1)
Active homogeneity versus diversity	103	(2)
Emotion in Family Groups	105	(8)
Family Expressiveness	107	(1)
Total, positive, and negative family expressiveness	107	(1)
Accounting for Family Influence on Emotion Socialization	108	(1)
Injunctive Versus Descriptive Social Norms	109	(1)
Children's Normative Beliefs	109	(1)
Evidence of the impact of normative beliefs	110	(2)
Norms and Emotion Socialization	112	(1)
Conclusions	113	(2)
Intergroup Emotion	115	(32)
Defining Intergroup Emotion	116	(4)
Prejudice and Intergroup Hostility	117	(1)
Emotions and Intergroup Attitudes	117	(1)
Emotions and stereotypes	118	(1)
Recasting prejudice as emotion	119	(1)
Self-Categorization and Intergroup Emotion	120	(3)
Basking in Reflected Glory	121	(1)
Group-Based Appraisals	121	(1)
Testing Smith's Model	122	(1)
Out-Group Images and Intergroup Emotions	123	(3)
Experimental Tests of Image Theory	125	(1)
A Field Test of Image Theory	125	(1)
Emotional Dialogue Between Social Groups	126	(2)
Intergroup Anger	128	(2)
Relative Deprivation	128	(1)
Anger on Behalf of Other In-Group Members	129	(1)
Intergroup Guilt	130	(8)
Guilt Without Personal Responsibility	130	(1)
The Importance of Identification	131	(1)
Self-Focus Versus Other-Focus	132	(1)
Intergroup Guilt and Reparation	133	(1)
Group-based guilt as a basis for social action	134	(2)
A comment on the limits of group-based built	136	(2)
Intergroup Fear	138	(2)
Intergroup Gloating and Schadenfreude	140	(3)
Intergroup Gloating	140	(1)
Intergroup Schadenfreude	141	(2)
Conclusions	143	(4)
Moving Faces in Interpersonal Life	147	(32)
Varieties of Facial Meaning	148	(4)
Facial Movements as Expressions of Emotion	152	(4)
Facial Movements as Conduct	156	(2)
Dewey: Facial Movements as Practical Actions	156	(1)
Mead: Facial Movements as Communicative Acts	157	(1)
Facial Movements as Displays	158	(1)
Audience Effects on Smiling	159	(5)
The Happiness--Smiling Link as Optical Versus Artistic Truth	161	(1)
Smiling, Gender, and Power	162	(1)
Audience Effects on Other Facial Movements	163	(1)
Display Rules Versus Social Motives	164	(4)
Solitary Smiling	167	(1)
Conclusions	168	(2)
Interpersonal Consequences of Facial Conduct	170	(5)
Facial Mimicry	170	(2)
Countermimicry	172	(2)
Social Referencing	174	(1)
Interpersonal Dynamics	175	(1)
Toward an Interpersonal Theory of Facial Movement	176	(1)
Final Words	177	(2)
Interpersonal Emotions	179	(40)
Interpersonal Processes	180	(8)
Emotion Contagion	181	(3)
Social Appraisal	184	(2)
Interpersonal Reinforcement	186	(1)
Summary	187	(1)
Social Emotions	188	(13)
Embarrassment	188	(4)
Shame	192	(2)
Guilt	194	(2)
Jealousy and Envy	196	(1)
Love	197	(2)
Fago	199	(1)
Grief	200	(1)
Nonsocial Emotions?	201	(7)
Anger	202	(2)
Fear	204	(1)
Depression	205	(3)
Emotional Development in Interpersonal Context	208	(6)
Ontogenetic Development of Emotions	208	(4)
Ontogenetic Development of Relational Temperament	212	(2)
Interpersonal Theories of Emotion	214	(3)
Emotions as Relational Phenomena	215	(1)
Emotion as Communication	216	(1)
Concluding Remarks	217	(2)
Interconnecting Contexts	219	(40)
Cultural Influences and Their Operation	220	(14)
Ideational and Material Sources of Influence	221	(4)
Socialization and Real-Time Processes	225	(2)
Group and Interpersonal Mediators	227	(4)
Individual Effects	231	(3)
Marking Out the Territory of Cultural Psychology	234	(1)
Emotions as Relational Processes	235	(1)
Primary Intersubjectivity	236	(5)
Secondary Intersubjectivity	241	(2)
Articulation	243	(5)
Summary	248	(2)
Adult Relational Regulation in Real Time	250	(4)
Bottom-Up Influences of Emotion on Social Structures	254	(5)
References	259	(26)
Author Index	285	(10)
Subject Index	295