An Engineering Approach to Computer Networking ATM Networks, the Internet, and the Telephone Network

by Keshav, Srinivasan

• ISBN13: 9780201634426
• ISBN10: 0201634422
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1997-05-05
• Publisher: Addison-Wesley Professional

Summary

This practical introduction to computer networking takes a unique and highly effective engineering approach that not only describes how networks operate, but also offers invaluable insight into why they work the way they do. You will find clear overviews of three network types-ATM networks, the Internet, and the telephone network-and extensive coverage of all essential networking topics: protocol layering; common system design techniques; multiple access; switching and scheduling algorithms; naming, addressing, and routing; error and flow control; and network control. Practical in focus, this book features many real-world examples and is supported with on-line material providing hands-on implementation exercises and a powerful network simulator.

Author Biography

S. Keshav, Associate Professor of Computer Science at Cornell University, has employed the engineering approach with great success in networking courses he has taught at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, and Columbia University. Formerly a Member of the Technical Staff at AT&T Bell Laboratories, Dr. Keshav received his Ph.D. in 1991 from the University of California at Berkeley. He can be reached at [e-mail].

0201634422AB04062001

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION	3	(64)
Chapter 1: Atoms, Bits, and Networks	3	(6)
1.1 Introduction	3	(2)
1.2 Common network technologies	5	(1)
1.3 Networking concepts and techniques	6	(1)
1.4 Engineering computer networks	7	(1)
1.5 In closing	8	(1)
Chapter 2: The Telephone Network: Concepts, History, and Challenges	9	(22)
2.1 Concepts	9	(2)
2.2 End-systems	11	(3)
2.3 Transmission	14	(5)
2.4 Switching	19	(2)
2.5 Signaling	21	(2)
2.6 Cellular communications	23	(2)
2.7 Historical sketch	25	(2)
2.8 Challenges	27	(3)
2.9 Summary	30	(1)
Chapter 3: The Internet: Concepts, History, and Challenges	31	(16)
3.1 Concepts	32	(1)
3.2 Basic Internet technology	33	(2)
3.3 Addressing	35	(2)
3.4 Routing	37	(2)
3.5 Endpoint control	39	(1)
3.6 History	40	(4)
3.7 Challenges	44	(2)
3.8 Summary	46	(1)
Chapter 4: ATM Networks: Concepts, History, and Challenges	47	(20)
4.1 Virtual circuits	48	(5)
4.2 Fixed-size packets	53	(2)
4.3 Small packet size	55	(2)
4.4 Statistical multiplexing	57	(2)
4.5 Integrated service	59	(2)
4.6 History	61	(2)
4.7 Challenges	63	(1)
4.8 Summary	64	(3)
SECTION 2: TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES	67	(430)
Chapter 5: Protocol Layering	67	(18)
5.1 Protocols and protocol layering	67	(3)
5.2 Importance of layering	70	(1)
5.3 Problems with layering	71	(1)
5.4 ISO-OSI reference model	72	(1)
5.5 The seven layers	73	(11)
5.6 Summary	84	(1)
Chapter 6: System Design	85	(32)
6.1 Introduction	85	(2)
6.2 Resource constraints and their metrics	87	(4)
6.3 Common design techniques	91	(23)
6.4 Performance analysis and tuning	114	(1)
6.5 Summary	115	(2)
Chapter 7: Multiple Access	117	(42)
7.1 Introduction	117	(3)
7.2 Choices and constraints	120	(5)
7.3 Base technologies	125	(6)
7.4 Centralized access schemes	131	(4)
7.5 Distributed schemes	135	(18)
7.6 Summary	153	(6)
Chapter 8: Switching	159	(50)
8.1 Introduction	159	(3)
8.2 Circuit switching	162	(13)
8.3 Packet switching	175	(9)
8.4 Switch fabrics	184	(10)
8.5 Buffering	194	(9)
8.6 Multicasting	203	(1)
8.7 Summary	204	(5)
Chapter 9: Scheduling	209	(56)
9.1 Introduction	209	(4)
9.2 Requirements	213	(10)
9.3 Fundamental choices	223	(11)
9.4 Scheduling best-effort connections	234	(11)
9.5 Scheduling guaranteed-service connections	245	(7)
9.6 Comparison	252	(4)
9.7 Packet dropping	256	(4)
9.8 Summary	260	(5)
Chapter 10: Naming and Addressing	265	(22)
10.1 Introduction	265	(1)
10.2 Naming and addressing	265	(1)
10.3 Hierarchical naming	266	(2)
10.4 Addressing	268	(2)
10.5 Addressing in the telephone network	270	(1)
10.6 Addressing in the Internet	270	(7)
10.7 NSAPs: Addressing in ATM networks	277	(2)
10.8 Name resolution	279	(2)
10.9 Datalink layer addressing	281	(1)
10.10 Finding datalink layer addresses	282	(1)
10.11 Summary	283	(4)
Chapter 11: Routing	287	(70)
11.1 Introduction	287	(2)
11.2 Routing protocol requirements	289	(1)
11.3 Choices	290	(2)
11.4 Routing in the telephone network	292	(6)
11.5 Distance-vector routing	298	(7)
11.6 Link-state routing	305	(9)
11.7 Choosing link costs	314	(4)
11.8 Hierarchical routing	318	(6)
11.9 Internet routing protocols	324	(3)
11.10 Routing within a broadcast LAN	327	(2)
11.11 Multicast routing	329	(13)
11.12 Routing with policy constraints	342	(3)
11.13 Routing for mobile hosts	345	(5)
11.14 Summary	350	(7)
Chapter 12: Error Control	357	(38)
12.1 Causes of bit errors	358	(3)
12.2 Bit-error detection and correction	361	(12)
12.3 Causes of packet errors	373	(3)
12.4 Packet-error detection and correction	376	(15)
12.5 Summary	391	(4)
Chapter 13: Flow Control	395	(50)
13.1 Model	396	(2)
13.2 Classification	398	(1)
13.3 Open-loop flow control	398	(8)
13.4 Closed-loop flow control	406	(35)
13.5 Hybrid flow control	441	(1)
13.6 Summary	442	(3)
Chapter 14: Traffic Management	445	(52)
14.1 Introduction	445	(1)
14.2 An economic framework for traffic management	446	(5)
14.3 Traffic models	451	(4)
14.4 Traffic classes	455	(6)
14.5 Time scales of traffic management	461	(2)
14.6 Scheduling	463	(3)
14.7 Renegotiation	466	(2)
14.8 Signaling	468	(7)
14.9 Admission control	475	(8)
14.10 Peak-load pricing	483	(2)
14.11 Capacity planning	485	(6)
14.12 Summary	491	(6)
SECTION 3: PRACTICE	497	(64)
Chapter 15: Common Protocols	497	(48)
15.1 Introduction	497	(1)
15.2 Telephone network protocols	498	(11)
15.3 Internet protocols	509	(14)
15.4 ATM network protocols	523	(11)
15.5 IP over ATM	534	(8)
15.6 Summary	542	(3)
Chapter 16: Protocol Implementation	545	(16)
16.1 Introduction	545	(1)
16.2 Factors affecting protocol stack performance	545	(1)
16.3 Common protocol stack procedures	546	(1)
16.4 Partitioning strategies	547	(4)
16.5 Interface among protocol layers	551	(5)
16.6 Protocol implementation	556	(1)
16.7 Some rules of thumb	557	(3)
16.8 Summary	560	(1)
References	561	(36)
Glossary	597	(28)
Answers to Review Questions and Selected Exercises	625	(20)
Index	645

Excerpts

The world is surging toward a digital revolution where computer networks mediate every aspect of modern life, from paying bills to buying real estate, and from reading a book to watching a film. Computer networks are complex systems that almost magically link tens of millions of computers and more than a billion telephones around the world. A single mouse-click in a Web browser can download text, images, and animations from a computer hundreds or thousands of miles away. With a satellite or cellular telephone, even the most intrepid explorer in the remotest corner of the Earth can call home. How do we build these marvelous webs of interconnection? The goal of this book is to introduce readers to what lies at the basis of computer networks, and why they work the way they do. This book is based on a course that I taught at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India, in the spring of 1993. My aim was to teach students why networks were built the way they were. I wanted them to question every design decision, and to understand how these decisions would change if we changed the assumptions. I call this an engineering approach to computer networking.Perhaps it is easiest to appreciate this approach by comparing it with some other approaches. Suppose you wanted to route packets in a computer network. A protocol approach would describe the routing protocols in common use and their packet formats and algorithms, and perhaps compare several routing protocols. An analytical approach would model the network as a graph, assume a traffic distribution from every source to every destination, then compute optimal routing. In my opinion, both these approaches, though important, miss the point. A purely protocol approach tells the reader how routing works, but not why it was designed that way. The success of an analytical approach depends critically on the assumptions it makes. Unfortunately, because of the complexities of the real world, to make the problem tractable, the analyst must make many simplifying assumptions. In my experience, this simplification leads to "toy" models that do not explain what is really important, and what details we can ignore. In contrast, the engineering approach is to begin by identifying the fundamental constraints on the problem, make reasonable "real-world" assumptions, and then examine several alternative solutions, trading off their pros and cons. An engineer recognizes that no solution is perfect, but that every solution represents a particular trade-off between cost and benefit. This book focuses on identifying the fundamental problems and the trade-offs in solving them.The second aspect of an engineering approach is to learn by doing. This book is meant to be used with implementation exercises on the Internet and on the REAL network simulator. These exercises, which are available on-line at http://www.aw.com/cp/keshav/engcom.html, allow students to learn protocol design and implementation hands-on. Unlike other textbooks in the area, this book simultaneously studies the principles underlying the Internet, the telephone network, and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks. The Internet is the most successful embodiment of a data network, and its study needs no further justification. The global telephone network is arguably the world's largest computer network, though it is specialized to carry voice. Unfortunately, few outside the telephone industry know much about how the telephone network operates, perhaps because of the layers of acronyms and arcana that surround its operations. This book is a small attempt to rectify the situation. Finally, many see ATM networks as the future of computer networking. Although this may not be true, ATM networks are interesting because they draw on experience with the telephone network and the Internet to build an integrated services network that provides end-to-end quality of service. This ambitio