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1 Introducing Environmental Science and Sustainability 1
Human Impacts on the Environment 2
Population, Resources, and the Environment 4
Sustainability 8
Environmental Science 10
Addressing Environmental Problems 14
CASE IN POINT Lake Washington 15
2 Environmental Laws, Economics, and Ethics 20
A Brief Environmental History of the United States 21
U.S. Environmental Legislation 25
Economics and the Environment 28
CASE IN POINT Environmental Problems in Central and Eastern Europe 32
Environmental Justice 34
Environmental Ethics, Values, and Worldviews 35
3 Ecosystems and Energy 40
What is Ecology? 41
The Energy of Life 43
CASE IN POINT Life Without the Sun 46
The Flow of Energy through Ecosystems 47
CASE IN POINT How Humans Have Affected the Antarctic Food Web 48
4 Ecosystems and the Physical Environment 56
The Cycling of Materials within Ecosystems 57
Solar Radiation 65
The Atmosphere 67
The Global Ocean 70
Weather and Climate 73
CASE IN POINT Hurricane Katrina 77
Internal Planetary Processes 77
5 Ecosystems and Living Organisms 83
Evolution: How Populations Change over Time 84
Principles of Population Ecology 87
Biological Communities 94
Species Richness in a Community 101
CASE IN POINT Gardens as Ecosystems 103
Community Development 103
Exponential and Logistic Population Growth: Equations 109
6 Major Ecosystems of the World 110
Earth’s Major Biomes 111
Aquatic Ecosystems 121
CASE IN POINT The Everglades 125
Estuaries: Where Fresh Water and Salt Water Meet 126
Marine Ecosystems 127
7 Human Health and Environmental Toxicology 136
Human Health 137
CASE IN POINT Influenza Pandemics Past and Future 140
Environmental Pollution and Disease 140
Determining Health Effects of Environmental Pollution 144
Ecotoxicology: Toxicant Effects on Communities and Ecosystems 148
CASE IN POINT The Ocean and Human Health 149
Decision Making and Uncertainty: Assessment of Risks 150
8 The Human Population 156
The Science of Demography 157
Demographics of Countries 158
Population and Quality of Life 163
Reducing the Total Fertility Rate 164
Government Policies and Fertility 167
CASE IN POINT The Millennium Development Goals 168
Achieving Population Stabilization 170
9 The Urban Environment 174
Population and Urbanization 175
The City as an Ecosystem 178
Urban Land-Use Planning 182
Making Cities More Sustainable 184
CASE IN POINT Curitiba, Brazil 186
10 Energy Consumption 190
Energy Consumption and Policy 191
Energy Efficiency and Conservation 193
Electricity, Hydrogen, and Energy Storage 199
CASE IN POINT Hydrogen and Electricity for Transportation 201
Energy Storage 202Energy Policy 203
11 Fossil Fuels 207
Fossil Fuels 208
Coal 209
Oil and Natural Gas 213
CASE IN POINT The Marcellus Shale 217
CASE IN POINT The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 221
Synfuels and Other Potential Fossil-Fuel Resources 222
12 Renewable Energy and Nuclear Power 225
Direct Solar Energy 226
Indirect Solar Energy 230
CASE IN POINT The Three Gorges Dam 234
Other Renewable Energy Sources 234
Nuclear Power 236
Pros and Cons of Nuclear Energy 240
Radioactive Wastes 244
CASE IN POINT Yucca Mountain 245
The Future of Nuclear Power 246
13 Water: A Limited Resource 250
The Importance of Water 251
Water Use and Resource Problems 254
CASE IN POINT The Floods of 2011 255
Water Problems in the United States and Canada 257
Global Water Problems 261
Water Management 264
Water Conservation 268
14 Soil Resources 273
The Soil System 274
Soil Properties and Major Soil Types 278
Environmental Problems Related to Soil 281
CASE IN POINT The American Dust Bowl 282
Soil Conservation and Regeneration 285
15 Mineral Resources 291
Introduction to Minerals 292
Environmental Impacts Associated with Minerals 296
CASE IN POINT Copper Basin, Tennessee 298
Minerals: An International Perspective 300
Increasing the Supply of Minerals 301
Using Substitution and Conservation to Expand Mineral Supplies 304
16 Biological Resources 310
Biological Diversity 311
Extinction and Species Endangerment 313
CASE IN POINT Disappearing Frogs 320
Conservation Biology 322
Conservation Policies and Laws 326
Wildlife Management 328
17 Land Resources 332
Land Use 333
Wilderness, Parks, and Wildlife Refuges 335
Forests 337
CASE IN POINT Tongass National Forest 341
Rangelands and Agricultural Lands 344
Wetlands and Coastal Areas 347
Conservation of Land Resources 349
18 Food Resources 353
World Food Security 354
Food Production 356
Challenges of Producing More Crops and Livestock 359
CASE IN POINT Grow Appalachia 361
The Environmental Impacts of Agriculture 364
Solutions to Agricultural Problems 366
Fisheries of the World 368
19 Air Pollution 373
The Atmosphere as a Resource 374
Types and Sources of Air Pollution 374
Urban Air Pollution 377
CASE IN POINT Efforts to Reduce Ozone in Southern California 378
Effects of Air Pollution 379
Controlling Air Pollution in the
Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere 384
Acid Deposition 386
Air Pollution around the World 390
CASE IN POINT Air Pollution in Beijing, New Delhi, and Mexico City 391
Long-Distance Transport of Air Pollution 391
Indoor Air Pollution 392
20 Global Climate Change 398
Introduction to Climate Change 399
The Effects of Global Climate Change 404
CASE IN POINT Impacts in Fragile Areas 404
Dealing with Global Climate Change 411
21 Water Pollution 415
Types of Water Pollution 416
Water Quality Today 424
CASE IN POINT Green Chemistry 426
Improving Water Quality 430
Laws Controlling Water Pollution 434
22 Pest Management 438
What is a Pesticide? 439
Benefits and Problems with Pesticides 440
Risks of Pesticides to Human Health 445
Alternatives to Pesticides 446
CASE IN POINT Bt, Its Potential and Problems 448
Laws Controlling Pesticide Use 451
The Manufacture and Use of Banned Pesticides 452
23 Solid and Hazardous Wastes 456
Solid Waste 457
Waste Prevention 461
Hazardous Waste 466
CASE IN POINT Hanford Nuclear Reservation 468
24 Tomorrow’s World 474
Living Sustainably 475
Sustainable Living: A Plan of Action 475
CASE IN POINT Pennsylvania Association for Sustainable Agriculture 481
CASE IN POINT Durban, South Africa 482
Changing Personal Attitudes and Practices 484
What Kind of World Do We Want? 485
Appendices www.wiley.com/college/raven
Glossary 488
Index I-1
