Environmental Biology For Engineers And Scientists

by Vaccari, David A.; Strom, Peter F.; Alleman, James E.

• ISBN13: 9780471722397
• ISBN10: 0471722391
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-10-06
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

The growth of the environmental sciences has greatly expanded the scope of biological disciplines today's engineers have to deal with. Yet, despite its fundamental importance, the full breadth of biology has been given short shrift in most environmental engineering and science courses. Filling this gap in the professional literature, Environmental Biology for Engineers and Scientists introduces students of chemistry, physics, geology, and environmental engineering to a broad range of biological concepts they may not otherwise be exposed to in their training. Based on a graduate-level course designed to teach engineers to be literate in biological concepts and terminology, the text covers a wide range of biology without making it tedious for non-biology majors. Teaching aids include: * Notes, problems, and solutions * Problem sets at the end of each chapter * PowerPoints(r) of many figures A valuable addition to any civil engineering and environmental studies curriculum, this book also serves as an important professional reference for practicing environmental professionals who need to understand the biological impacts of pollution.

Author Biography

DAVID A. VACCARI, PhD, PE, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Civil, Environmental, and Ocean Engineering at Stevens Institute of Technology, New Jersey. He also serves as an industry consultant and holds memberships in the Water Environment Federation, the American Academy of Environmental Engineers, the International Water Association, and the American Water Works Association.

PETER F. STROM, PhD, is a Professor of Environmental Sciences at Cook College, Rutgers University, specializing in biological treatment and water pollution. He is a member of the Water Environment Federation, the American Society for Microbiology, the Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors, and the International Water Association.

JAMES E. ALLEMAN, PhD, PE, is a Professor and Departmental Chair of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering at Iowa State University. His thirty plus years of environmental engineering experience covers a diverse spectrum of academic, industrial, military, and governmental activities. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the Water Environment Federation, the International Water Association, and the Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Perspectives on Biology	1	(15)
Why Environmental Engineers and Scientists Should Study Biology	1	(1)
Present Perspectives on Environmental Engineers and Scientists	2	(3)
Past Perspectives on Environmental Engineers and Scientists	5	(1)
Ambiguity and Complexity in Biology	6	(3)
Conservation and Environmental Ethics	9	(4)
Guidelines for Study	13	(3)
Problems	14	(1)
References	15	(1)
Biology as a Whole	16	(19)
What Is life?	16	(2)
The Hierarchy of Life	18	(3)
Evolution	21	(5)
Taxonomy	26	(4)
Interaction of Living Things with the Environment	30	(3)
Brief History of Life	33	(2)
Problems	34	(1)
References	34	(1)
The Substances of Life	35	(30)
Basic Organic Chemical Structure	35	(1)
Chemical Bonding	36	(2)
Acid-Base Reactions	38	(2)
Physicochemical Interactions	40	(1)
Optical Isomers	41	(3)
The Composition of Living Things	44	(18)
Carbohydrates	44	(3)
Lipids	47	(4)
Proteins	51	(7)
Nucleic Acids	58	(3)
Hybrid and Other Compounds	61	(1)
Detection and Purification of Biochemical Compounds	62	(3)
Problems	63	(1)
References	64	(1)
The Cell: The Common Denominator of Living Things	65	(15)
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes	66	(1)
The Biological Membrane	67	(2)
Membrane Transport	69	(3)
Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function	72	(2)
Cell Reproduction	74	(6)
Problems	79	(1)
References	79	(1)
Energy and Metabolism	80	(36)
Bioenergetics	80	(8)
Some Basic Thermodynamics	80	(5)
Oxidation-Reduction	85	(1)
Phosphate Compounds and ATP	86	(1)
Reaction Coupling	87	(1)
Elementary Kinetics	88	(2)
Enzyme Kinetics	90	(8)
Single-Substrate Kinetics	91	(4)
Multiple Substrates	95	(1)
Effect of pH	96	(1)
Effect of Temperature	97	(1)
Other Considerations	98	(1)
Biochemical Pathways	98	(18)
Glycolysis	98	(1)
Fermentation	99	(2)
Respiration	101	(4)
Oxidation of Fats and Amino Acids	105	(1)
Photosynthesis	106	(7)
Biosynthesis	113	(1)
Problems	114	(1)
References	115	(1)
Genetics	116	(27)
Heredity	116	(6)
Mendel's Experiments	118	(2)
Sex Chromosomes	120	(1)
Genetic Disease	121	(1)
Molecular Biology	122	(9)
Protein Synthesis	124	(2)
Gene Regulation	126	(3)
Mutations	129	(1)
DNA Repair	130	(1)
Genetic Engineering	131	(7)
DNA Analysis and Probes	132	(3)
Cloning and Recombinant DNA	135	(1)
Polymerase Chain Reaction	136	(1)
Genetic Engineering and Society	137	(1)
Genetic Variation	138	(2)
Sexual Reproduction	140	(3)
Problems	141	(1)
References	142	(1)
The Plants	143	(12)
Plant Divisions	144	(2)
Structure and Physiology of Angiosperms	146	(9)
Water and Nutrient Transport	146	(4)
Plant Growth and Control	150	(3)
Plant Nutrition	153	(1)
Problems	153	(1)
References	154	(1)
The Animals	155	(18)
Reproductive Strategies	155	(3)
Invertebrate Phyla Other Than Arthropods	158	(2)
Mollusks, Segmented Worms, Arthropods	160	(6)
Mollusks	160	(1)
Annelids	160	(1)
Arthropods	161	(4)
Lesser Protostomes	165	(1)
Deuterostomes (Starfish, Vertebrates, etc.)	166	(7)
Echinoderms	166	(1)
Chordates, Including the Vertebrates	166	(6)
Problems	172	(1)
Reference	172	(1)
The Human Animal	173	(44)
Skin	174	(1)
Skeletal System	175	(1)
Muscular System	176	(2)
Nervous System	178	(6)
Nerve Signal Transmission	178	(1)
Synaptic Transmission	179	(1)
Nervous System Organization	180	(4)
Endocrine System and Homeostasis	184	(6)
Homeostasis	184	(2)
Hormones	186	(4)
Cardiovascular System	190	(3)
Immunity and the Lymphatic System	193	(3)
Respiratory System	196	(3)
Digestion	199	(4)
Nutrition	203	(4)
Excretory System	207	(4)
Reproduction and Development	211	(6)
Prenatal Development	214	(2)
Problems	216	(1)
References	216	(1)
Microbial Groups	217	(73)
Evolution of Microbial Life	218	(1)
Discovery of Microbial Life	219	(4)
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek	219	(1)
Spontaneous Generation and the Beginnings of Microbiology	220	(3)
Virus Discovery	223	(1)
Discovery of Archaea	223	(1)
Diversity of Microbial Activities	223	(3)
Energy Sources	224	(1)
Carbon Source	224	(1)
Environmental Preferences	225	(1)
Microbial Taxonomy	226	(15)
Basis of Identification	226	(1)
Prokaryotic ``Species''	227	(1)
Naming of Microorganisms	228	(2)
Characterization of Prokaryotes	230	(11)
Bacteria	241	(24)
Aquaficae	245	(1)
Xenobacteria	245	(1)
Thermomicrobia (Including Green Nonsulfur Bacteria)	245	(1)
Cyanobacteria: Blue-Green Bacteria (Formerly, Blue-Green Algae)	246	(1)
Chlorobia: Green Sulfur Bacteria	246	(2)
Proteobacteria	248	(10)
Firmicutes: Gram Positives	258	(4)
Planctomycetacia	262	(1)
Spirochetes	263	(1)
Fibrobacter	264	(1)
Bacteroids	264	(1)
Flavobacteria	264	(1)
Sphingobacteria	265	(1)
Fusobacteria	265	(1)
Verrucomicrobia	265	(1)
Archaea	265	(2)
Korarchaeota	265	(1)
Crenarchaeota	265	(1)
Euryarchaeota (Including Methanogens)	266	(1)
Eukarya	267	(18)
Protozoans	268	(3)
Algae	271	(8)
Slime Molds	279	(2)
Fungi	281	(4)
Noncellular Infective Agents: Viruses, Viroids, and Prions	285	(5)
Viruses	286	(2)
Viroids and Prions	288	(1)
Problems	288	(1)
References	288	(2)
Quantifying Microorganisms and Their Activity	290	(52)
Microbial Composition and Stoichiometry	290	(4)
Elemental Makeup	290	(3)
Growth Factors	293	(1)
Molecular Makeup	294	(1)
Microscopy	294	(5)
Light Microscopes	295	(3)
Electron Microscopes	298	(1)
Sampling, Storage, and Preparation	299	(1)
Sampling	299	(1)
Storage	299	(1)
Preparation	300	(1)
Determining Microbial Biomass	300	(2)
Measurements of Total Mass	300	(1)
Measurements of Cell Constituents	301	(1)
Counts of Microorganism Numbers	302	(9)
Direct Counts	303	(2)
Indirect Methods	305	(5)
Relationship between Numbers and Mass	310	(1)
Surface Area/Volume Ratio	311	(1)
Measuring Microbial Activity	311	(4)
Aerobic Respiration	312	(2)
Anaerobic Systems	314	(1)
Enzyme Activity	315	(1)
Growth	315	(27)
Exponential Growth	315	(5)
Batch Growth Curve	320	(5)
Death, Viability, and Cryptic Growth	325	(2)
Substrate Utilization	327	(2)
Continuous Culture and the Chemostat	329	(7)
Environmental Factors	336	(2)
Inhibition	338	(2)
Problems	340	(1)
References	340	(2)
Effect of Microbes on Human Health	342	(45)
Microbial Colonization of Humans	342	(12)
Abnormal Microbial Infection	343	(11)
Waterborne Diseases	354	(10)
Types of Water	355	(1)
Sources of Contamination	355	(1)
Routes of Infection	356	(1)
Fecal-Oral Route	357	(5)
Modern and Recent Outbreaks	362	(2)
Foodborne Diseases	364	(4)
Bacterial Food Poisoning	365	(1)
Bacterial Infections	366	(1)
Other Agents	367	(1)
Air-Transmitted Diseases	368	(3)
Pneumonia	368	(1)
Other Streptococcal Infections	368	(1)
Tuberculosis	369	(1)
Influenza	370	(1)
Diphtheria and Whooping Cough (Pertussis)	370	(1)
Meningococcal Meningitis	371	(1)
Histoplasmosis, San Joaquin Valley Fever, and Aspergillosis (Respiratory Mycoses)	371	(1)
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome	371	(1)
Vector-Transmitted Diseases	371	(3)
Malaria	372	(1)
Trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping Sickness)	372	(1)
Plague	373	(1)
Typhus Fever	373	(1)
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever	373	(1)
Lyme Disease	373	(1)
Dengue	374	(1)
Yellow Fever	374	(1)
Rabies	374	(1)
West Nile Encephalitis	374	(1)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	374	(2)
Syphilis	375	(1)
Gonorrhea	375	(1)
Chlamydial Infections	375	(1)
AIDS	375	(1)
Genital Herpes and Warts	376	(1)
Trichomoniasis	376	(1)
Yeast Infections	376	(1)
Other Diseases Transmitted by Contact	376	(2)
Tetanus	376	(1)
Gangrene	376	(1)
Trachoma	377	(1)
Bacterial Conjunctivitis	377	(1)
Anthrax	377	(1)
Leprosy	377	(1)
Athlete's Foot and Ringworm	377	(1)
Hepatitis B	378	(1)
Ebola	378	(1)
Control of Infection	378	(4)
Physical Steps to Prevent Transmission	378	(1)
Immunity and Vaccination	379	(2)
Antibiotics and Antitoxins	381	(1)
Indicator Organisms	382	(5)
Physical-Chemical Indicators	382	(1)
Microbiological Indicators	382	(3)
Problems	385	(1)
References	385	(2)
Microbial Transformations	387	(55)
Carbon	389	(25)
Carbon Reduction	391	(5)
Carbon Oxidation	396	(1)
Carbon in Environmental Engineering and Science	397	(17)
Nitrogen	414	(15)
Nitrogen Reduction	417	(4)
Nitrogen Oxidation	421	(3)
Nitrogen in Environmental Engineering and Science	424	(5)
Sulfur	429	(6)
Sulfur Reduction	430	(2)
Sulfur Oxidation	432	(1)
Sulfur in Environmental Engineering and Science	432	(3)
Iron	435	(4)
Iron Reduction	436	(1)
Iron Oxidation	436	(1)
Iron in Environmental Engineering and Science	437	(2)
Manganese	439	(3)
Manganese Reduction	439	(1)
Manganese Oxidation	439	(1)
Manganese in Environmental Engineering and Science	439	(2)
Problems	441	(1)
References	441	(1)
Ecology: The Global View of Life	442	(54)
Flow of Energy in the Ecosystem	443	(8)
Primary Productivity	444	(2)
Trophic Levels, and Food Chains and Webs	446	(5)
Flow of Matter in Ecosystems	451	(15)
Sedimentary Cycles	453	(1)
Carbon Cycle	454	(2)
Hydrologic Cycle	456	(1)
Nitrogen Cycle	457	(3)
Sulfur Cycle	460	(2)
Phosphorus Cycle	462	(1)
Cycles of Other Minerals	463	(1)
System Models of Cycles	464	(2)
Factors that Control Populations	466	(6)
Limiting Factors and Interactions	466	(2)
Resources and Environmental Conditions	468	(1)
Tolerated Range of Factors	469	(1)
Species Interactions	470	(2)
Populations and Communities	472	(18)
Growth Models: Temporal Structure of Populations	472	(12)
Species Richness and Diversity: Synoptic Structure of Communities	484	(2)
Development and Succession: Temporal Structure of Communities	486	(2)
Distribution vs. Abundance: Spatial Structure of Communities	488	(2)
Humans in the Balance	490	(2)
Conclusion	492	(4)
Problems	492	(2)
References	494	(2)
Ecosystems and Applications	496	(81)
Terrestrial Ecosystems	496	(10)
Forest Nutrient Cycles	499	(1)
Soil Ecology	500	(6)
Freshwater Ecosystems	506	(30)
Aquatic Environments	507	(1)
Biota	508	(12)
Succession in Lakes	520	(2)
Microbial Loop	522	(1)
River Productivity	523	(3)
Nutrients and Eutrophication in Lakes	526	(4)
Organic Pollution of Streams	530	(6)
Wetlands	536	(16)
Hydric Soils	538	(2)
Hydrophytic Vegetation	540	(3)
Wetlands Animals	543	(2)
Hydrology and Wetlands Ecology	545	(1)
Wetlands Nutrient Relationships	546	(1)
Major Wetland Types	546	(3)
Wetland Law and Management	549	(3)
Marine and Estuarine Ecosystems	552	(12)
Productivity and Nutrients	553	(4)
Marine Adaptations	557	(1)
Marine Communities	558	(4)
Adverse Impacts on Marine Ecosystems	562	(2)
Microbial Ecology	564	(3)
Biological Effects of Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change	567	(2)
Acid Deposition	569	(2)
Endangered Species Protection	571	(6)
Problems	574	(1)
References	575	(2)
Biological Applications for Environmental Control	577	(127)
Wastewater Treatment	580	(53)
Process Fundamentals	582	(4)
Attached-Growth Systems	586	(14)
Suspended-Growth Systems	600	(18)
Stabilization Lagoon Systems	618	(5)
Constructed Wetland Systems	623	(10)
Sludge Treatment	633	(26)
Anaerobic Digestion	636	(10)
Aerobic Digestion	646	(6)
Composting	652	(7)
Potable Water Treatment	659	(3)
Water and Wastewater Disinfection Treatment	662	(6)
Solid Waste Treatment	668	(3)
Air Treatment	671	(4)
Soil and Groundwater Treatment	675	(29)
Phytoremediation	675	(9)
Bioremediation	684	(15)
Problems	699	(3)
References	702	(2)
The Science of Poisons	704	(30)
Mechanisms of Toxicity	705	(3)
Abiotic Factors That Affect Toxicity	708	(3)
Individual Variability	711	(1)
Toxic Effects	712	(22)
Biochemical and Physiological Effects	713	(1)
Genotoxicity	714	(1)
Mutagenesis	714	(1)
Teratogenesis	714	(1)
Carcinogenesis	715	(5)
Histological Effects	720	(1)
Effects on Particular Organs or Organ Systems	721	(8)
Effects at the Individual Level	729	(1)
Effects at the Ecological Level	730	(1)
Microbial Toxicity	731	(1)
Problems	732	(1)
References	732	(2)
Fate and Transport of Toxins	734	(36)
Physicochemical Properties	734	(8)
Uptake Mechanisms	742	(1)
Absorption and Routes of Exposure	743	(3)
Distribution and Storage	746	(1)
Biotransformation	747	(6)
Phase I Reactions	748	(2)
Phase II Reactions	750	(3)
Excretion	753	(2)
Pharmakokinetic Models	755	(10)
Dynamic Model and the Half-Life	758	(2)
Steady-State Model and Bioaccumulation	760	(1)
Equilibrium Model and Bioconcentration	761	(2)
Food Chain Transfer and Biomagnification	763	(1)
Multicompartment Models	764	(1)
Effect of Exposure Time and Mode of Exposure	765	(5)
Problems	767	(1)
References	768	(2)
Dose-Response Relationships	770	(18)
Tolerance Distribution and Dose-Response Relationships	772	(4)
Mechanistic Dose-Response Models	776	(1)
Background Response	777	(3)
Low-Dose Extrapolation	777	(3)
Thresholds	780	(1)
Interactions	780	(5)
Nonadditive Interactions	783	(2)
Time-Response Relationship	785	(1)
Other Measures of Toxic Effect	785	(3)
Problems	786	(1)
References	787	(1)
Field and Laboratory Toxicology	788	(15)
Toxicity Testing	788	(12)
Design of Conventional Toxicity Tests	789	(1)
Test Duration	789	(1)
Selecting Organisms	790	(2)
Toxic Endpoint and Other Observations	792	(1)
Route of Administration and Dosage	792	(1)
Number of Organisms Per Test	793	(1)
Other Experimental Variables	793	(1)
Conventional Toxicity Tests	794	(2)
In Situ Measurement of Conventional Toxicity	796	(1)
Occupational Monitoring	797	(1)
Population and Community Parameters	797	(1)
Testing for Carcinogenicity and Teratogenicity	797	(1)
Mutagenicity Testing and In Vitro Tests	798	(1)
Extrapolation from Animals to Humans	799	(1)
Epidemiology	800	(3)
Problems	802	(1)
References	802	(1)
Toxicity of Specific Substances	803	(39)
Metals	803	(4)
Pesticides	807	(6)
Toxic Effects	808	(3)
Ecosystem Effects	811	(2)
Hydrocarbons, Solvents, PAHs, and Similar Compounds	813	(6)
Halogenated Organics	819	(5)
Air Pollutants	824	(3)
Water Pollutants	827	(2)
Toxicity to Microbes	829	(2)
Ionizing Radiation	831	(11)
Dosimetry	834	(3)
Radiation Exposure and Risks	837	(3)
Problems	840	(1)
References	840	(2)
Applications of Toxicology	842	(13)
Risk Assessment	842	(8)
Human Health Risk Assessment	843	(4)
Ecological Risk Assessment	847	(3)
Toxicity Reduction Evaluation	850	(5)
Problems	852	(1)
References	853	(2)
Appendixes	855	(30)
A Physicochemical Properties of Common Pollutants	856	(6)
B Biodegradability of Common Pollutants	862	(5)
C Toxicological Properties of Common Pollutants	867	(9)
D Standards for Exposure to Common Toxic Pollutants	876	(2)
E Ambient Air Quality Standards	878	(1)
F Unit Conversions and Physical Constants	879	(4)
G The Elements	883	(1)
H Periodic Table of the Elements	884	(1)
Index	885