Environmental Chemistry A Global Perspective

by vanLoon, Gary W.; Duffy, Stephen J.

• ISBN13: 9780198564409
• ISBN10: 0198564406
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-04-20
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Environmental Chemistry: A Global Perspective provides a comprehensive introduction to the heterogeneous systems in the natural environment. This unique text discusses the chemistry of the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), and the terrestrial environment (soil) from a global perspective, describing the chemistry of these natural environmental systems, their composition, and the processes and reactions that operate within and between the various components. The systems are also studied in relation to perturbations--both natural and those caused by the developing human population whose wastes, by-products, and life-styles affect many natural chemical processes within these systems. Focusing on basic knowledge and general chemical principles--both descriptive and quantitative--that apply to environmental studies, Environmental Chemistry is ideal for undergraduate courses in environmental chemistry and environmental science. It illustrates concepts with examples drawn from all over the world and includes a broad range of problem exercises.

Table of Contents

Environmental chemistry: a global perspective	1	(20)
The subject matter of this book	5	(3)
Environmental composition	8	(4)
Chemical processes	12	(4)
Anthropogenic effects	16	(5)
The main points	18	(1)
Additional reading	18	(1)
Problems	18	(1)
Notes	19	(2)
Part A The Earth's atmosphere	21	(164)
The Earth's atmosphere	23	(19)
Regions of the atmosphere	24	(5)
Reactions and calculations in atmospheric chemistry	29	(13)
The main points	38	(1)
Additional reading	39	(1)
Problems	39	(2)
Notes	41	(1)
Stratospheric chemistry---ozone	42	(22)
Oxygen-only chemistry---formation and turnover of ozone	45	(2)
Catalytic decomposition processes of ozone	47	(8)
Null and holding cycles	55	(2)
Antarctic and Arctic `ozone hole' formation	57	(7)
The main points	61	(1)
Additional reading	61	(1)
Problems	62	(1)
Notes	63	(1)
Tropospheric chemistry---smog	64	(26)
Smog	64	(2)
Photochemical smog	66	(11)
Exhaust gases from the internal combustion engine	77	(13)
The main points	88	(1)
Additional reading	88	(1)
Problems	88	(1)
Notes	89	(1)
Tropospheric chemistry---precipitation	90	(25)
The composition of rain	90	(3)
Atmospheric production of nitric acid	93	(1)
Atmospheric production of sulfuric acid	94	(6)
Acidifying agents in rain	100	(2)
Rain, snow, and fog chemistry	102	(3)
The global picture---sources and sinks	105	(4)
Control of anthropogenic nitrogen and sulfur emissions	109	(6)
The main points	112	(1)
Additional reading	113	(1)
Problems	113	(1)
Notes	114	(1)
Atmospheric aerosols	115	(19)
Sea spray	118	(1)
Dust	119	(1)
Combustion products	120	(2)
Condensation aerosols	122	(4)
Aerosol concentrations and lifetimes	126	(3)
Air pollution control for particulate emissions	129	(5)
The main points	131	(1)
Additional reading	132	(1)
Problems	132	(1)
Notes	133	(1)
Chemistry of urban and indoor atmospheres	134	(20)
Pollutants in the urban atmosphere	135	(3)
Mexico City	138	(3)
Indoor air quality	141	(13)
The main points	152	(1)
Additional reading	152	(1)
Problems	152	(1)
Notes	153	(1)
The chemistry of global climate	154	(31)
Composition of the Earth's atmosphere	154	(2)
Energy balance	156	(5)
The greenhouse gases and aerosols	161	(6)
Relative importance of the changes in greenhouse gas concentrations	167	(2)
Energy resources	169	(3)
Greenhouse gases associated with use of carbon-based fuels	172	(13)
The main points	181	(1)
Additional reading	181	(1)
Problems	182	(1)
Notes	183	(2)
Part B The hydrosphere	185	(182)
The hydrosphere	187	(12)
Physical and chemical properties of water	190	(9)
The main points	196	(1)
Additional reading	196	(1)
Problems	197	(2)
Distribution of species in aquatic systems	199	(25)
Single-variable diagrams	200	(6)
Two-variable diagrams: pE/pH diagrams	206	(13)
Measurements of pE	219	(5)
The main points	220	(1)
Additional reading	220	(1)
Problems	221	(2)
Notes	223	(1)
Gases in water	224	(15)
Simple gases	224	(2)
Gases that react with water	226	(13)
The main points	236	(1)
Additional reading	237	(1)
Problems	237	(2)
Organic matter in water	239	(19)
Origins of organic matter in water	240	(2)
Environmental issues related to aqueous organic matter	242	(11)
Humic material	253	(5)
The main points	254	(1)
Additional reading	255	(1)
Problems	255	(2)
Note	257	(1)
Metals in the hydrosphere	258	(24)
Aquo complexes of metals	259	(2)
Classification of metals	261	(9)
Three metals---their behaviour in the hydrosphere	270	(5)
Metal complexes with ligands of anthropogenic origin	275	(4)
Suspended matter in the hydrosphere	279	(3)
The main points	279	(1)
Additional reading	280	(1)
Problems	280	(1)
Notes	281	(1)
Environmental chemistry of colloids and surfaces	282	(37)
Surface properties of colloidal materials	284	(7)
Quantitative descriptions of adsorption---I	291	(4)
Phosphorus environmental chemistry	295	(6)
Quantitative descriptions of adsorption---II	301	(2)
Partitioning of small organic solutes between water and soil or sediment	303	(7)
Colloidal material in the natural environment	310	(9)
The main points	316	(1)
Additional reading	317	(1)
Problems	317	(1)
Notes	318	(1)
Microbiological processes	319	(30)
Classification of microorganisms	320	(5)
Microbiological processes---the carbon cycle	325	(12)
Microbiological processes---the nitrogen cycle	337	(6)
Microbiological processes---the sulfur cycle	343	(6)
The main points	346	(1)
Additional reading	347	(1)
Problems	347	(1)
Note	348	(1)
Water pollution and waste-water treatment chemistry	349	(18)
Community waste-water treatment chemistry	353	(8)
Biological processes for removal of phosphorus and nitrogen from waste water	361	(2)
Anaerobic digestion of sludge	363	(4)
The main points	364	(1)
Additional reading	364	(1)
Problems	364	(1)
Notes	365	(2)
Part C The terrestrial environment	367	(104)
The terrestrial environment	369	(11)
Soil formation	370	(10)
The main points	379	(1)
Additional reading	379	(1)
Problems	379	(1)
Note	379	(1)
Soil properties	380	(32)
Physical properties	380	(4)
Chemical properties	384	(6)
Soil profiles	390	(5)
Environmental properties of soils	395	(17)
The main points	408	(1)
Additional reading	408	(1)
Problems	408	(2)
Notes	410	(2)
The chemistry of solid wastes	412	(26)
Solid wastes from mining and metal production	413	(5)
Organic wastes	418	(8)
Mixed urban wastes	426	(12)
The main points	434	(1)
Additional reading	435	(1)
Problems	435	(2)
Notes	437	(1)
Organic biocides	438	(27)
Chemical stability	440	(15)
Mobility	455	(5)
Leachability	460	(5)
The main points	462	(1)
Additional reading	463	(1)
Problems	463	(1)
Notes	464	(1)
The future earth	465	(6)
Appendices	471	(14)
Appendix 1 Properties of the Earth	471	(1)
Appendix 2 Infrared absorption spectrum of CFC-12	471	(1)
Appendix 3 The elements	472	(4)
Appendix 4 Properties of air and water	476	(1)
Appendix 5 Area, biomass, and productivity of ecosystem types	476	(1)
Appendix 6 SI prefixes	477	(1)
Appendix 7 Fundamental constants	477	(1)
Appendix 8 Thermochemical properties of selected elements and compounds	478	(3)
Appendix 9 Mean bond enthalpies ΔH/kJ mol-1 at 298 K	481	(1)
Appendix 10 Dissociation constants for acids and bases in aqueous solutions at 25°C	482	(2)
Appendix 11 Standard redox potentials in aqueous solutions	484	(1)
Index	485