Environmental Chemistry A Global Perspective

by vanLoon, Gary W.; Duffy, Stephen J.

• ISBN13: 9780199274994
• ISBN10: 0199274991
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-04-07
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Guiding us through the chemical composition of the three key environmental systems--the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and terrestrial environment--the authors explain the chemical processes which occur within and between each system. Focusing on general principles, we are introduced to the essential chemical concepts which underpin an understanding of the air, water, and soil and how they behave; careful explanations ensure that clarity is not sacrificed at the expense of thorough coverage of the underlying chemistry. We then see how human activity continues to affect the chemical behavior of these environmental systems, and what the consequences of these natural processes being disturbed can be. Environmental Chemistry: A Global Perspective takes chemistry out of the laboratory and shows us its importance in the world around us. With illuminating examples from around the globe, its rich pedagogy, and broad, carefully structured coverage, this book is the perfect resource for any environmental chemistry student wishing to develop a thorough understanding of their subject. Supplementary Resources ®Companion website featuring downloadable illustrations ·Solutions manual

Table of Contents

Preface to first edition	v
Preface to second edition	vii
Abbreviations	xiv
Environmental chemistry in a global perspective	1	(18)
Environmental chemistry	3	(16)
The subject matter of this book	5	(3)
Environmental composition	8	(2)
Chemical processes	10	(4)
Anthropogenic effects	14	(5)
Additional reading	17	(2)
PART A The Earth's atmosphere	19	(176)
The Earth's atmosphere	21	(21)
The Earth's atmosphere---the air we breathe	21	(3)
Solar influence on the chemical composition of the atmosphere	24	(3)
Reactions and calculations in atmospheric chemistry	27	(15)
Additional reading	39	(1)
Problems	39	(3)
Stratospheric chemistry---ozone	42	(29)
Concerns about stratospheric ozone	42	(6)
Oxygen-only chemistry---formation and turnover of ozone	48	(3)
Processes for catalytic decomposition of ozone	51	(5)
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)	56	(7)
Other reactions involving stratospheric ozone	63	(1)
Antarctic and Arctic `ozone hole' formation	64	(7)
Additional reading	67	(1)
Websites---Information on ozone monitoring	68	(1)
Problems	68	(3)
Tropospheric chemistry---smog	71	(29)
What is smog?	72	(2)
The chemistry of photochemical smog	74	(11)
Exhaust gases from the internal combustion engine	85	(15)
Additional reading	98	(1)
Problems	98	(2)
Tropospheric chemistry---precipitation	100	(25)
The composition of rain	101	(3)
Atmospheric production of nitric acid	104	(2)
Atmospheric production of sulfuric acid	106	(6)
Acidifying agents in precipitation	112	(1)
Rain, snow, and fog chemistry---similarities and differences	113	(3)
The global picture---sources and sinks	116	(4)
Control of anthropogenic nitrogen and sulfur emissions	120	(5)
Additional reading	123	(1)
Problems	124	(1)
Atmospheric aerosols	125	(18)
Sources of aerosols---a closer look	128	(8)
Aerosol concentrations and lifetimes	136	(3)
Air pollution control for particulate emissions	139	(4)
Additional reading	141	(1)
Problems	141	(2)
Chemistry of urban and indoor atmospheres	143	(21)
Pollutants in the urban atmosphere	144	(4)
Mexico City	148	(3)
Indoor air quality	151	(2)
Common indoor air contaminants	153	(11)
Additional reading	162	(1)
Problems	162	(2)
The chemistry of global climate	164	(31)
Composition of the Earth's atmosphere	164	(2)
Energy balance	166	(5)
The greenhouse gases and aerosols	171	(8)
Relative importance of the changes in greenhouse gas concentrations	179	(3)
Energy resources	182	(1)
Greenhouse gases associated with the use of carbon-based fuels	183	(12)
Additional reading	193	(1)
Problems	193	(2)
PART B The hydrosphere	195	(192)
The hydrosphere	197	(15)
Physical and chemical properties of water	201	(7)
Concentration units used for aqueous solutions	208	(4)
Additional reading	210	(1)
Problems	210	(2)
Distribution of species in aquatic systems	212	(24)
Single-variable diagrams	213	(6)
Two-variable diagrams---pE / pH diagrams	219	(13)
Measurements of pE	232	(4)
Additional reading	233	(1)
Problems	233	(3)
Gases in water	236	(18)
Simple gases	237	(4)
Gases that react with water	241	(5)
Alkalinity	246	(8)
Additional reading	252	(1)
Problems	252	(2)
Organic matter in water	254	(19)
Origins of organic matter in water	255	(2)
Environmental issues related to aqueous organic matter	257	(1)
Humic material	258	(15)
Additional reading	270	(1)
Problems	270	(3)
Metals and semi-metals in the hydrosphere	273	(26)
Aquo complexes of metals	275	(3)
Classification of metals	278	(9)
Three metals---their behaviour in the hydrosphere	287	(6)
Metal complexes of ligands of anthropogenic origin	293	(3)
Suspended matter in the hydrosphere---metal associations	296	(3)
Additional reading	297	(1)
Problems	298	(1)
Environmental chemistry of colloids and surfaces	299	(36)
Surface properties of colloidal materials	302	(6)
Quantitative descriptions of adsorption I	308	(3)
Phosphorus environmental chemistry	311	(6)
Quantitative descriptions of adsorption II	317	(2)
Partitioning of small organic solutes between water and soil or sediment	319	(8)
Colloidal material in the natural environment	327	(8)
Additional reading	333	(1)
Problems	333	(2)
Microbiological processes	335	(31)
Classification of microorganisms	336	(5)
Microbiological processes---the carbon cycle	341	(14)
Microbiological processes---the nitrogen cycle	355	(6)
Microbiological processes---the sulfur cycle	361	(5)
Additional reading	364	(1)
Problems	364	(2)
Water pollution and waste-water treatment chemistry	366	(21)
Water quality guidelines	369	(4)
Waste water and its treatment	373	(9)
Advanced microbiological processes	382	(2)
The final products after treatment of waste water	384	(3)
Additional reading	385	(1)
Problems	385	(2)
PART C The terrestrial environment	387	(120)
The terrestrial environment	389	(13)
Soil formation	391	(11)
Additional reading	400	(1)
Problems	400	(2)
Soil properties	402	(31)
Physical properties	402	(4)
Chemical properties	406	(6)
Soil profiles	412	(6)
Environmental issues associated with soils	418	(15)
Additional reading	430	(1)
Problems	430	(3)
The chemistry of solid wastes	433	(26)
Solid wastes from mining and metal production	435	(5)
Organic wastes	440	(8)
Mixed urban wastes	448	(11)
Additional reading	456	(1)
Problems	457	(2)
Organic biocides	459	(29)
What are biocides?	459	(3)
Chemical stability	462	(16)
Mobility of biocides	478	(5)
Leachability	483	(5)
Additional reading	485	(1)
Problems	486	(2)
The future Earth	488	(6)
Appendices	494
A.1 Properties of the Earth	494	(1)
A.2 Area, biomass, and productivity of ecosystem types	495	(1)
A.3 Properties of air and water	495	(1)
B.1 The elements	496	(3)
B.2 Thermochemical properties of selected elements and compounds	499	(2)
B.3 Mean bond enthalpies ΔH / kJ mol-1 at 298 K	501	(1)
B.4 Dissociation constants for acids and bases in aqueous solution at 25°C	502	(2)
B.5 Standard redox potentials in aqueous solutions	504	(1)
C.1 Fundamental constants	505	(1)
C.2 SI prefixes and fundamental geometric relations	505	(2)
Index	507