This book provides an introduction to the broad relationship between people and environments, the emergence of environmental thought and practice and the importance of environmental ideas in wider social and political discourses.

Lisa M. Benton teaches Geography and Environmental Studies at Colgate University. She is the author of The Presidio: From Army Post to National Park (1998) and numerous articles in such journals as Environmental Ethics, Environment and Planning and Urban Geography.

John Rennie Short is Professor of Geography at Syracuse University. Amongst his publications are The Humane City (1989), Imagined Country (1991), Human Settlement (1993), The Urban Order (1996), New Worlds, New Geographies (1998) and Representing the Republic (1999).

Preface

x

Acknowledgements

xii

Native Americans and the Environment

1

(16)

Introduction

1

(1)

A Spider's Web (1961)

2

(1)

Black Elk

Ties That Bind (1990)

3

(9)

Annie L. Booth

Harvey M. Jacobs

How Can One Sell the Air?: A Manifesto for the Earth (ca. 1855)

12

(1)

Chief Seattle

The Cycle of Life (1990)

13

(1)

Audrey Shenandoah

An Iroquois Perspective (1980)

14

(3)

Oren Lyons

Colonial Encounters

17

(40)

Introduction

17

(2)

A Certaine Indian (1621)

19

(1)

William Bradford

The Indians Grew Very Inquisitive (1647)

20

(1)

John Winthrop

Before They Got Thick (ca. early nineteenth century)

20

(1)

Percy Bigmouth

Give Us Good Goods (1743)

21

(1)

Anonymous

The Pristine Myth: The Landscape of the Americas in 1492 (1992)

22

(12)

William M. Denevan

The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest (1975)

34

(3)

Francis Jennings

Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (1983)

37

(8)

William Cronon

The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (1972)

45

(12)

Alfred W. Crosby, Jr.

Territorial Expansion

57

(21)

Introduction

57

(2)

Moving West (1797)

59

(1)

Daniel Boone

The 1785 Ordnance

60

(2)

The Oregon Trail (1849)

62

(2)

Francis Parkman, Jr.

Letters Home (1863--5)

64

(3)

Gro Svendsen

The Garden of the World and American Agrarianism (1950)

67

(4)

Henry Nash Smith

American Railways (1903)

71

(1)

Edwin Pratt

From Report of the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States (1878)

72

(3)

John Wesley Powell

The Significance of the Frontier in American History (1894)

75

(3)

Frederick Jackson Turner

An American Environment

78

(13)

Introduction

78

(1)

The American Wilderness (1982)

79

(1)

Roderick Nash

From the Pioneers (1823)

80

(1)

James Fenimore Cooper

William Cooper's Town (1995)

81

(6)

Alan Taylor

Essay on American Scenery (1835)

87

(4)

Thomas Cole

The Early Environmental Movement

91

(15)

Introduction

91

(2)

Walking (1862)

93

(3)

Henry David Thoreau

Man and Nature (1864)

96

(2)

George Perkins Marsh

National Park Legislation (1864)

98

(1)

National Park Legislation (1872)

98

(1)

National Parks: The American Experience (1987)

99

(3)

Alfred Runte

A Voice for Wilderness (1901)

102

(2)

John Muir

National Park Service Legislation (1916)

104

(2)

The Progressive Movement and the Environment

106

(18)

Introduction

106

(1)

The Conservation Movement and the Progressive Tradition (1959)

107

(3)

Samuel Hays

Conservation, Protection, Reclamation, and Irrigation (1901)

110

(3)

Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt and Conservation (1997)

113

(3)

H. W. Brands

The Birth of Conservation (1947)

116

(3)

Gifford Pinchot

Efficiency, Equity, and Esthetics: Shifting Themes in American Conservation (1987)

119

(5)

Clayton R. Koppes

Environmental Thinkers

124

(1)

Introduction

124

(1)

Thinking Like a Mountain (1949)

125

(5)

Aldo Leopold

The Obligation to Endure (1962)

126

(2)

Rachel Carson

The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth (1966)

128

(2)

Kenneth E. Boulding

The Regulatory Revolution

130

(31)

Introduction

130

(2)

Message to Congress (1970)

132

(7)

Richard Nixon

A Fierce Green Fire (1993)

139

(4)

Philip Shabecoff

Environmental Policy since the 1970s (1994)

143

(9)

Norman J. Vig

Michael E. Kraft

Environmental Policy in the Courts (1994)

152

(4)

Lettie M. Wenner

The Environmental Impact Statement and the Rhetoric of Democracy (1992)

156

(5)

M. Jimmie Killingsworth

Jacqueline Palmer

The Greening of the United States

161

(16)

Introduction

161

(1)

Twenty Years of Environmental Mobilization (1992)

161

(11)

Robert Cameron Mitchell

Angela G. Mertig

Riley E. Dunlap

New York Days (1991)

172

(2)

David R. Brower

Environmental Values in American Culture (1995)

174

(3)

Willett Kempton

James S. Boster

Jennifer A. Hartley

Debates on the Environment

177

(15)

Introduction

177

(1)

Environmental Overkill (1993)

177

(3)

Dixie Lee Ray

Lou Guzzo

Ecorealism (1995)

180

(3)

Gregg Easterbrook

Green and Competitive (1995)

183

(9)

Michael E. Porter

Claas van der Linde

Radical Environmental Discourses

192

(16)

Introduction

192

(1)

Deep Ecology (1985)

193

(5)

Bill Devall

George Sessions

Confessions of an Eco-Warrior (1991)

198

(2)

Dave Foreman

Social Ecology (1990)

200

(6)

Murray Bookchin

Rhetoric and Action in Ecotopian Discourse (1992)

206

(2)

M. Jimmie Killingsworth

Jacqueline S. Palmer

Gendered Environmental Discourses

208

(13)

Introduction

208

(1)

Ecofeminism (1992)

209

(4)

Carolyn Merchant

Ecofeminism and Bioregionalism (1987--8)

213

(4)

Judith Plant

Masculinity and Ecology (1991)

217

(4)

Sam Keen

Environmental Justice

221

(13)

Introduction

221

(1)

Toxic Struggles (1993)

222

(1)

Lois Gibbs

Anatomy of Environmental Racism (1993)

223

(8)

Robert D. Bullard

Principles of Environmental Justice (1991)

231

(3)

A New Ecological Order?

234

(24)

Introduction

234

(1)

Environmentalism and the Future of Progressive Politics (1989)

235

(2)

Robert C. Paehlke

The Third Eden (1991)

237

(4)

Stanwyn Shetler

Toward a Healing of Self and World (1992)

241

(5)

Joanna Macy

The Dream of the Earth (1988)

246

(4)

Thomas Berry

Confessions of a Developer (1992)

250

(7)

Wallace Kaufman

The Hoop of the World (1961)

257

(1)

Black Elk

Readings: A Full Citation

258

(6)

Index

264

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Environmental Discourse and Practice A Reader

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