Environmental Economics and Management Theory, Policy, and Applications, Updated

by Callan, Scott J.; Thomas, Janet M.

• ISBN13: 9780030256318
• ISBN10: 0030256313
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-07-26
• Publisher: South-Western College Pub

Summary

By retaining a strong focus on policy, Environmental Economics and Management: Theory, Policy, and Applications, 2/e provides an applied, practical approach to environmental economic theory accessible to students with small or vast economic knowledge. The textbook presents a broad study of environmental issues and explores economic theories to reinforce the lessons. Offering a long-lasting understanding of real-world environmental problems and policy solutions, Callan and Thomas provide a strong foundation for the environmental managers of tomorrow.

Table of Contents

PART ONE Modeling Environmental Problems	1	(96)
The Role of Economics in Environmental Management	3	(26)
Economics and the Environment	4	(5)
The Fundamental Model of Economic Activity: The Circular Flow Model	4	(2)
The Materials Balance Model	6	(2)
Design for Disassembly: Materials Management at BMW	8	(1)
Fundamental Concepts in Environmental Economics	9	(5)
Identifying the Causes of Environmental Damage: Types of Pollutants	10	(1)
Identifying the Sources of Pollution: Classifying Polluting Sources	10	(1)
Identifying the Scope of Environmental Damage: Local, Regional, and Global Pollution	11	(3)
Identifying Environmental Objectives	14	(6)
Environmental Quality	15	(1)
Conflict between Economic Development and the Environment: China's View	16	(1)
Sustainable Development	17	(1)
Biodiversity	17	(1)
National Income Accounting and the Bias against Environmental Assets	18	(2)
Environmental Policy Planning: An Overview	20	(9)
Risk Assessment	20	(1)
Risk Management	20	(3)
The Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies: Valdez Principles	23	(6)
Modeling the Market Process: A Review of the Basics	29	(34)
Market Models: The Fundamentals	30	(1)
Defining the Relevant Market	30	(1)
Specifying the Market Model	30	(1)
The Model of Supply and Demand: An Overview	30	(2)
The Purpose of the Model	31	(1)
Building a Basic Model: Competitive Markets for Private Goods	31	(1)
Market Demand	32	(6)
The Law of Demand	32	(1)
Consumer Demand and Environmental Issues: What Really Matters?	33	(1)
Modeling Individual Demand	33	(1)
Deriving Market Demand from Individual Demand Data	34	(4)
Market Supply	38	(5)
The Law of Supply	38	(1)
Modeling Individual Supply	38	(1)
Profit Opportunities in Green Markets: Japan Takes the Lead	39	(2)
Deriving Market Supply from Individual Supply Data	41	(2)
Market Equilibrium	43	(3)
Equilibrium Price and Quantity	43	(1)
Market Adjustment to Disequilibrium	44	(2)
The Economic Criteria of Efficiency	46	(6)
Allocative Efficiency	46	(1)
Recycling Efforts and the Volatile Market for Newsprint	47	(5)
Technical Efficiency	52	(1)
Welfare Measures: Consumer Surplus and Producer Surplus	52	(11)
Consumer Surplus	53	(2)
Producer Surplus	55	(1)
The Welfare of Society: Sum of Consumer and Producer Surplus	56	(1)
Measuring Welfare Changes	57	(6)
Modeling Market Failure	63	(34)
Environmental Problems: A Market Failure	64	(1)
Environmental Quality: A Public Good	64	(2)
Characteristics of Public Goods	65	(1)
Modeling a Public Goods Market for Environmental Quality	66	(8)
Allocative Efficiency in the Market for a Public Good	66	(4)
Assessing the Implications	70	(2)
Understanding the Market Failure of Public Goods Markets	72	(1)
Boston Harbor: The Changing Condition of an Environmental Public Good	73	(1)
The Solution: Government Intervention	74	(1)
Environmental Problems: Externalities	74	(5)
Informing the Public through Truth in Advertising: Green Marketing Guidelines	75	(1)
The Basics of Externality Theory	76	(1)
Environmental Externalities	76	(1)
Tokyo's Just-in-Time Deliveries Create a Negative Externality	77	(1)
An Industry Response to a Negative Consumption Externality: CD Product Packaging	78	(1)
The Relationship between Public Goods and Externalities	79	(1)
Modeling Environmental Damage as a Negative Externality	79	(7)
Defining the Relevant Market	79	(1)
Modeling the Private Market for Refined Petroleum	79	(1)
Inefficiency of the Competitive Equilibrium	80	(1)
Modeling the External Costs	81	(1)
Modeling the Marginal Social Costs and Marginal Social Benefits	82	(1)
The Efficient Equilibrium	82	(3)
Measuring the Welfare Gain to Society	85	(1)
Market Failure Analysis	85	(1)
The Absence of Property Rights	86	(11)
The Coase Theorem	87	(1)
Bargaining When Property Rights Belong to the Refineries	88	(2)
Bargaining When Property Rights Belong to the Recreational Users	90	(1)
Limitations of the Coase Theorem	91	(1)
Common Property Resources	91	(1)
The Solution: Government Intervention	92	(5)
PART TWO Modeling Solutions to Environmental Problems	97	(58)
Conventional Solutions to Environmental Problems: The Command-and-Control Approach	99	(24)
The Use of Standards in Environmental Policy	100	(1)
Types of Environmental Standards	100	(1)
The Economic Implications of Using Standards	101	(1)
Are Environmental Standards Set at an Allocatively Efficient Level?	101	(11)
The Marginal Social Benefit of Abatement	102	(1)
The Marginal Social Cost of Abatement	102	(1)
Industrial Pollution and Damages to Human Health: Catano, Puerto Rico	103	(1)
Abatement Costs: The Promise of Remediation Technology	104	(4)
Are Abatement Standards Set Efficiently?	108	(4)
General Approaches to Implementing Environmental Policy	112	(2)
Methods Used by Government to Reduce Environmental Pollution	113	(1)
Is the Command-and-Control Approach Cost-Effective?	114	(9)
The Cost-Ineffectiveness of the Technology-Based Standard	114	(1)
The Cost-Ineffectiveness of Uniform Standards	115	(8)
Economic Solutions to Environmental Problems: The Market Approach	123	(32)
A Descriptive Overview	124	(2)
Identifying Types of Market Instruments	124	(2)
Pollution Charges	126	(9)
Modeling a Product Charge as a Per Unit Tax	127	(1)
Modeling an Emission Charge: The Single Polluter Case	128	(3)
Modeling an Emission Charge: The Multiple Polluter Case	131	(2)
Pollution Charges in Practice	133	(1)
Taxing Gasoline Consumption: An International Comparison	134	(1)
Environmental Subsidies	135	(4)
Modeling an Abatement Equipment Subsidy	135	(2)
Modeling a Per Unit Subsidy on Pollution Reduction	137	(1)
State Subsidies for Recycling Programs	138	(1)
Environmental Subsidies in Practice	139	(1)
Deposit/Refund Systems	139	(5)
The Economics of Deposit/Refund Systems	140	(1)
Modeling a Deposit/Refund System	140	(2)
Deposit/Refund Systems in Practice	142	(1)
The Mechanics of a Deposit/Refund System: ``Bottle Bills''	143	(1)
Pollution Permit Trading Systems	144	(11)
The Structure of a Pollution Permit Trading System	144	(1)
Modeling a Pollution Permit System for Multiple Polluters	145	(4)
Pollution Permit Trading Systems in Practice	149	(1)
Fighting Acid Rain with Pollution Rights: The First Annual Auction	150	(5)
PART THREE Analytical Tools for Environmental Planning	155	(126)
Environmental Decision Making: Public Policy Development	157	(25)
A Model of Environmental Public Policy Development	158	(7)
Phase I: Identification of the Environmental Problem	158	(3)
How American Citizens Are Influencing Environmental Agenda	161	(1)
Phase II: Environmental Decision Making and Risk Analysis	162	(3)
Phase III: Environmental Policy Appraisal	165	(1)
The Key Players in Environmental Decision Making	165	(17)
Environmentalists	167	(1)
Private Industry	168	(1)
Working Together: Strategic Environmental Partnerships	169	(2)
Government and Its Administrative Agencies	171	(4)
Scientists	175	(1)
Environmental Impact Statements under the NEPA	176	(1)
Economics	177	(5)
Environmental Risk Analysis	182	(24)
Concept of Risk	183	(2)
Classifying Risk: Voluntary and Involuntary Risk	183	(2)
Defining Environmental Risk	185	(1)
Risk Assessment in Environmental Decision Making	185	(10)
EPA Declares Secondhand Smoke a Carcinogen	186	(1)
Hazard Identification	187	(2)
A Model for Assessing Ecological Risks Dose--Response Analysis	189	(3)
EPA's IRIS: A Health Effects Database	192	(1)
Exposure Analysis	192	(1)
Risk Characterization	193	(1)
The Dynamics of Risk Assessment: The Case of Dioxin	194	(1)
Risk Management in Environmental Decision Making: Responding to Risk	195	(11)
The Tasks of Risk Management	195	(2)
Risk Management Strategies	197	(1)
Using Comparative Risks to Communicate the Dangers of Radon	198	(8)
Assessing Benefits for Environmental Decision Making	206	(31)
Identifying and Valuing Environmental Benefits: Conceptual Issues	207	(9)
Defining Incremental Benefits	207	(1)
Incremental Benefit Estimates for Revising U.S. Particulate Matter Standards	208	(1)
Defining Primary and Secondary Environmental Benefits	209	(1)
Conceptually Valuing Environmental Benefits	209	(4)
User versus Existence Value	213	(1)
The Endangered Species Act	214	(2)
Approaches to Measuring Environmental Benefits: An Overview	216	(2)
Physical Linkage Approach to Environmental Benefit Valuation	216	(1)
Behavioral Linkage Approach to Environmental Benefit Valuation	216	(2)
Estimation under the Physical Linkage Approach	218	(4)
The Damage Function Method	218	(3)
Valuing Agricultural Benefits: The Case of Tropospheric Ozone Reductions	221	(1)
Direct Estimation Methods under the Behavioral Linkage Approach	222	(3)
The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)	222	(3)
Indirect Estimation Methods under the Behavioral Linkage Approach	225	(12)
Averting Expenditure Method (AEM): An Indirect Approach Using Substitutes	225	(3)
Travel Cost Method (TCM): An Indirect Approach Using Complements	228	(3)
Hedonic Price Method (HPM): An Indirect Approach Using Product Attributes	231	(6)
Assessing Costs for Environmental Decision Making	237	(16)
Identifying and Valuing Environmental Costs: Conceptual Issues	238	(5)
Defining Incremental Costs	238	(1)
Explicit Environmental Costs	238	(1)
Implicit Environmental Costs	239	(1)
Conceptually Valuing Environmental Costs	239	(4)
Estimation Methods for Measuring Explicit Costs	243	(2)
The Engineering Approach	243	(1)
The Survey Approach	244	(1)
Cost Classification in Practice	245	(8)
Cost Classifications by Economic Sector	245	(3)
Abatement Control Costs on Motor Vehicles	248	(1)
Cost Classifications by Environmental Media	249	(4)
Benefit--Cost Analysis in Environmental Decision Making	253	(28)
Adjusting for the Time Dimension of Environmental Benefits and Costs	254	(6)
Present Value Determination	255	(2)
Inflation Correction	257	(1)
A Summary of Deriving Time-Adjusted Benefits and Costs	258	(1)
An Example: Time-Adjusted Incremental Benefits	259	(1)
The Final Analysis: Comparing Environmental Benefits and Costs	260	(3)
Step One: Determining Feasibility	261	(1)
Step Two: Decision Rules to Select among Feasible Options	262	(1)
Reservations about the Use of Benefit--Cost Analysis	263	(1)
Measurement Problems	263	(1)
Equity Issues	264	(1)
U.S. Government Support of Benefit--Cost Analysis	264	(7)
Benefits, Costs, and Risk Analysis in Environmental Rulemaking	265	(1)
Executive Order 12291: Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA)	266	(3)
Executive Order 12866: Economic Analysis (EA)	269	(2)
A Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA): Reducing Lead in Gasoline	271	(10)
Estimating the Incremental Benefits of the Lead Standard Proposal	271	(2)
Estimating the Incremental Costs of the Lead Standard Proposal	273	(1)
Putting It All Together: Benefit-Cost Analysis	274	(1)
The Final Decision	275	(6)
PART FOUR The Case of Air	281	(128)
Defining Air Quality: The Standard-Setting Process	283	(39)
An Overview of Air Quality Legislation in the United States	284	(6)
In the Beginning	285	(1)
California Smog and the Automobile Industry	286	(3)
Current U.S. Policy	289	(1)
Defining the Objectives of Air Quality Control	290	(2)
Identifying Major Air Pollutants	290	(2)
Setting Standards as a National Definition of Air Quality	292	(1)
Standards for Criteria Air Pollutants	292	(1)
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants	293	(1)
Establishing an Infrastructure to Implement the Standards	293	(6)
State Implementation Plans	293	(2)
Air Quality Control Regions	295	(1)
Reclassification of AQCRs to Protect ``Clean Air Areas''	295	(1)
1990 Reclassification of Nonattainment Areas by Criteria Pollutant	296	(1)
Monitoring Air Quality across Regions	296	(2)
Market Incentives to Phase Out Lead Emissions	298	(1)
Economic Analysis of U. S. Air Quality Policy	299	(1)
A Benefit--Cost Analysis of the Clean Air Act	300	(9)
A Benefit--Cost Analysis of the Pre-1990 Clean Air Act	300	(5)
A Benefit--Cost Analysis of the 1990 Amendments	305	(4)
A Benefit--Cost Analysis of the Air Quality Standards	309	(13)
Absence of Cost Consideration in the Standard-Setting Process	309	(1)
The Inequities of Air Pollution---Who Suffers More?	310	(2)
Uniformity of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)	312	(10)
Improving Air Quality: Controlling Mobile and Stationary Sources	322	(48)
Urban Air Pollution: An Important Policy Motivation	324	(4)
Measuring U.S. Urban Air Quality	324	(1)
Urban Smog	325	(2)
Mexico City's Serious Smog Problem	327	(1)
Controlling Mobile Sources	328	(5)
The ``Big Three'' Form a Research Consortium in the 1990s.	329	(1)
A Brief Retrospective on Motor Vehicle Emission Controls	330	(1)
Current U.S. Controls on Motor Vehicles and Fuels	330	(2)
Changing Fuels for America's Automobiles: The Pros and Cons	332	(1)
Economic Analysis of Mobile Source Controls	333	(9)
The Absence of Benefit--Cost Analysis: An Inefficient Decision Rule	334	(1)
Uniformity of Auto Emissions Standards	335	(3)
Inherent Bias against New versus Used Automobiles	338	(1)
Implications of Clean Fuel Alternatives	339	(1)
The ``Cash for Clunkers'' Program	340	(1)
Are Fuel-Based Control Strategies Cost-Effective Solutions?	341	(1)
Controlling Stationary Sources	342	(7)
Age-Specific Control Differences: New versus Existing Sources	343	(2)
Location-Specific Control Differences: PSD versus Nonattainment Areas	345	(1)
Controlling Acidic Deposition	346	(3)
Economic Analysis of Stationary Source Controls	349	(21)
The Relative Cost of Using Command-and-Control Instruments	349	(2)
Uniform Technology-Based NSPS	351	(4)
The Dual-Control Approach and the New Source Bias	355	(2)
The Economics of Market-Based Trading Programs	357	(13)
Global Air Quality: Policies for Ozone Depletion and Global Warming	370	(39)
The Problem of Ozone Depletion	371	(2)
Searching for the Causes of Ozone Depletion	371	(2)
Controlling Ozone Depletion	373	(5)
International Agreements to Control Ozone Depletion	373	(2)
U.S. Policy to Control Ozone Depletion	375	(3)
An Economic Analysis of U.S. Policy on Ozone Depletion	378	(4)
Searching for Alternatives to CFCs: The Corporate Response	381	(1)
The Problem of Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming	382	(5)
Understanding the Potential Problem	382	(1)
Scientific Uncertainty	383	(2)
Predicting the Potential Effects of Global Warming	385	(2)
The Policy Response to Global Warming	387	(5)
The International Response	387	(2)
The U.S. Response	389	(1)
Investigating Market-Based Policy Options	390	(1)
The EPA's ``Green Lights Program''	391	(1)
Economic Analysis of Global Warming Control Policies	392	(17)
Estimating the Benefits of Controlling Global Warming: Two Opposing Views	393	(2)
An Economic Model of the Market Failure	395	(2)
Evaluating Market-Based Policies	397	(1)
Environmental Least-Cost Planning: Utilities Learn the Economics of Pricing Pollution	398	(2)
The Btu Tax: A Market-Based Energy Proposal	400	(9)
PART FIVE The Case of Water	409	(110)
Defining Water Quality: The U.S. Clean Water Act	411	(39)
Understanding Water Resources for Policy Development	412	(5)
Identifying Water Resources and Their Interdependence	412	(3)
Targeting Water Quality Policy	415	(1)
Deterioration and Restoration of the Chesapeake Bay	416	(1)
Setting the Policy Agenda	417	(1)
Water Quality Legislation in the United States: An Overview	417	(6)
Early U. S. Water Quality Laws	418	(1)
Evolving toward Today's Policy Position	419	(1)
U.S. Policy to Protect Ocean Waters	420	(2)
The Clean Water Action Plan	422	(1)
Policy Objectives under the Clean Water Act	423	(4)
The Zero Discharge Goal	424	(1)
The Fishable--Swimmable Goal	424	(1)
No Toxics in Toxic Amounts	424	(1)
The Ecological and Economic Impacts of Oil Tanker Spills	425	(1)
Identifying Pollutants under the Clean Water Act	425	(2)
Defining Water Quality: Standard Setting under the Clean Water Act	427	(2)
Use Designation	427	(1)
Water Quality Criteria	427	(2)
Analysis of Receiving Water Quality Standards	429	(5)
Administrative Problems in Establishing Water Quality Criteria	430	(1)
Absence of Benefit--Cost Analysis in Setting the Standards	430	(2)
How Much Is Cleaner Water Worth to Marine Sportfishing?	432	(1)
Lack of Consistency with the Technology-Based Effluent Limitations	432	(2)
Benefit--Cost Analysis of U.S. Water Quality Control Policy	434	(16)
Benefit--Cost Analysis of the FWPCA of 1972	435	(4)
Advances in Benefit--Cost Analysis of U.S. Water Quality Policy	439	(11)
Improving Water Quality: Controlling Point and Nonpoint Sources	450	(36)
Controlling Point Sources: Effluent Limitations	451	(2)
An Overview of the Effluent Limits and National Permits	451	(1)
Technology-Based Effluent Limitations for Direct Industrial Dischargers	452	(1)
Analysis of Effluent Limitations on Point Sources	453	(6)
Administrative Delays	454	(1)
Imprecise and Inconsistent Definitions	454	(1)
Toxic Fish Consumption: Are the Risks Equitable?	455	(1)
Meeting the Zero Discharge Goal	456	(1)
The Absence Economic Decision Rules	456	(3)
Waste Treatment Management and the POTW Program	459	(1)
The Pre-1987 Federal Grant Program	460	(1)
Shift to the State Revolving Fund (SRF) Program in 1987	460	(1)
Analysis of the POTW Funding Program	460	(5)
Assessing the Accomplishments Attributable to Federal Subsidies	461	(1)
Inefficiencies in the Grant Program	462	(1)
The POTW Grant Program: Displacement of Local Funding	463	(1)
Equity Implications	464	(1)
Controlling Nonpoint Sources	465	(2)
The EPA's Nonpoint Source Agenda for the Future	466	(1)
Analysis of Controls on Nonpoint Sources	467	(4)
Delegating Control to the States: The Pros	467	(1)
Delegating Control to the States: The Cons	468	(1)
Analyzing the Federal Role in Nonpoint Source Controls	469	(2)
Proposals for Reform: Using the Market	471	(15)
Market Approaches to Point Source Pollution	471	(1)
Germany's Effluent Charge System	472	(4)
Market Approaches to Nonpoint Source Pollution	476	(10)
Protecting Drinking Water: The U.S. Safe Drinking Water Act	486	(33)
The Evolution of U. S. Safe Drinking Water Legislation	487	(3)
Setting Standards to Protect Drinking Water	487	(2)
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974	489	(1)
The Safe Drinking Water Amendments of 1986	489	(1)
The Safe Drinking Water Amendments of 1996	490	(1)
Objectives of the Safe Drinking Water Act	490	(5)
Who Regulates the Quality of Bottled Water?	492	(2)
Pesticides and Other Agrichemicals in U. S. Groundwater	494	(1)
Pollutants Controlled under the Safe Drinking Water Act	494	(1)
Setting Standards to Define Safe Drinking Water	495	(4)
Establishing National Primary Drinking Water Regulations	495	(3)
Strengthening Controls on Lead Contamination of Water Supplies	498	(1)
Current Status of the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs)	499	(1)
Establishing National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations	499	(1)
Analysis of U.S. Safe Drinking Water Policy	499	(9)
The Federal Role: Setting the Standards	501	(3)
The Regulatory Impact Analysis(RIA) for the New Lead Standard in Drinking Water	504	(2)
The State and Local Role: Compliance and Enforcement	506	(2)
Economic Principles in Pricing Water supplies	508	(11)
An International Comparison	508	(1)
Pricing Practices of U.S. Water Utilities	509	(10)
PART SIX The Case of Solid Wastes and Toxic Substances	519	(102)
Managing Hazardous Solid Waste and Waste Sites	521	(38)
Characterizing the Hazardous Waste Problem	522	(5)
The Magnitude and Source of the Problem	522	(3)
The Hazardous Waste Site Called Love Canal	525	(2)
The Evolution of U.S. Solid Waste Policy	527	(5)
Federal Recognition of the Solid Waste Problem	527	(1)
Developing Policy to Control the Risks of Hazardous Wastes	527	(4)
Hazardous Wastes from leaking Underground Storage Tanks	531	(1)
Controlling Hazardous Wastes: RCRA	532	(3)
The ``Cradle-to-Grave'' Management Approach	532	(2)
Moving toward Pollution Prevention	534	(1)
Analysis of U.S. Hazardous Waste Policy	535	(10)
Risk-Based, Uniform Rules of Identification	535	(1)
Benefit-Based, Uniform Standards	536	(1)
Failures of the Manifest System	536	(2)
Market Implications of the 1984 Land Restrictions	538	(3)
INFORM's Study of Industrial Source Reduction Activities	541	(3)
Market Instruments in Hazardous Waste Control Policy	544	(1)
Using the Market to Control Hazardous Wastes	545	(1)
Managing Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites: CERCLA	545	(4)
Response and Cleanup	546	(2)
Compensation, Liability, and Enforcement	548	(1)
Emergency Planning	548	(1)
An Analysis of Superfund	549	(10)
Assessing Superfund's Performance	549	(1)
What's Wrong with Superfund?	550	(9)
Managing Municipal Solid Waste	559	(32)
Characterizing Municipal Solid Waste	560	(1)
Observing a Trend	560	(1)
The Composition of MSW in the United States	561	(7)
International Comparisons	563	(2)
The Facts on Recycling Plastics	565	(3)
The Policy Response: An Overview	568	(3)
States' Responsibilities	568	(1)
State Recycling Goals: New Jersey's Solid Waste Initiative	569	(1)
Federal Responsibilities	569	(1)
Germany's Green Dot Program	570	(1)
The Current Policy Direction	571	(1)
Modeling the Market for MSW Management Services	571	(6)
The Supply of MSW Services	572	(1)
The Demand for MSW Services	573	(1)
Resource Misallocation in the Market for MSW Services	574	(2)
Garbage or Resource? The Case of Scrap Tires	576	(1)
A Market Approach to MSW Policy	577	(14)
Back-End or Waste-End Charges	578	(2)
Front-End or Retail Disposal Charges	580	(1)
``Bag-and-Tag'' Systems: An Alternative to Seattle's Per-Can Pricing Scheme	581	(2)
Deposit/Refund Systems	583	(8)
Controlling Toxic Chemicals: Production, Use, and Disposal	591	(30)
An Overview of U.S. Pesticide Controls: FIFRA	592	(5)
A Brief Retrospective	592	(1)
Controlling New Pesticides through Registration	593	(1)
Pesticide Cancellation: The Case of Ethylene Dibromide	594	(1)
Controlling Existing Pesticides through Reregistration	595	(1)
Solving the Delaney Clause Dilemma	596	(1)
Analysis of FIFRA	597	(2)
Risk--Benefit Analysis under FIFRA	597	(1)
Problems in Risk Assessment	598	(1)
A New Policy Direction	599	(1)
An Overview of U.S. Legislation on Toxic Substances: TSCA	599	(3)
The Policy Response to Chemical Risks	599	(1)
Controlling the Introduction of New Chemicals	600	(2)
Controlling Existing Chemicals in Use	602	(1)
Analysis of TSCA	602	(2)
Risk--Benefit Analysis under TSCA	602	(1)
Bias against New Chemical Introductions	603	(1)
A New Policy Direction	604	(1)
An Economic Analysis of U.S. Solid Waste and Toxics Policy	604	(17)
Cost Analysis of U.S. Solid Waste and Toxic Control Policies	604	(4)
Benefits of U.S. Solid Waste and Toxic Substance Control Policies	608	(2)
Evaluating the Evidence	610	(4)
Hazardous Waste Sites: Are the Risks Disproportionate?	614	(7)
PART SEVEN Environmental Management in Transition	621	(36)
Strategic Planning for Sustainable Development	623	(34)
Sustainable Development	624	(8)
Revisiting the Materials Balance Model	625	(1)
A Short-Term Policy Approach	626	(1)
Moving toward the Long Run: Sustainable Development	627	(1)
The Potential Conflict between Economic Gain and Environmental Quality	628	(3)
Industrial Ecosystems: When a Bad Becomes a Good	631	(1)
Pollution Prevention	632	(5)
Moving toward Pollution Prevention: U.S. Laws and Directives	633	(1)
Strategies to Implement Pollution Prevention	633	(1)
The Corporate Experience	634	(1)
Economic Analysis of Pollution Prevention	635	(2)
International Cooperative Arrangements	637	(7)
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)	638	(1)
International Agreements to Control Transboundary Pollution	639	(2)
International Trade Agreements and Environmental Protection	641	(1)
The London Dumping Convention (LDC): An International Agreement on Ocean Dumping Rules	642	(2)
Domestic Partnerships	644	(4)
Government-Sponsored Partnerships	645	(1)
Cooperative Arrangements within Industry	646	(1)
An Industry's Response to Pollution Prevention:The Chemical Manufacturers Association's ``Responsible Care Program''	647	(1)
Education and Technology Transfer	648	(9)
Environmental Literacy	648	(1)
Information and Technology Transfer	649	(8)
References	657	(24)
Glossary	681	(10)
Index	691