Modeling Environmental Problems | p. 1 |
The Role of Economics in Environmental Management | p. 2 |
Economics and the Environment | p. 3 |
Fundamental Concepts in Environmental Economics | p. 7 |
Identifying Environmental Objectives | p. 11 |
Environmental Policy Planning: An Overview | p. 15 |
Conclusions | p. 19 |
Summary | p. 20 |
Review Questions | p. 20 |
Additional Readings | p. 21 |
Modeling the Market Process: A Review of the Basics | p. 22 |
Market Models: The Fundamentals | p. 22 |
The Model of Supply and Demand: An Overview | p. 23 |
Market Demand | p. 24 |
Market Supply | p. 28 |
Market Equilibrium | p. 33 |
Economic Criteria of Efficiency | p. 35 |
Welfare Measures | p. 39 |
Conclusions | p. 43 |
Summary | p. 44 |
Review Questions | p. 45 |
Additional Readings | p. 45 |
Modeling Market Failure | p. 46 |
Environmental Problems: A Market Failure | p. 47 |
Environmental Quality: A Public Good | p. 47 |
Modeling a Public Goods Market for Environmental Quality | p. 48 |
Environmental Problems: Externalities | p. 54 |
Modeling Environmental Damage as a Negative Externality | p. 56 |
The Absence of Property Rights | p. 61 |
Conclusions | p. 65 |
Summary | p. 66 |
Review Questions | p. 66 |
Additional Readings | p. 67 |
Modeling Solutions to Environmental Problems | p. 69 |
Conventional Solutions to Environmental Problems: The Command-and-Control Approach | p. 70 |
Use of Standards in Environmental Policy | p. 71 |
Are Environmental Standards Allocatively Efficient? | p. 72 |
General Approaches to Implementing Environmental Policy | p. 79 |
Is the Command-and-Control Approach Cost-Effective? | p. 80 |
Conclusions | p. 83 |
Summary | p. 83 |
Review Questions | p. 84 |
Additional Readings | p. 85 |
Economic Solutions to Environmental Problems: The Market Approach | p. 86 |
Descriptive Overview | p. 87 |
Pollution Charges | p. 87 |
Environmental Subsidies | p. 93 |
Deposit/Refund Systems | p. 96 |
Pollution Permit Trading Systems | p. 100 |
Conclusions | p. 106 |
Summary | p. 107 |
Review Questions | p. 107 |
Additional Readings | p. 108 |
Analytical Tools for Environmental Planning | p. 111 |
Environmental Risk Analysis | p. 112 |
Concept of Risk | p. 112 |
Risk Assessment | p. 114 |
Risk Management | p. 119 |
Conclusions | p. 124 |
Summary | p. 125 |
Review Questions | p. 126 |
Additional Readings | p. 126 |
Assessing Benefits for Environmental Decision Making | p. 128 |
Environmental Benefits: Conceptual Issues | p. 128 |
Approaches to Measuring Environmental Benefits: An Overview | p. 134 |
Estimation Under the Physical Linkage Approach | p. 136 |
Direct Estimation Methods Under the Behavioral Linkage Approach | p. 138 |
Indirect Estimation Methods Under the Behavioral Linkage Approach | p. 141 |
Conclusions | p. 146 |
Summary | p. 147 |
Review Questions | p. 147 |
Additional Readings | p. 148 |
Assessing Costs for Environmental Decision Making | p. 150 |
Environmental Costs: Conceptual Issues | p. 150 |
Estimation Methods for Measuring Explicit Costs | p. 156 |
Cost Classifications in Practice | p. 157 |
Conclusions | p. 162 |
Summary | p. 162 |
Review Questions | p. 163 |
Additional Readings | p. 163 |
Benefit-Cost Analysis in Environmental Decision Making | p. 164 |
Time Adjustments to Environmental Benefits and Costs | p. 164 |
The Final Analysis: Comparing Environmental Benefits and Costs | p. 168 |
Reservations About the Use of Benefit-Cost Analysis | p. 171 |
U.S. Government Support of Benefit-Cost Analysis | p. 171 |
Reducing Lead in Gasoline: A Real-World Example | p. 173 |
Conclusions | p. 175 |
Summary | p. 175 |
Review Questions | p. 176 |
Additional Readings | p. 177 |
The Case of Air | p. 179 |
Defining Air Quality: The Standard-Setting Process | p. 180 |
Overview of U.S. Air Quality Legislation | p. 181 |
Defining the Objectives of Air Quality Control | p. 183 |
Setting Standards to Define Air Quality | p. 184 |
Implementing the Standards | p. 185 |
Analysis of U.S. Air Quality Policy | p. 189 |
Benefit-Cost Analysis of the Clean Air Act | p. 190 |
Benefit-Cost Analysis of the Air Quality Standards | p. 196 |
Conclusions | p. 199 |
Summary | p. 199 |
Review Questions | p. 200 |
Additional Readings | p. 200 |
A Reference to Acronyms and Terms Used in Air Quality Control Policy | p. 201 |
Improving Air Quality: Controlling Mobile Sources | p. 202 |
Urban Air Pollution: An Important Policy Motivation | p. 202 |
Controlling Mobile Sources | p. 205 |
Economic Analysis of Mobile Source Controls | p. 209 |
Conclusions | p. 215 |
Summary | p. 216 |
Review Questions | p. 216 |
Additional Readings | p. 217 |
A Reference to Acronyms and Terms Used in Mobile Source Control Policy | p. 217 |
Improving Air Quality: Controlling Stationary Sources | p. 218 |
Acidic Deposition: An Important Policy Motivation | p. 218 |
Controlling Stationary Sources | p. 219 |
Economic Analysis of Stationary Source Controls | p. 226 |
Conclusions | p. 234 |
Summary | p. 235 |
Review Questions | p. 235 |
Additional Readings | p. 236 |
A Reference to Acronyms and Terms Used in Stationary Source Control Policy | p. 237 |
Global Air Quality: Policies for Ozone Depletion and Global Warming | p. 238 |
The Problem of Ozone Depletion | p. 238 |
Controlling Ozone Depletion | p. 241 |
Economic Analysis of Ozone Depletion Policy | p. 244 |
The Problem of Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming | p. 247 |
Policy Response to Global Warming | p. 249 |
Economic Analysis of Global Warming Control Policies | p. 254 |
Conclusions | p. 258 |
Summary | p. 259 |
Review Questions | p. 259 |
Additional Readings | p. 260 |
A Reference to Acronyms and Terms in Global Air Quality Control Policy | p. 261 |
The Case of Water | p. 263 |
Defining Water Quality: The Standard-Setting Process | p. 264 |
Understanding Water Resources | p. 264 |
Overview of U.S. Water Quality Legislation | p. 266 |
Policy Objectives | p. 269 |
Setting Standards to Define Water Quality | p. 271 |
Analysis of Receiving Water Quality Standards | p. 272 |
Benefit-Cost Analysis of the Clean Water Act | p. 274 |
Conclusions | p. 278 |
Summary | p. 279 |
Review Questions | p. 280 |
Additional Readings | p. 280 |
A Reference to Acronyms and Terms in Water Quality Control Policy | p. 281 |
Improving Water Quality: Controlling Point and Nonpoint Sources | p. 282 |
Controlling Point Sources | p. 282 |
Analysis of the Effluent Limitations | p. 284 |
The POTW Funding Program | p. 286 |
Analysis of the POTW Funding Program | p. 286 |
Controlling Nonpoint Sources | p. 288 |
Analysis of Nonpoint Source Controls | p. 290 |
Market-Based Solutions | p. 291 |
Watershed Management | p. 296 |
Conclusions | p. 298 |
Summary | p. 299 |
Review Questions | p. 300 |
Additional Readings | p. 300 |
A Reference to Acronyms and Terms in Water Quality Control Policy | p. 301 |
Protecting Drinking Water: The Safe Drinking Water Act | p. 302 |
Overview of U.S. Drinking Water Legislation | p. 303 |
Setting Standards to Define Safe Drinking Water | p. 306 |
Economic Analysis of Safe Drinking Water Policy | p. 310 |
Economic Principles in Pricing Water Supplies | p. 313 |
Conclusions | p. 316 |
Summary | p. 317 |
Review Questions | p. 318 |
Additional Readings | p. 319 |
A Reference to Acronyms and Terms in Drinking Water Quality Control | p. 319 |
The Case of Solid Wastes and Toxic Substances | p. 321 |
Managing Hazardous Solid Waste and Waste Sites | p. 322 |
Characterizing the Hazardous Waste Problem | p. 322 |
Overview of U.S. Hazardous Waste Policy | p. 325 |
Controlling Hazardous Wastes: RCRA | p. 327 |
Analysis of U.S. Hazardous Waste Policy | p. 330 |
Overview of U.S. Hazardous Waste Site Policy | p. 335 |
Managing Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites: Superfund | p. 337 |
An Analysis of Superfund | p. 339 |
Conclusions | p. 342 |
Summary | p. 343 |
Review Questions | p. 344 |
Additional Readings | p. 345 |
A Reference to Acronyms and Terms in Hazardous Waste Control Policy | p. 345 |
Managing Municipal Solid Waste | p. 346 |
Characterizing Municipal Solid Waste | p. 347 |
The Policy Response: An Overview | p. 352 |
The Market for MSW Management Services | p. 354 |
Market Approaches to MSW Policy | p. 358 |
Conclusions | p. 364 |
Summary | p. 365 |
Review Questions | p. 365 |
Additional Readings | p. 366 |
A Reference to Acronyms and Terms in Municipal Solid Waste Policy | p. 367 |
Controlling Pesticides and Toxic Chemicals | p. 368 |
Overview of U.S. Pesticide Controls | p. 369 |
Controlling Pesticide Use | p. 369 |
Analysis of FIFRA | p. 372 |
Overview of U.S. Legislation on Toxic Chemicals | p. 375 |
Controlling Chemical Use | p. 377 |
Analysis of TSCA | p. 380 |
Economic Analysis and Market-Based Policy | p. 382 |
Conclusions | p. 384 |
Summary | p. 384 |
Review Questions | p. 385 |
Additional Readings | p. 386 |
A Reference to Acronyms and Terms in Toxic Substances Policy Control | p. 386 |
Global Environmental Management | p. 389 |
Sustainable Development: International Trade and International Agreements | p. 390 |
Sustainable Development as a Global Objective | p. 391 |
Global Framework for Sustainable Development | p. 393 |
International Agreements to Control Transboundary Pollution | p. 396 |
International Trade and Environmental Protection | p. 399 |
Conclusions | p. 404 |
Summary | p. 405 |
Review Questions | p. 406 |
Additional Readings | p. 407 |
Sustainable Approaches: Industrial Ecology and Pollution Prevention | p. 408 |
Industrial Ecology | p. 409 |
Pollution Prevention | p. 415 |
Strategic Initiatives and Programs | p. 420 |
Conclusions | p. 425 |
Summary | p. 426 |
Review Questions | p. 426 |
Additional Readings | p. 427 |
References | p. 428 |
Glossary | p. 441 |
Index | p. 448 |
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