Environmental Physics, 2nd Edition

by Egbert Boeker; Rienk van Grondelle

• ISBN13: 9780471997801
• ISBN10: 0471997803
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-05-01
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

Environmental Physics provides a comprehensive introduction to this increasingly important area of applied physics. Covering both atmospheric and soil physics, the reader is introduced to the physics that is needed to understand, analyse and prevent environmental problems. Whilst the rigor and methodology has been maintained in the Second Edition there has been a greater integration of physics with the natural environment throughout the text. More student exercises have been added to each chapter and more information has been provided to help the reader solve them. Some of the more challenging mathematics has been removed, and greater emphasis has been placed on the interpretation of spectra. FEATURES Carefully structured, topics are gradually introduced within each chapter, each of which conclude with student exercises and references. Thoroughly updated throughout, with more modern examples and applications, and less abstract mathematicsMore student exercises along with increased help for solving them. Greater emphasis on the interpretation of spectra. CONTENTS: Introduction: The Essentials of Environmental Physics; Elementary Spectroscopy; The Global Climate; Energy for Human Use; Transport of Pollutants; Noise; Environmental Spectroscopy: Some Examples; The Context of Society; Gauss, Delta and Error Functions; Vector Differentiations; Physical and Numerical Constants.

Table of Contents

Foreword	ix
Preface	xi
Acknowledgements	xiii
Introduction: The Essentials of Environmental Physics	1	(10)
The Economic System	1	(2)
Living in the Greenhouse	3	(2)
Enjoying the Sun	5	(1)
Transport of Matter, Energy and Momentum	5	(1)
The Social and Political Context	6	(5)
References	9	(2)
Basic Environmental Spectroscopy	11	(18)
Introduction to the Solar Spectrum	11	(5)
Black Body Radiation	13	(1)
The Emission Spectrum of the Sun	14	(2)
Interaction of Light with Matter	16	(5)
The Transition Electric Dipole Moment	16	(2)
The Einstein Coefficients	18	(1)
Lambert-Beer's Law	19	(2)
Biomolecules, Ozone and UV Light	21	(8)
The Spectroscopy of Biomolecules	22	(1)
Solar UV and Life	23	(1)
The Ozone Filter	24	(3)
Exercises	27	(1)
References	28	(1)
The Global Climate	29	(34)
The Energy Balance: A Zero-Dimensional Greenhouse Model	29	(10)
Elements of Weather and Climate	39	(11)
Climate Variations and Modelling	50	(13)
Two Simple Examples of Chaos	57	(3)
Exercises	60	(2)
References	62	(1)
Energy for Human Use	63	(130)
Heat Transfer	63	(12)
Energy from (mainly) Fossil Fuels	75	(37)
Thermodynamic Variables	75	(4)
Conversion of Heat into Work and Vice Versa; Available Work	79	(2)
Efficiency of a `Real' Heat Engine	81	(5)
Loss of Exergy in Combustion	86	(1)
Heat Engines: Conversion of Heat into Work	87	(4)
Internal Combustion Engines: Conversion of Chemical Energy into Work	91	(3)
Heat Pipes	94	(1)
Electricity	94	(3)
Energy Storage and Energy Transport	97	(6)
Reducing Pollution	103	(3)
Energy Savings by Co-generation	106	(2)
Refrigeration	108	(3)
Transportation	111	(1)
The Price of Energy Conversion	112	(3)
Renewable Energy Sources	115	(32)
Solar Heat and Solar Electricity	115	(13)
The Gratzel Cell	128	(4)
Wind Energy	132	(6)
Waves	138	(2)
Bioenergy	140	(5)
Hydropower and Fuel Cells	145	(2)
Nuclear Energy	147	(46)
Power from Nuclear Fission	148	(12)
Power by Nuclear Fusion	160	(5)
Radiation and Safety	165	(4)
Electromagnetic Radiation and Health	169	(7)
Managing the Fuel Cycle; Waste	176	(8)
Exercises	184	(5)
References	189	(4)
Transport of Pollutants	193	(90)
Diffusion	194	(11)
Conservation of Mass	197	(8)
Flow in Rivers	205	(10)
Ground Water Flow	215	(18)
The Equations of Fluid Dynamics	233	(9)
Turbulence	242	(10)
Turbulent Diffusion	250	(2)
Gaussian Plumes in the Air	252	(9)
Turbulent Jets and Plumes	261	(9)
Particle Physics	270	(13)
Exercises	277	(3)
References	280	(3)
Noise	283	(46)
Basic Acoustics	283	(15)
Human Perceptions and Noise Criteria	298	(10)
Reducing the Transmission of Sound	308	(11)
Active Control of Sound	319	(10)
Exercises	326	(1)
References	327	(2)
Spectra and Examples of Environmental Spectroscopy	329	(70)
Overview of Spectroscopy	329	(8)
Population of Energy Levels and Intensity	332	(1)
The Transition Dipole Moment: Selection Rules	333	(1)
Line Widths	334	(3)
Atomic Spectra	337	(2)
One-Electron Atoms	337	(1)
Many-Electron Atoms	337	(2)
Molecular Spectra	339	(10)
Rotational Transitions	339	(1)
Vibrational Transitions	340	(4)
Electronic Transitions in Molecules	344	(5)
Scattering	349	(3)
Raman Scattering	349	(2)
Resonance Raman Scattering	351	(1)
Rayleigh Scattering	352	(1)
Mie Scattering	352	(1)
Spectroscopy of the Inner Electrons of Atoms and Molecules	352	(6)
X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy	353	(2)
X-Ray Absorption Spectra	355	(1)
The Auger Effect	356	(1)
Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS and XPS)	357	(1)
Examples of Environmental Analysis	358	(41)
Monitoring Pollution of the Upper Atmosphere with Satellites	358	(4)
Lidar: A Technique to Measure the Location of Atmospheric Pollution	362	(5)
Lidar Measurements of Stratospheric Ozone	367	(2)
Aerosol Concentrations in the Karkonosze Mountains, Poland	369	(1)
Energy-Selective Spectroscopy of Molecules	370	(19)
Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE)	389	(6)
Exercises	395	(1)
References	396	(3)
The Context of Society	399	(30)
Risk Estimation	400	(6)
Limits on Cheap Resources	406	(7)
Saving Energy Resources and Nature	413	(6)
Reviewing Our Thinking	419	(10)
Self-Organized Criticality	422	(3)
Exercises	425	(1)
Essay Questions	425	(2)
References	427	(2)
Appendix A Gauss, Delta and Error Functions	429	(2)
Appendix B Some Vector Differentiations	431	(2)
Appendix C Physical and Numerical Constants	433	(2)
Index	435