Environmental Planning in the Netherlands: Too Good to be True: From Command-and-Control Planning to Shared Governance

by Roo,Gert de

• ISBN13: 9780754638452
• ISBN10: 0754638456
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-12-28
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

The Netherlands is one of the most prominent and innovative countries in the field of environmental planning. Over the past decade, its government has introduced such ground-breaking schemes as Integrated Environmental Zoning, the City Environment Project, the Bubble Concept and new approaches to coping with noise, odours, soil pollution, air pollution and safety issues. However, at present, little is known of these policies in the international arena. In 'Environmental Planning in the Netherlands: Too Good to be True', Gert de Roo provides a valuable overview and critical analysis of recent Dutch environmental planning.

Table of Contents

List of Figures	x
List of Tables	xiii
Preface	xiv
Introduction
Conflicts, Decision-Making and Complexity in Environmental Planning
Enschede, 13 May 2000	1	(1)
Reservations about Command-and-Control Planning	2	(4)
Conflicts and Decision-Making as Subjects for Study	6	(3)
Environmental/Spatial Conflicts as Material and Administrative Objects	7	(1)
Environmental and Spatial Decision-Making as an Administrative Object	8	(1)
Complexity as the Basis for Theoretical Reflection	9	(2)
Towards a Complexity-Related Theoretical Perspective for Planning	11	(1)
Reader's Guide	12	(7)
PART A: ENVIRONMENTAL/SPATIAL CONFLICTS IN A CHANGING CONTEXT
Externalities and the `Grey' Environment
Environmental/Spatial Conflict in the Context of Environmental Encroachment
Introduction	19	(2)
The `Grey' Environment as a Coherent Concept	21	(2)
A Problem Chain for the `Grey' Environment	23	(2)
Environmental Health and Hygiene in an Urban Context	25	(5)
Pollution, Depletion and Damage	25	(2)
The Effects of Pollution on Humans	27	(1)
Characteristics of Environmental Pollution	28	(2)
Local Environmental Conflict as a Policy Theme	30	(7)
Disturbance	32	(2)
Dispersion	34	(1)
Acidification	35	(2)
Evaluating the Grey Environment	37	(6)
Sustainability	37	(2)
Liveability	39	(2)
Appraisal, Responsibility and Management/Control	41	(2)
Environmental/Spatial Conflict and Environmental Health and Hygiene	43	(8)
The Compact City
A Concept of Overexpectation
Introduction	51	(1)
The Concept of the Compact City	52	(5)
The Compact City as a Spatial Concept	52	(3)
The Compact City as a Concept for Sustainable Development	55	(1)
Density versus Sustainability	56	(1)
Clustering, Growth and Contour Planning	57	(11)
Clustering by Consensus	58	(2)
Planning by Contours	60	(2)
A Distribution Formula for Growth	62	(4)
The Changing Intraurban Environment	66	(2)
Environmental Conflict in the Compact City	68	(10)
Scale, Area, Distance and Location	69	(2)
Conflict Locations	71	(7)
Conclusion	78	(11)
PART B: COMPLEXITY AND PLURIFORMITY
Planning-Oriented Action in a Theoretical Perspective
Complexity and Pluriformity
Introduction	89	(2)
Environmental/Spatial Conflict as a Planning Object	91	(3)
A Pluriform Approach to Planning	94	(4)
A Changing View of Planning: the Dutch Perspective	94	(2)
A Pluriform Perspective	96	(1)
What, How and Who	97	(1)
A Comprehensive, Coherent Vision of Planning-Oriented Action	98	(4)
Goal-Directed Action from a Systems-Theory Perspective	102	(6)
The Systems-Theory Approach to Planning	102	(3)
Effects of Planning	105	(1)
Single and Multiple Objectives	105	(2)
Context	107	(1)
Rational Theories for Decision-Led Action	108	(7)
Rationality as the Basis for Planning	109	(1)
Limitations of the Functional-Rational Model	110	(2)
Objective Knowledge and Intersubjective Interaction	112	(1)
Communicative Rationality	113	(2)
Institution-Oriented Action: Interaction and Networking	115	(10)
The Awareness of Intersubjective Conduct	115	(2)
Actors and their Role in Organisational Relationships	117	(2)
Institutional Networks	119	(2)
Three Theoretical Perspectives on Governance	121	(4)
Complexity as a Criterion for Planning-Oriented Action	125	(10)
Complexity and the Discourse on Planning Theory	125	(2)
Objective and Intersubjective Evaluation of Complexity	127	(3)
A Systems-Theory Perception of Complexity	130	(2)
Complexity Theory as an Explanation for Development and `Progress'	132	(3)
Towards a Coherent Theoretical Framework for Planning-Oriented Action	135	(11)
The Contingency Approach: a Goal-Led Approach to Decision-Led Action	135	(2)
Interaction: an Institutional Orientation towards Decision-Based Action	137	(1)
Friedmann's Typology of Allocative Planning Styles	138	(2)
A Functional Framework for Planning-Oriented Action	140	(6)
Conclusion	146	(13)
PART C: INTERACTION AND CHANGING GOALS IN AREA-SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
The Standardisation and Institutionalisation of Environmental Policy
From a Technically Sound Policy to Policy Based on Shared Governance
Introduction	159	(2)
The 1970s and the `Limits to Growth'	161	(12)
The Priority Policy Document on Pollution Control: Standards as a Foundation of Policy	162	(2)
The 1976 Policy Document on Ambient Environmental Standards (PDAES)	164	(1)
The Noise Abatement Act: a Centralised Policy Framework for Defining Standards	165	(3)
Soil, Odour and Risk Standards	168	(5)
Integration: the Buzzword of the 1980s	173	(12)
Environmental Policy Integration Plan	175	(1)
More than the Sum of its Parts	176	(3)
Formal Steps Taken in the Indicative Long-Term Programme for the Environment, 1985-1989	179	(3)
NMP-1: a Window on the 1990s	182	(3)
Area-Specific Environmental Policy: Aversion and Euphoria	185	(33)
The Third Track	186	(4)
Integrated Environmental Zoning	190	(13)
The ROM Designated-Areas Policy	203	(11)
From `Technically Sound to Consensus-Based ...'	214	(4)
Hierarchic Governance versus Local Initiative	218	(22)
The First Steps towards a Structural, Decentralised and Flexible Environmental Policy	219	(5)
City & Environment: Standards, Compensation and Local Creativity	224	(4)
Odour Policy: Varied According to Complexity	228	(1)
Soil: from a Multifunctional to a Function-Oriented Approach	229	(7)
Noise Policy: Directional, Locally Justified and Area-Specific	236	(4)
Conclusion	240	(19)
A Decision-Making Model Based on Complexity
Pilot Projects in Integrated Environmental Zoning as a Source of Inspiration
Prelude	259	(1)
A Model for Decision-Oriented Action	260	(4)
The IBO Model Adapted for the VS-IMZ Discussion	264	(6)
Quality	265	(1)
Rigidity	266	(1)
Spatial-Functional Perspective	267	(1)
Temporal Perspective	268	(1)
Relational Perspective	269	(1)
Complexity and Decision-Making in Relation to the IMZ Pilot Projects	270	(16)
Conclusion	286	(3)
Liveability on the Banks of the IJ
Environmental Policy of the City of Amsterdam
Introduction	289	(1)
Liveability as a Policy Philosophy	290	(2)
Liveability and Integrated Area-Specific Policy	292	(2)
The IJ Riverbank Project	294	(4)
The Environmental Performance System	298	(2)
Houthavens: Environment and Spatial Structure	300	(2)
Houthavens versus Westpoort	302	(2)
Noise Zones surrounding the Westpoort Area	304	(3)
Other Forms of Pollution Originating at Westpoort	307	(4)
Risk	308	(1)
Dust	308	(1)
Odour	309	(2)
Conclusion	311	(10)
From `Command-and-Control' Planning to Shared Governance
Final Observations on the Link between Complexity and Decision-Making in Environmental Planning
The Heart of the Matter: Straightforward and Complex Issues	321	(1)
Complexity and the Environmental/Spatial Conflict	322	(2)
The Relationship between the Conflict, Complexity and the Decision-Maker	324	(1)
The Significance of Complexity from a Systems-Theory Perspective	325	(3)
`Complexity' from a Planning-Theory Perspective	328	(2)
Complexity, Coherence and Consensus in Environmental Policy	330	(4)
Environmental Policy at the Local Level: towards Shared Governance?	334	(2)
Conclusion	336	(3)
References	339	(42)
Abbreviations	381	(2)
Legislation	383	(2)
Index	385