Epidemiology : Beyond the Basics

by Szklo, Moyses

• ISBN13: 9780834206182
• ISBN10: 0834206188
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-10-01
• Publisher: JONES & BARTLETT PUB

Summary

Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD. Intermediate text discussing key epidemiologic concepts and basic methods. For students and epidemiologists. Topics include cohort and nested case-control studies, birth cohort analysis, ecological studies, cumulative incidence, measures of association, confounding, and interaction. Expanded-outline format. Softcover.

Author Biography

F. Javier Nieto, MD, PhD, is Associate Professor of Epidemiology, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

Table of Contents

Foreword	ix
Preface	xi
Acknowledgments	xv
PART I---INTRODUCTION	1	(52)
Basic Study Designs in Analytical Epidemiology	3	(50)
Introduction: Descriptive and Analytical Epidemiology	3	(1)
Analysis of Age, Birth Cohort, and Period Effects	4	(13)
Ecologic Studies	17	(6)
Studies Based on Individuals as Observation Units	23	(30)
PART II---MEASURES OF DISEASE OCCURRENCE AND ASSOCIATION	53	(70)
Measuring Disease Occurrence	55	(36)
Introduction: Basic Elements of Epidemiologic Inference---Defining and Counting Disease Outcomes	55	(3)
Measures of Incidence	58	(27)
Measures of Prevalence	85	(2)
Odds	87	(4)
Measuring Associations Between Exposures and Outcomes	91	(32)
Introduction	91	(1)
Measuring Associations in a Cohort Study	91	(14)
Cross-Sectional Studies: Point Prevalence Rate Ratio	105	(1)
Measuring Associations in Case-Control Studies	106	(12)
Assessing the Strength of Associations	118	(5)
PART III---THREATS TO VALIDITY AND ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION	123	(132)
Understanding Lack of Validity: Bias	125	(52)
Overview	125	(3)
Selection Bias	128	(7)
Information Bias	135	(18)
Combined Selection/Information Biases	153	(16)
Biases in Reporting Study Results: Publication Bias	169	(8)
Identifying Noncausal Associations: Confounding	177	(34)
Introduction	177	(3)
The Nature of the Association Between the Confounder, the Exposure, and the Outcome	180	(10)
Assessing the Presence of Confounding	190	(7)
Additional Issues Related to Confounding	197	(12)
Conclusion	209	(2)
Defining and Assessing Heterogeneity of Effects: Interaction	211	(44)
Introduction	211	(1)
How Is Effect Measured?	212	(1)
Strategies To Evaluate Interaction	213	(10)
Assessment of Interaction in Case-Control Studies	223	(10)
More on the Interchangeability of the Definitions of Interaction	233	(2)
Which Is the Relevant Model: Additive Versus Multiplicative Interaction?	235	(2)
The Nature and Reciprocity of Interaction	237	(4)
Interaction, Confounding Effect, and Adjustment	241	(2)
Statistical Modeling and Statistical Tests for Interaction	243	(1)
Interpreting Interaction	243	(6)
Interaction and Search for New Risk Factors in Low-Risk Groups	249	(2)
Interaction and ``Representativeness'' of Associations	251	(4)
PART IV---DEALING WITH THREATS TO VALIDITY	255	(150)
Stratification and Adjustment: Multivariate Analysis in Epidemiology	257	(86)
Introduction	257	(1)
Stratification and Adjustment Techniques To Disentangle Confounding	258	(7)
Adjustment Methods Based on Stratification	265	(15)
Multiple Regression Techniques for Adjustment	280	(48)
Incomplete Adjustment: Residual Confounding	328	(3)
Overadjustment	331	(2)
Conclusion	333	(10)
Quality Assurance and Control	343	(62)
Introduction	343	(1)
Quality Assurance	344	(6)
Quality Control	350	(12)
Indices of Validity and Reliability	362	(39)
Regression to the Mean	401	(4)
PART V---ISSUES OF REPORTING	405	(26)
Communicating Results of Epidemiologic Studies	407	(24)
Introduction	407	(1)
What To Report	407	(6)
How To Report	413	(16)
Conclusion	429	(2)
Appendix A---Standard Errors, Confidence Intervals, and Hypothesis Testing for Selected Measures of Risk and Measures of Association	431	(28)
Appendix B---Test for Trend (Dose Response)	459	(4)
Appendix C---Test of Homogeneity of Stratified Estimates (Test for Interaction)	463	(4)
Appendix D---Quality Assurance and Quality Control Procedures Manual for Blood Pressure Measurement and Blood/Urine Collection in the ARIC Study	467	(12)
Appendix E---Calculation of the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient	479	(4)
Index	483	(12)
About the Authors	495