Epidemiology for Public Health Practice

by Friis, Robert H., Ph.D.; Sellers, Thomas A., Ph.D.

• ISBN13: 9780763751616
• ISBN10: 0763751618
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2008-03-15
• Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Learning

Summary

NEW : Starting 12/15/2009, this book is available with a new Student Study Guide at no additional cost. With all new review questions for each chapter, additional essay questions, and 12 new appendices, The new Student Study Guide is an excellent way to further enhance student learning. Order ISBN 978-0-7637-8968-8. Contact your publisher's representative to learn more. From authors Friis and Sellers comes the Fourth Edition of this best-selling introduction to epidemiology: Epidemiology for Public Health Practice . In clear and accessible language, this comprehensive text will introduce your students To The most important and timely issues in epidemiology today. New to this edition: Information on new disease outbreaks: E. coli in spinach Avian influenza XDR TB Expanded coverage of the history of epidemiology New coverage of the natural history of disease Updated coverage of morbidity and mortality data throughout the text Method for rate adjustment updated To The 2000 standard population New information on health disparities, including the Hispanic mortality paradox Updated information on data sources including notifiable diseases Additional statistical measures provided, e.g., measures of life expectancy New coverage of models of causality New chapter on professional issues in epidemiology Exciting new figures, tables, and exhibits provided throughout Additional exercises and study questions Visit the Companion Website For The comprehensive resource package including: For Instructors: For Students: bull; Sample Syllabus bull; Review Questions bull; Lecture Outlines bull; Web Links bull; PowerPoints

Table of Contents

New to This Edition	p. ix
Introduction	p. xi
Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
About the Authors	p. xxi
History and Scope of Epidemiology	p. 1
Introduction	p. 2
Epidemiology Defined	p. 6
Foundations of Epidemiology	p. 13
Historical Antecedents of Epidemiology	p. 20
Recent Applications of Epidemiology	p. 37
Conclusion	p. 43
Practical Applications of Epidemiology	p. 49
Introduction	p. 50
Applications for the Assessment of the Health Status of Populations and Delivery of Health Services	p. 52
Applications Relevant to Disease Etiology	p. 71
Conclusion	p. 87
Leading Causes of Death and Rates for Those Causes in 1900 and 2003	p. 92
Measures of Morbidity and Mortality Used in Epidemiology	p. 93
Introduction	p. 94
Definitions of Count, Ratio, Proportion, and Rate	p. 94
Risk Versus Rate	p. 104
Interrelationship Between Prevalence and Incidence	p. 106
Applications of Incidence Data	p. 108
Crude Rates	p. 108
Specific Rates	p. 118
Adjusted Rates	p. 123
Conclusion	p. 133
Data for Study Questions 2 Through 4	p. 138
Descriptive Epidemiology: Person, Place, Time	p. 141
Introduction	p. 142
Characteristics of Persons	p. 146
Characteristics of Place	p. 175
Characteristics of Time	p. 187
Conclusion	p. 193
Project: Descriptive Epidemiology of a Selected Health Problem	p. 201
Sources of Data for Use in Epidemiology	p. 203
Introduction	p. 204
Criteria for the Quality and Utility of Epidemiologic Data	p. 205
Computerized Bibliographic Databases	p. 206
Confidentiality, Sharing of Data, and Record Linkage	p. 207
Statistics Derived from the Vital Registration System	p. 215
Reportable Disease Statistics	p. 216
Screening Surveys	p. 223
Disease Registries	p. 223
Morbidity Surveys of the General Population	p. 225
Insurance Data	p. 229
Hospital Data	p. 230
Diseases Treated in Special Clinics and Hospitals	p. 231
Data from Physicians' Practices	p. 232
Absenteeism Data	p. 233
School Health Programs	p. 233
Morbidity in the Armed Forces: Data on Active Personnel and Veterans	p. 234
Other Sources of Data Relevant to Epidemiologic Studies	p. 235
Conclusion	p. 236
Study Designs: Ecologic, Cross-Sectional, Case-Control	p. 241
Introduction	p. 242
Observational Versus Experimental Approaches in Epidemiology	p. 243
Overview of Study Designs Used in Epidemiology	p. 244
Ecologic Studies	p. 249
Cross-Sectional Studies	p. 256
Case-Control Studies	p. 262
Conclusion	p. 276
Study Designs: Cohort Studies	p. 283
Introduction	p. 284
Cohort Studies Defined	p. 284
Sampling and Cohort Formation Options	p. 295
Temporal Differences in Cohort Designs	p. 301
Practical Considerations	p. 303
Measures of Interpretation and Examples	p. 307
Summary of Cohort Studies	p. 318
Comparisons of Observational Designs	p. 319
Conclusion	p. 319
Experimental Study Designs	p. 327
Introduction	p. 328
Hierarchy of Study Designs	p. 328
Intervention Studies	p. 330
Clinical Trials	p. 331
Community Trials	p. 344
Conclusion	p. 356
Measures of Effect	p. 361
Introduction	p. 362
Absolute Effects	p. 362
Relative Effects	p. 365
Statistical Measures of Effect	p. 371
Evaluating Epidemiologic Associations	p. 374
Models of Causal Relationships	p. 376
Conclusion	p. 381
Cohort Study Data for Coffee Use and Anxiety	p. 384
Data Interpretation Issues	p. 385
Introduction	p. 386
Validity of Study Designs	p. 386
Sources of Error in Epidemiologic Research	p. 390
Techniques to Reduce Bias	p. 396
Methods to Control Confounding	p. 399
Bias in Analysis and Publication	p. 403
Conclusion	p. 404
Screening for Disease in the Community	p. 409
Introduction	p. 410
Screening for Disease	p. 410
Appropriate Situations for Screening Tests and Programs	p. 414
Characteristics of a Good Screening Test	p. 417
Evaluation of Screening Tests	p. 418
Sources of Unreliability and Invalidity	p. 421
Measures of the Validity of Screening Tests	p. 422
Effects of Prevalence of Disease on Screening Test Results	p. 424
Relationship Between Sensitivity and Specificity	p. 426
Evaluation of Screening Programs	p. 428
Issues in the Classification of Morbidity and Mortality	p. 429
Conclusion	p. 432
Data for Problem 6	p. 436
Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases	p. 437
Introduction	p. 438
Agents of Infectious Disease	p. 439
Characteristics of Infectious Disease Agents	p. 441
Host	p. 442
The Environment	p. 445
Means of Transmission: Directly or Indirectly from Reservoir	p. 446
Measures of Disease Outbreaks	p. 451
Procedures Used in the Investigation of Infectious Disease Outbreaks	p. 456
Epidemiologically Significant Infectious Diseases in the Community	p. 457
Conclusion	p. 482
Data from a Foodborne Illness Outbreak in a College Cafeteria	p. 488
Epidemiologic Aspects of Work and the Environment	p. 489
Introduction	p. 490
Health Effects Associated with Environmental Hazards	p. 491
Study Designs Used in Environmental Epidemiology	p. 491
Toxicologic Concepts Related to Environmental Epidemiology	p. 495
Types of Agents	p. 497
Environmental Hazards Found in the Work Setting	p. 506
Noteworthy Community Environmental Health Hazards	p. 509
Conclusion	p. 519
Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology	p. 529
Introduction	p. 530
Definitions and Distinctions: Molecular Versus Genetic Epidemiology	p. 531
Epidemiologic Evidence for Genetic Factors	p. 539
Causes of Familial Aggregation	p. 540
Shared Family Environment and Familial Aggregation	p. 542
Gene Mapping: Segregation and Linkage Analysis	p. 545
Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS)	p. 553
Linkage Disequilibrium Revisited: Haplotypes	p. 556
Application of Genes in Epidemiologic Designs	p. 558
Genetics and Public Health	p. 565
Conclusion	p. 568
Psychologic, Behavioral, and Social Epidemiology	p. 575
Introduction	p. 576
Research Designs Used in Psychologic, Behavioral, and Social Epidemiology	p. 580
The Social Context of Health	p. 581
Independent Variables	p. 582
Moderating Factors in the Stress-Illness Relationship	p. 588
Outcome Variables: Physical Health, Mental Health, Affective States	p. 600
Conclusion	p. 605
Epidemiology as a Profession	p. 613
Introduction	p. 614
Specializations Within Epidemiology	p. 615
Career Roles for Epidemiologists	p. 617
Epidemiology Associations and Journals	p. 620
Competencies Required of Epidemiologists	p. 624
Resources for Education and Employment	p. 625
Professional Ethics in Epidemiology	p. 627
Conclusion	p. 632
Guide to the Critical Appraisal of an Epidemiologic/Public Health Research Article	p. 635
Answers to Selected Study Questions	p. 641
Glossary	p. 651
Index	p. 668
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.