The Essentials of Computer Organization And Architecture

by Null, Linda

• ISBN13: 9780763737696
• ISBN10: 0763737690
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-02-15
• Publisher: Jones & Bartlett

Summary

Thoroughly, revised and updated, this second edition of The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture is a comprehensive resource that addresses all of the necessary organization and architecture topics, yet is concise enough to cover in a single semester. Created in direct correlation to the ACM-IEEE Computing Curricula 2001 guidelines, this text exposes the inner workings of a modern digital computer through an integrated presentation of fundamental concepts and principles. The authors present real-world examples and focus on practical applications, thus encouraging students to develop a "big- picture" understanding of how essential organization and architecture concepts are applied in the world of computing.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(38)
Overview	1	(2)
The Main Components of a Computer	3	(1)
An Example System: Wading Through the Jargon	4	(9)
Standards Organizations	13	(1)
Historical Development	14	(14)
Generation Zero: Mechanical Calculating Machines (1642-1945)	15	(2)
The First Generation: Vacuum Tube Computers (1945-1953)	17	(4)
The Second Generation: Transistorized Computers (1954-1965)	21	(3)
The Third Generation: Integrated Circuit Computers (1965-1980)	24	(1)
The Fourth Generation: VLSI Computers (1980-????)	24	(3)
Moore's Law	27	(1)
The Computer Level Hierarchy	28	(2)
The von Neumann Model	30	(2)
Non-von Neumann Models	32	(7)
Chapter Summary	34	(1)
Further Reading	34	(1)
References	35	(1)
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts	36	(1)
Exercises	37	(2)
Data Representation in Computer Systems	39	(70)
Introduction	39	(1)
Positional Numbering Systems	40	(1)
Decimal to Binary Conversions	40	(6)
Converting Unsigned Whole Numbers	41	(2)
Converting Fractions	43	(3)
Converting between Power-of-Two Radices	46	(1)
Signed Integer Representation	46	(17)
Signed Magnitude	46	(6)
Complement Systems	52	(6)
Unsigned Versus Signed Numbers	58	(1)
Computers, Arithmetic, and Booth's Algorithm	58	(4)
Carry Versus Overflow	62	(1)
Floating-Point Representation	63	(11)
A Simple Model	64	(2)
Floating-Point Arithmetic	66	(1)
Floating-Point Errors	67	(1)
The IEEE-754 Floating-Point Standard	68	(3)
Range, Precision, and Accuracy	71	(1)
Additional Problems with Floating-Point Numbers	71	(3)
Character Codes	74	(7)
Binary-Coded Decimal	74	(2)
EBCDIC	76	(2)
ASCII	78	(2)
Unicode	80	(1)
Error Detection and Correction	81	(28)
Cyclic Redundancy Check	81	(3)
Hamming Codes	84	(6)
Reed-Soloman	90	(1)
Chapter Summary	91	(1)
Further Reading	91	(1)
References	92	(1)
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts	93	(1)
Exercises	94	(15)
Boolean Algebra and Digital Logic	109	(68)
Introduction	109	(1)
Boolean Algebra	110	(8)
Boolean Expressions	111	(1)
Boolean Identities	112	(2)
Simplification of Boolean Expressions	114	(1)
Complements	115	(1)
Representing Boolean Functions	116	(2)
Logic Gates	118	(3)
Symbols for Logic Gates	118	(1)
Universal Gates	119	(1)
Multiple Input Gates	120	(1)
Digital Components	121	(2)
Digital Circuits and Their Relationship to Boolean Algebra	121	(1)
Integrated Circuits	122	(1)
Combinational Circuits	123	(8)
Basic Concepts	123	(1)
Examples of Typical Combinational Circuits	124	(7)
Sequential Circuits	131	(20)
Basic Concepts	131	(1)
Clocks	131	(1)
Flip-Flops	132	(3)
Finite State Machines	135	(5)
Examples of Sequential Circuits	140	(5)
An Application of Sequential Logic: Convolutional Coding and Viterbi Detection	145	(6)
Designing Circuits	151	(26)
Chapter Summary	152	(1)
Further Reading	152	(2)
References	154	(1)
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts	154	(1)
Exercises	155	(22)
MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer	177	(66)
Introduction	177	(1)
CPU Basics and Organization	177	(2)
The Registers	178	(1)
The ALU	179	(1)
The Control Unit	179	(1)
The Bus	179	(4)
Clocks	183	(2)
The Input/Output Subsystem	185	(1)
Memory Organization and Addressing	186	(3)
Interrupts	189	(1)
MARIE	190	(8)
The Architecture	190	(1)
Registers and Buses	190	(3)
Instruction Set Architecture	193	(2)
Register Transfer Notation	195	(3)
Instruction Processing	198	(5)
The Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle	198	(1)
Interrupts and the Instruction Cycle	199	(4)
MARIE's I/O	203	(1)
A Simple Program	203	(3)
A Discussion on Assemblers	206	(3)
What Do Assemblers Do?	206	(2)
Why Use Assembly Language?	208	(1)
Extending our Instruction Set	209	(5)
A Discussion on Decoding: Hardwired Versus Microprogrammed Control	214	(9)
Machine Control	214	(2)
Hardwired Control	216	(1)
Microprogrammed Control	217	(6)
Real-World Examples of Computer Architectures	223	(20)
Intel Architectures	224	(6)
MIPS Architectures	230	(3)
Chapter Summary	233	(1)
Further Reading	234	(1)
References	235	(1)
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts	236	(1)
Exercises	237	(6)
A Closer Look at Instruction Set Architectures	243	(38)
Introduction	243	(1)
Instruction Formats	243	(11)
Design Decisions for Instruction Sets	244	(1)
Little Versus Big Endian	245	(2)
Internal Storage in the CPU: Stacks Versus Registers	247	(1)
Number of Operands and Instruction Length	248	(4)
Expanding Opcodes	252	(2)
Instruction Types	254	(3)
Data Movement	254	(1)
Arithmetic Operations	254	(1)
Boolean Logic Instructions	255	(1)
Bit Manipulation Instructions	255	(1)
Input/Output Instructions	256	(1)
Instructions for Transfer of Control	256	(1)
Special Purpose Instructions	256	(1)
Instruction Set Orthogonality	256	(1)
Addressing	257	(4)
Data Types	257	(1)
Address Modes	258	(3)
Instruction-Level Pipelining	261	(5)
Real-World Examples of ISAs	266	(15)
Intel	266	(1)
MIPS	267	(1)
Java Virtual Machine	267	(4)
Chapter Summary	271	(1)
Further Reading	272	(1)
References	273	(1)
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts	274	(1)
Exercises	275	(6)
Memory	281	(46)
Introduction	281	(1)
Types of Memory	281	(2)
The Memory Hierarchy	283	(2)
Locality of Reference	285	(1)
Cache Memory	285	(17)
Cache Mapping	287	(8)
Replacement Policies	295	(1)
Effective Access Time and Hit Ratio	296	(1)
When Does Caching Break Down?	297	(1)
Cache Write Policies	297	(3)
Instruction and Data Caches	300	(1)
Levels of Cache	301	(1)
Virtual Memory	302	(14)
Paging	303	(7)
Effective Access Time Using Paging	310	(1)
Putting It All Together: Using Cache, TLBs, and Paging	311	(2)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Paging and Virtual Memory	313	(1)
Segmentation	314	(1)
Paging Combined with Segmentation	315	(1)
A Real-World Example of Memory Management	316	(11)
Chapter Summary	317	(1)
Further Reading	318	(1)
References	318	(1)
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts	319	(1)
Exercises	320	(7)
Input/Output and Storage Systems	327	(80)
Introduction	327	(1)
I/O and Performance	328	(1)
Amdahl's Law	328	(1)
I/O Architectures	329	(12)
I/O Control Methods	331	(7)
Character I/O Versus Block I/O	338	(1)
I/O Bus Operation	338	(3)
Data Transmission Modes	341	(4)
Parallel Data Transmission	341	(4)
Serial Data Transmission	345	(1)
Magnetic Disk Technology	345	(8)
Rigid Disk Drives	347	(4)
Flexible (Floppy) Disks	351	(2)
Optical Disks	353	(6)
CD-ROM	353	(4)
DVD	357	(1)
Blue-Violet Laser Disks	358	(1)
Optical Disk Recording Methods	358	(1)
Magnetic Tape	359	(5)
RAID	364	(8)
RAID Level 0	365	(1)
RAID Level 1	366	(1)
RAID Level 2	366	(1)
RAID Level 3	367	(1)
RAID Level 4	368	(1)
RAID Level 5	369	(1)
RAID Level 6	370	(1)
RAID DP	371	(1)
Hybrid RAID Systems	372	(1)
The Future of Data Storage	372	(35)
Chapter Summary	377	(1)
Further Reading	377	(1)
References	378	(1)
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts	379	(2)
Exercises	381	(26)
System Software	407	(54)
Introduction	407	(1)
Operating Systems	408	(12)
Operating Systems History	409	(5)
Operating System Design	414	(2)
Operating System Services	416	(4)
Protected Environments	420	(8)
Virtual Machines	421	(3)
Subsystems and Partitions	424	(2)
Protected Environments and the Evolution of Systems Architectures	426	(2)
Programming Tools	428	(11)
Assemblers and Assembly	428	(3)
Link Editors	431	(1)
Dynamic Link Libraries	432	(2)
Compilers	434	(4)
Interpreters	438	(1)
Java: All of the Above	439	(6)
Database Software	445	(6)
Transaction Managers	451	(10)
Chapter Summary	453	(2)
Further Reading	455	(1)
References	456	(1)
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts	456	(1)
Exercises	457	(4)
Alternative Architectures	461	(44)
Introduction	461	(1)
RISC Machines	462	(5)
Flynn's Taxonomy	467	(4)
Parallel and Multiprocessor Architectures	471	(16)
Superscalar and VLIW	472	(2)
Vector Processors	474	(1)
Interconnection Networks	475	(5)
Shared Memory Multiprocessors	480	(4)
Distributed Computing	484	(3)
Alternative Parallel Processing Approaches	487	(7)
Dataflow Computing	487	(2)
Neural Networks	489	(3)
Systolic Arrays	492	(2)
Quantum Computing	494	(11)
Chapter Summary	496	(1)
Further Reading	497	(1)
References	497	(2)
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts	499	(1)
Exercises	500	(5)
Topics in Embedded Systems	505	(36)
Introduction	505	(2)
An Overview of Embedded Hardware	507	(19)
Off-the-Shelf Embedded System Hardware	507	(4)
Configurable Hardware	511	(7)
Custom-Designed Embedded Hardware	518	(8)
An Overview of Embedded Software	526	(15)
Embedded Systems Memory Organization	527	(1)
Embedded Operating Systems	528	(3)
Embedded Systems Software Development	531	(2)
Chapter Summary	533	(2)
Further Reading	535	(1)
References	536	(1)
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts	537	(1)
Exercises	538	(3)
Performance Measurement and Analysis	541	(50)
Introduction	541	(1)
Computer Performance Equations	542	(1)
Mathematical Preliminaries	543	(8)
What the Means Mean	544	(5)
The Statistics and Semantics	549	(2)
Benchmarking	551	(16)
Clock Rate, MIPS, and FLOPS	552	(2)
Synthetic Benchmarks: Whetstone, Linpack, and Dhrystone	554	(1)
Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation Benchmarks	555	(4)
Transaction Processing Performance Council Benchmarks	559	(7)
System Simulation	566	(1)
CPU Performance Optimization	567	(7)
Branch Optimization	567	(3)
Use of Good Algorithms and Simple Code	570	(4)
Disk Performance	574	(17)
Understanding the Problem	574	(1)
Physical Considerations	575	(1)
Logical Considerations	576	(6)
Chapter Summary	582	(1)
Further Reading	583	(1)
References	584	(1)
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts	585	(1)
Exercises	585	(6)
Network Organization and Architecture	591	(78)
Introduction	591	(1)
Early Business Computer Networks	591	(1)
Early Academic and Scientific Networks: The Roots and Architecture of the Internet	592	(4)
Network Protocols I: ISO/OSI Protocol Unification	596	(6)
A Parable	597	(1)
The OSI Reference Model	598	(4)
Network Protocols II: TCP/IP Network Architecture	602	(20)
The IP Layer for Version 4	602	(4)
The Trouble with IP Version 4	606	(4)
Transmission Control Protocol	610	(1)
The TCP Protocol at Work	611	(4)
IP Version 6	615	(7)
Network Organization	622	(21)
Physical Transmission Media	622	(8)
Interface Cards	630	(1)
Repeaters	631	(1)
Hubs	631	(1)
Switches	632	(1)
Bridges and Gateways	633	(1)
Routers and Routing	634	(9)
High-Capacity Digital Links	643	(9)
The Digital Hierarchy	643	(5)
ISDN	648	(3)
Asynchronous Transfer Mode	651	(1)
A Look at the Internet	652	(17)
Ramping on to the Internet	653	(7)
Ramping up the Internet	660	(1)
Chapter Summary	661	(1)
Further Reading	661	(2)
References	663	(1)
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts	663	(2)
Exercises	665	(4)
Selected Storage Systems and Interfaces	669	(26)
Introduction	669	(1)
SCSI Architecture	670	(12)
``Classic'' Parallel SCSI	671	(4)
The SCSI Architecture Model-3	675	(7)
Internet SCSI	682	(3)
Storage Area Networks	685	(1)
Other I/O Connections	685	(10)
Parallel Buses: XT to ATA	686	(1)
Serial ATA and Serial Attached SCSI	687	(1)
Peripheral Component Interconnect	688	(1)
A Serial Interface: USB	689	(1)
High Performance Peripheral Interface: HiPPI	689	(1)
Chapter Summary	690	(1)
Further Reading	691	(1)
References	691	(1)
Review of Essential Terms and Concepts	692	(1)
Exercises	692	(3)
APPENDIX A Data Structures and the Computer	695	(20)
A.1 Introduction	695	(1)
A.2 Fundamental Structures	695	(6)
A.2.1 Arrays	695	(2)
A.2.2 Queues and Linked Lists	697	(1)
A.2.3 Stacks	698	(3)
A.3 Trees	701	(6)
A.4 Network Graphs	707	(8)
Summary	710	(1)
Further Reading	710	(1)
References	710	(1)
Exercises	710	(5)
Glossary	715	(42)
Answers and Hints for Selected Exercises	757	(16)
Index	773