Essentials Of Criminal Justice

by Siegel/Senna

• ISBN13: 9780495006022
• ISBN10: 0495006025
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-03
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Master the ins and outs of the criminal justice system with ESSENTIALS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE! With coverage of topics such as criminal justice in the media, diversity issues in the justice system, and a comparison between the U.S. crime rate and international crime, this criminal justice text helps you better understand the basics of the criminal justice system. Class preparation is made easy with a book-specific website featuring concept builders, crossword puzzles, flashcards, internet exercises, tutorial quizzes, and much more! A full-size poster included with the text lets you to trace the flow of individuals through the criminal justice system to help you master the material.

Table of Contents

Preface	xii
Part 1 THE NATURE OF CRIME, LAW, AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE	1	(120)
Crime and Criminal Justice	2	(28)
Is Crime a Recent Development?	4	(2)
Crime at the Turn of the Twentieth Century	5	(1)
Developing the Criminal Justice System	6	(1)
The Modern Era of Justice	6	(1)
Federal Involvement in Criminal Justice	6	(1)
The Criminal Justice System Today	7	(2)
Agencies of the Criminal Justice System	7	(2)
The Formal Criminal Justice Process	9	(3)
The Criminal Justice Assembly Line	12	(1)
The Informal Criminal Justice System	12	(4)
The ``Wedding Cake'' Model of Justice	14	(2)
Perspectives on Justice	16	(8)
Crime Control Perspective	16	(1)
Rehabilitation Perspective	17	(1)
Due Process Perspective	18	(1)
Nonintervention Perspective	19	(1)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Should Drugs Be Legalized?	20	(2)
Justice Perspective	22	(1)
Restorative Justice Perspective	22	(2)
Perspectives in Perspective	24	(1)
Ethics in Criminal Justice	24	(6)
Ethics and Law Enforcement	25	(1)
Ethics and the Court Process	26	(1)
Ethics and Corrections	27	(1)
Summary	28	(1)
Key Terms	29	(1)
Review Questions	29	(1)
The Nature of Crime and Victimization	30	(36)
How Is Crime Defined?	32	(2)
Consensus View	32	(1)
Conflict View	33	(1)
Interactionist View	33	(1)
How Is Crime Measured?	34	(6)
Record Data	34	(1)
Official Crime Data: The Uniform Crime Report (UCR)	35	(1)
Survey Data	36	(1)
Victim Surveys: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)	37	(1)
Self-Report Surveys	38	(1)
Alternative Data Sources	39	(1)
Compatibility of Crime Data Sources	40	(1)
Crime Trends	40	(6)
Victim Rates and Trends	42	(1)
Self-Report Trends	43	(1)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Factors That Have an Impact on Crime Rates	44	(2)
What the Future Holds	46	(1)
Crime Patterns	46	(8)
Ecological Patterns	46	(1)
Race, Culture, and Gender in Criminal Justice: International Crime Trends	47	(1)
Gender Patterns	48	(1)
Racial Patterns	48	(1)
Class Patterns	49	(1)
Age Patterns	50	(1)
Career Patterns: The Chronic Offender	51	(1)
Victim Patterns	52	(2)
Causes of Crime and Victimization	54	(12)
Choice Theory: Because They Want To	54	(1)
Sociobiological Theory: It's in Their Blood	55	(2)
Psychological Theory: It's in Their Heads	57	(1)
Social Structure Theory: Because They're Poor	58	(2)
Social Process Theory: Socialized to Crime	60	(2)
Conflict Theory: It's a ``Dog-Eat-Dog'' World	62	(1)
Developmental Theory: Life Is a Bumpy Road	63	(1)
A Final Word	63	(2)
Summary	65	(1)
Key Terms	65	(1)
Review Questions	65	(1)
Criminal Law: Substance and Procedure	66	(26)
The Historical Development of the Criminal Law	68	(4)
Common Law and the Principle of Stare Decisis	70	(2)
Sources of the Criminal Law	72	(4)
Constitutional Limits	72	(1)
Crimes and Classifications	73	(1)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Ex Post Facto Laws	74	(2)
The Legal Definition of a Crime	76	(2)
Actus Reus	77	(1)
Mens Rea	78	(1)
The Relationship of Mens Rea and Actus Reus	78	(1)
Strict Liability	78	(1)
Criminal Defenses	78	(5)
Excuse Defenses	80	(2)
Justification Defenses	82	(1)
Reforming the Criminal Law	83	(3)
Creating New Crimes	84	(2)
Changing Defenses	86	(1)
Constitutional Criminal Procedure	86	(1)
Due Process of Law	87	(5)
The Meaning of Due Process	88	(2)
Summary	90	(1)
Key Terms	90	(1)
Review Questions	91	(1)
Criminal Justice in the New Millennium: Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Cybercrime	92	(29)
Contemporary Challenges of the Criminal Justice System	94	(1)
Terrorism	94	(4)
Who Is the Terrorist?	95	(1)
The Contemporary Terrorist	96	(2)
Homeland Security: The Criminal Justice Response to Terrorism	98	(8)
The Law Enforcement Response to Terrorism	99	(1)
Race, Culture, and Gender in Criminal Justice: Criminal Groups/Terrorist Groups: One and the Same?	100	(1)
Federal Law Enforcement	101	(2)
Department of Homeland Security (DHS)	103	(1)
Organization and Mission of the DHS	103	(1)
State Law Enforcement Efforts to Combat Terrorism	104	(1)
Local Law Enforcement	105	(1)
The Law and Terrorism	106	(2)
The USA Patriot Act	106	(1)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Operation Atlas	107	(1)
Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA)	108	(1)
Cybercrime	108	(13)
Computer Crime	109	(2)
The Extent of Computer Crime	111	(1)
Internet Crime	112	(1)
Cyberterrorism	113	(2)
Controlling Cybercrime	115	(1)
Enforcing Cyber Laws	116	(2)
What the Future Holds	118	(1)
Summary	118	(1)
Key Terms	119	(1)
Review Questions	119	(2)
Part 2 THE POLICE AND LAW ENFORCEMENT	121	(96)
Police in Society: History and Organization	122	(26)
The History of Police	125	(5)
Private Police and Thief Takers	126	(1)
Creating Public Police	127	(1)
Law Enforcement in Colonial America	127	(1)
Early Police Agencies	128	(2)
Twentieth-Century Reform	130	(1)
The Emergence of Professionalism	130	(1)
Contemporary Policing: 1960--2006	130	(3)
Policing in the 1960s	131	(1)
Policing in the 1970s	131	(1)
Policing in the 1980s	131	(1)
Policing in the 1990s	132	(1)
Policing and Law Enforcement Today	133	(6)
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies	133	(3)
State Law Enforcement Agencies	136	(1)
County Law Enforcement Agencies	137	(1)
Metropolitan Law Enforcement Agencies	138	(1)
Technology and Law Enforcement	139	(9)
Information Technology	141	(1)
Criminal Identification	141	(1)
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems	141	(1)
Criminal Justice and Technology: Crime Mapping	142	(2)
DNA Testing	144	(1)
Communications	145	(1)
Future Tech	145	(1)
Summary	146	(1)
Key Terms	146	(1)
Review Questions	147	(1)
The Police: Role and Function	148	(28)
The Police Organization	150	(1)
The Police Role	151	(2)
The Patrol Function	153	(5)
Patrol Activities	153	(1)
Does Patrol Deter Crime?	154	(2)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: The Indianapolis Gun Control Program	156	(2)
The Investigation Function	158	(5)
How Do Detectives Detect?	159	(2)
Sting Operations	161	(1)
Evaluating Investigations	161	(1)
Improving Investigations	162	(1)
Community Policing	163	(3)
Implementing Community Policing	164	(2)
Changing the Police Role	166	(4)
Problem-Oriented Policing	166	(2)
The Challenges of Community Policing	168	(1)
Overcoming Obstacles	169	(1)
Support Functions	170	(6)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Civilian Review Boards	172	(2)
Summary	174	(1)
Key Terms	174	(1)
Review Questions	175	(1)
Issues in Policing: Professional, Social, and Legal	176	(41)
Who Are the Police?	179	(4)
Demographic Makeup	179	(1)
Minority Police Officers	180	(1)
Women in Policing	181	(1)
Educational Characteristics	182	(1)
The Police Profession	183	(4)
The Police Culture	184	(1)
The Police Personality	185	(1)
Policing Style	185	(2)
Police Discretion	187	(3)
Legal Factors	187	(1)
Environmental Factors	188	(1)
Departmental Factors	188	(1)
Situational Factors	189	(1)
Extralegal Factors	190	(1)
Problems of Policing	190	(17)
Police and Stress	190	(1)
Race, Culture, and Gender in Criminal Justice: Racial Profiling	191	(3)
Police Brutality	194	(2)
Police and Deadly Force	196	(4)
Police and Corruption	200	(2)
Criminal Justice and Technology: Less-Than-Lethal Weapons	202	(4)
Controlling Police Behavior	206	(1)
Police and the Rule of Law	207	(10)
The Police and the Courts	208	(1)
Custodial Interrogation	208	(3)
Search and Seizure	211	(1)
The Exclusionary Rule	212	(3)
Summary	215	(1)
Key Terms	215	(1)
Review Questions	216	(1)
Part 3 COURTS AND ADJUDICATION	217	(108)
Courts, Prosecution, and the Defense	218	(32)
State Courts	220	(4)
Courts of Limited Jurisdiction	220	(1)
Courts of General Jurisdiction	221	(1)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Specialized Courts: Drugs and Mental Health	222	(1)
Appellate Courts	222	(2)
Federal Courts	224	(5)
U.S. District Courts	224	(2)
U.S. Courts of Appeals	226	(1)
The U.S. Supreme Court	227	(2)
Federal and State Court Caseloads	229	(2)
The Judiciary	231	(2)
The Judge and the Justice System	232	(1)
Judicial Qualifications	232	(1)
The Prosecutor	233	(3)
Types of Prosecutors	234	(2)
Prosecutorial Discretion	236	(4)
Factors Influencing Prosecutorial Discretion	237	(1)
The Role of Prosecutorial Discretion	238	(1)
Prosecutorial Ethics	239	(1)
The Defense Attorney	240	(1)
The Role of the Criminal Defense Attorney	240	(1)
The Right to Counsel	240	(5)
Legal Services for the Indigent	241	(1)
The Private Bar	242	(1)
The Competence of Defense Attorneys	243	(1)
Ethical Issues in Criminal Defense and Prosecution	244	(1)
Court Administration	245	(5)
Using Technology in Court Management	245	(1)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Ethical Issues in Defense: Should Defense Lawyers Tell the Truth?	246	(2)
Summary	248	(1)
Key Terms	249	(1)
Review Questions	249	(1)
Pretrial Procedures	250	(24)
Bail	252	(8)
Bail Today	253	(1)
Receiving Bail	254	(1)
Bail Services	254	(1)
The Legal Right to Bail	255	(1)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Kentucky's Statewide Pretrial Services Agency	256	(1)
Making Bail	257	(1)
Bail Reform	258	(2)
Preventive Detention	260	(1)
Pretrial Detention	261	(1)
The Effects of Detention	261	(1)
Charging the Defendant	262	(3)
The Indictment Process---The Grand Jury	262	(1)
The Indictment Process---The Preliminary Hearing	263	(1)
Arraignment	263	(1)
The Plea	264	(1)
Plea Bargaining	265	(6)
Legal Issues in Plea Bargaining	266	(1)
Plea Bargaining Decision Making	267	(1)
The Role of the Defense Counsel	268	(1)
The Role of the Judge	269	(1)
The Role of the Victim	269	(1)
Plea Bargaining Reform	269	(1)
Negotiation Oversight	270	(1)
Banning Plea Bargaining	270	(1)
Pretrial Diversion	271	(3)
Summary	272	(1)
Key Terms	273	(1)
Review Questions	273	(1)
The Criminal Trial	274	(18)
Civil Rights During Trial	276	(6)
The Right to Be Competent at Trial	276	(1)
The Right to Confront Witnesses	277	(1)
The Right to a Jury Trial	278	(1)
The Right to a Twelve-Person Jury	278	(1)
The Right to a Unanimous Jury Verdict	278	(1)
The Right to Counsel at Trial	279	(1)
The Right to Self-Representation	279	(1)
The Right to a Speedy Trial	279	(1)
The Right to a Public Trial	280	(1)
The Right to Be Convicted by Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt	281	(1)
The Trial Process	282	(10)
Jury Selection	283	(3)
Opening Statements	286	(1)
Witness Testimony	286	(1)
Presentation of Evidence at a Criminal Trial	287	(1)
Motion for a Directed Verdict	287	(1)
Presentation of the Defense Attorney's Evidence	288	(1)
Closing Arguments	288	(1)
Instructions to the Jury	288	(1)
The Verdict	289	(1)
The Sentence	289	(1)
The Appeal	290	(1)
Summary	291	(1)
Key Terms	291	(1)
Review Questions	291	(1)
Punishment and Sentencing	292	(33)
The History of Punishment	294	(3)
From Exile to Fines, Torture to Forfeiture	294	(1)
Public Work and Transportation to the Colonies	295	(1)
The Rise of the Prison	296	(1)
The Goals of Modern Sentencing	297	(3)
General Deterrence	297	(1)
Incapacitation	298	(1)
Specific Deterrence	298	(1)
Retribution/Just Desert	299	(1)
Rehabilitation	299	(1)
Equity/Restitution	299	(1)
Imposing the Sentence	300	(1)
Concurrent vs. Consecutive Sentences	300	(1)
The Effect of Good Time	300	(1)
Sentencing Models	301	(4)
Indeterminate Sentences	301	(1)
Determinate Sentences	302	(2)
Mandatory Sentences	304	(1)
Three-Strikes Laws	304	(1)
Truth in Sentencing	305	(1)
How People Are Sentenced	305	(4)
What Factors Affect Sentencing?	306	(3)
Capital Punishment	309	(16)
Arguments for the Death Penalty	309	(1)
Race, Culture, and Gender in Criminal Justice: Race and Sentencing	310	(3)
Race, Culture, and Gender in Criminal Justice: The Death Penalty Abroad	313	(1)
Arguments Against the Death Penalty	314	(5)
Legal Issues in Capital Punishment	319	(1)
Does the Death Penalty Deter Murder?	320	(2)
Summary	322	(1)
Key Terms	323	(1)
Review Questions	323	(2)
Part 4 CORRECTIONS AND ALTERNATIVE SANCTIONS	325	(92)
Community Sentences: Probation, Intermediate Sanctions, and Restorative Justice	326	(32)
Probation	328	(12)
The History of Community Sentencing	329	(1)
The Concept of Probation	330	(1)
Awarding Probation	331	(1)
Probation Eligibility	332	(1)
Conditions of Probation	332	(1)
Administration of Probation Services	333	(1)
Duties of Probation Officers	334	(2)
Legal Rights of Probationers	336	(2)
How Successful Is Probation	338	(1)
How Successful Is Felony Probation?	338	(1)
Who Fails on Probation and Why?	338	(1)
The Future of Probation	339	(1)
Intermediate Sanctions	340	(10)
Advantages of Intermediate Sanctions	340	(1)
Fines	341	(3)
Forfeiture	344	(1)
Restitution	344	(1)
Shock Probation and Split Sentencing	345	(1)
Intensive Probation Supervision	346	(1)
House Arrest	346	(1)
Electronic Monitoring	347	(2)
Residential Community Corrections	349	(1)
Restorative Justice	350	(8)
The Concept of Restoration	351	(1)
Restoration Programs	352	(1)
Restoration in Practice	352	(1)
Race, Culture, and Gender in Criminal Justice: Conferencing in Australia	353	(1)
The Challenge of Restorative Justice	353	(1)
Race, Culture, and Gender in Criminal Justice: Restorative Cautioning in England	354	(1)
Summary	355	(1)
Key Terms	356	(1)
Review Questions	357	(1)
Corrections: History, Institutions, and Populations	358	(28)
The History of Correctional Institutions	360	(8)
American Developments	362	(2)
Pennsylvania vs. New York: Isolate vs. Congregate	364	(1)
Prisons at the Turn of the Twentieth Century	364	(3)
Contemporary Correctional Trends	367	(1)
Jails	368	(3)
Jail Populations	368	(1)
Jail Conditions	369	(1)
New-Generation Jails	370	(1)
Prisons	371	(4)
Types of Prisons	371	(2)
Criminal Justice and Technology: Technocorrections: Contemporary Correctional Technology	373	(2)
Alternative Correctional Institutions	375	(5)
Prison Farms and Camps	375	(1)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Ultra-Maximum-Security Prisons	376	(1)
Shock Incarceration in Boot Camps	376	(2)
Community Correctional Facilities	378	(1)
Private Prisons	379	(1)
Inmate Populations	380	(6)
Growth Trends	381	(1)
Explaining Prison Population Trends	382	(1)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: The Problem of Elderly Inmates	383	(1)
Future Trends	383	(1)
Summary	384	(1)
Key Terms	385	(1)
Review Questions	385	(1)
Prison Life: Living in and Leaving Prison	386	(31)
Men Imprisoned	388	(4)
Adjusting to Prison	389	(1)
The Inmate Social Code	390	(1)
The New Inmate Culture	391	(1)
Women Imprisoned	392	(3)
Female Institutions	392	(1)
Female Inmates	392	(1)
Adapting to the Female Institution	393	(1)
Separate but Unequal	394	(1)
Correctional Treatment Methods	395	(5)
Individual and Group Treatment	395	(1)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Therapeutic Communities	396	(1)
Educational and Vocational Programs	397	(3)
Can Rehabilitation Work?	400	(1)
Guarding the Institution	400	(2)
Female Correctional Officers	401	(1)
Prison Violence	402	(2)
What Causes Violence?	403	(1)
Prisoners' Rights	404	(4)
Substantive Rights	406	(2)
Leaving Prison	408	(9)
Parole	408	(1)
The Parole Board	409	(1)
The Parolee in the Community	410	(1)
The Effectiveness of Parole	411	(1)
Why Do People Fail on Parole?	411	(1)
Race, Culture, and Gender in Criminal Justice: Monitoring High-Risk Offenders in New Zealand	412	(2)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: The Problems of Reentry	414	(1)
Summary	415	(1)
Key Terms	416	(1)
Review Questions	416	(1)
Part 5 JUVENILE JUSTICE	417	(31)
The Juvenile Justice System	418	(30)
The History of Juvenile Justice	420	(2)
Care of Children in Early America	421	(1)
The Child-Saving Movement	421	(1)
The Refuge Movement Spreads	421	(1)
Establishment of the Juvenile Court	422	(2)
The Development of Juvenile Justice	422	(2)
Juvenile Justice Today	424	(2)
Police Processing of the Juvenile Offender	426	(3)
Use of Discretion	427	(2)
Legal Rights	429	(1)
The Juvenile Court Process	429	(8)
The Intake Process	429	(1)
The Detention Process	430	(2)
Bail	432	(1)
Plea Bargaining	432	(1)
Waiver of Jurisdiction	433	(2)
The Trial	435	(1)
Disposition and Treatment	436	(1)
Juvenile Sentencing Reform	437	(1)
The Juvenile Correctional Process	437	(11)
Probation	437	(1)
Institutionalization	438	(2)
Deinstitutionalization	440	(1)
Aftercare	440	(1)
Preventing Delinquency	441	(1)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: The Fast Track Project	442	(2)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Should the Juvenile Justice System Be Maintained? Abolished?	444	(1)
Keep the Juvenile Court?	445	(1)
Summary	446	(1)
Key Terms	446	(1)
Review Questions	447	(1)
Glossary	448	(9)
Notes	457	(26)
Case Index	483	(2)
Name Index	485	(8)
Subject Index	493	(12)
Photo Credits	505