Essentials of Environmental Health Management

by Gasana, Janvier

• ISBN13: 9780970856043
• ISBN10: 0970856040
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-06-01
• Publisher: Aglob Pub

Table of Contents

Section I. Basic Principles
Introduction
Biogeochemical Cycles	3	(7)
Introduction	3	(1)
Gaseous Cycles	4	(3)
Sedimentary Cycles	7	(1)
Water Cycle	8	(2)
Definition of Health and the Environment	10	(4)
Definition Of Health	10	(1)
Definition Of Environment	11	(1)
Susceptibility To Environmental Exposure	11	(1)
Other Impediments To Health	11	(1)
Personal versus Ambient Environment	12	(1)
Gaseous, Liquid, And Solid Environments	12	(1)
Chemical, Biological, Physical, And Socioeconomic Environments	12	(2)
Link Between Environment and Health	14	(7)
Introduction	14	(1)
Types Of Environmental Health Hazards	15	(3)
Interaction Between People and Environment	18	(2)
Drivers of Change	20	(1)
Poverty, Health, and the Environment	21	(1)
Links Between Environmental and Occupational Health	21	(5)
Importance Of The Workforce	21	(1)
Environmental And Occupational Health Hazards	22	(1)
Common Approaches and Human Resources	22	(1)
The Workplace as a Sentinel for Environmental Hazards	22	(1)
The Concept Of Total Exposure	23	(1)
Assessment Of The Problem	23	(1)
Systems Approach	24	(1)
Consistency In Setting Standards	25	(1)
Incentives for Prevention	25	(1)
Intervention And Control	26	(1)
History of Environmental Health	26	(4)
Exposure To Natural And Man-Made Toxins Throughout History	26	(3)
Control Of Environmental Quality Throughout History	29	(1)
Environmental Health Administration	30	(11)
Introduction	30	(2)
Organization Of Environmental Health Services	32	(1)
Environmental Health Competencies	32	(6)
Examination Content Areas for the Registered Environmental Health Specialist (REHS)/Registered Sanitarian (RS)	38	(3)
Bibliography	41	(4)
Toxicology
Basic Environmental Calculations	45	(8)
Physical Concepts and Measurements	45	(5)
Basic Dimensions/Units and Conversions	50	(3)
General Principles of Toxicology	53	(22)
Introduction	53	(1)
Types of Toxicology	53	(1)
Chemical Classification	54	(1)
Routes of Exposure	54	(1)
Types of Toxicity	54	(1)
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity	55	(1)
General Approach To Toxicology	55	(1)
Historical Background	55	(1)
Specific Problem Areas	56	(17)
Health Endpoints	73	(2)
Principles of Environmental Toxicology	75	(4)
Concepts	75	(1)
The Environmental Setting	75	(1)
Trophic Levels and Toxicity of a Chemical	75	(1)
Pollutants and Ecosystems	76	(1)
Damages by Pollutants	77	(1)
Major Factors Limiting Environmental Toxicity	77	(1)
Toxicity at Ultra-Low Doses	78	(1)
Heavy Metals in the Environment	78	(1)
Major Fates and Impacts of Radioisotopes	78	(1)
Duration of Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants	78	(1)
Occupational Contaminants and Environmental Problems	79	(1)
Principles of Occupational Toxicology	79	(3)
The Occupational Setting	79	(1)
Exposure Conditions of Particular Concern	79	(1)
Regulatory Principles	80	(1)
Illnesses Experienced in the Occupational Setting	81	(1)
Monitoring or Surveillance Procedures	81	(1)
Key Toxic Exposures	81	(1)
Special Cases of Workers	82	(1)
Chronic or Persistent Toxicologic Effects	82	(1)
Bibliography	82	(4)
Epidemiology
Background	86	(16)
Introduction	86	(1)
Definition of Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology	87	(1)
Basic Epidemiologic Measures	87	(3)
Interpretation of Epidemiologic Studies	90	(1)
Epidemiologic Study Designs	91	(7)
Sample Size for Epidemiologic Studies	98	(1)
Major Methodological Issues in an Epidemiologic Study	99	(3)
Steps in Conducting a Disease Outbreak Investigation	102	(5)
Preparing for an Investigation	103	(1)
Basic Steps of an Investigation	104	(3)
Example of Environmental Epidemiology Study	107	(1)
Major Challenges in Environmental Epidemiology	107	(2)
Exposure Assessment	107	(1)
Health Endpoints	108	(1)
Molecular Epidemiology	109	(12)
Capabilities of Molecular Epidemiology	109	(4)
Strengths and Limitations of Observational Epidemiology	113	(3)
Use of Biological Markers in Epidemiologic Research	116	(5)
Case Studies	121	(1)
Fluoride In Drinking Water And Dental Caries	121	(1)
Cigarettes And Lung Cancer	121	(1)
Ionizing Radiation And Cancer	122	(1)
Electric And Magnetic Fields And Leukemia	122	(1)
Bibliography	122	(4)
Disease
Introduction	126	(1)
Environmental Disease	126	(2)
Pathophysiology of Environmental Disease	128	(12)
Hematopoietic and Immune Systems	128	(3)
Nervous System	131	(2)
Digestive System	133	(1)
Respiratory System	133	(1)
Excretory System	134	(1)
Skin and Sensory Organs	135	(1)
Cancer	136	(1)
Adverse Reproductive Outcomes and Infertility	137	(1)
Endocrine System	138	(2)
Multiple Chemical Sensitivities	140	(1)
Specific Diseases	140	(37)
Diseases of the Lung and Pleura	140	(8)
Environmental Carcinogens	148	(4)
Environmental Endocrine Disruptors	152	(4)
Persistent Environmental Contaminants	156	(5)
Asbestos As An Environmental Hazard	161	(4)
Emerging Diseases	165	(12)
Psychosocial Hazards - Health Effects Of Stress	177	(1)
Bibliography	177	(3)
Law
Introduction	180	(1)
The Making of a Law	181	(1)
Environmental Laws as Part of a System	182	(2)
Background	184	(1)
Environmental Rules and Regulations	185	(10)
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, And Liability Act (CERCLA)	185	(1)
Emergency Planning And Community Right-To-Know Act (EPCRA)	186	(2)
Resource Conservation And Recovery Act (RCRA)	188	(1)
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, And Rodenticide Act	189	(1)
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)	190	(1)
Clean Air Act (CAA)	191	(1)
Clean Water Act	192	(1)
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)	193	(1)
Pollution Prevention Act (PPA)	193	(1)
Radioactive Wastes	193	(1)
Federal Food, Drug, And Cosmetic Act (FDCA)	194	(1)
Atomic Energy Act (AEA)	194	(1)
Other Environmental Laws	194	(1)
Federal Agencies Involved in Environmental Issues	195	(2)
Introduction	195	(1)
Usepa (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)	195	(1)
Fema (Federal Emergency Management Agency)	196	(1)
Usdoi	196	(1)
Usdoa	196	(1)
Usdoc	196	(1)
Usdof	197	(1)
Other Agencies	197	(1)
Standards	197	(11)
Introduction	197	(1)
Current Approaches	198	(3)
Occupational Safety and Health Standards	201	(1)
Consensus Standards	202	(1)
Permanent Standards	203	(1)
Temporary Emergency Standards	204	(1)
Contents of OSHA Standards	204	(1)
Threshold Limit Values (TLVs), Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs), And Action Levels	205	(1)
Medical Removal Protection	205	(1)
Compliance	205	(3)
Global Standards	208	(1)
Bibliography	208	(4)
Section II. Exposure Pathways
Air Quality
Introduction	212	(1)
The Atmosphere	213	(5)
Introduction	213	(1)
Air Composition	214	(1)
Atmospheric Structure	214	(1)
Atmospheric Motion	214	(4)
Air Pollution	218	(7)
Definition	218	(1)
Air Pollution Effects	219	(1)
Standards	219	(2)
Ambient Air Pollutants	221	(4)
Air Pollution Effects	225	(9)
Criteria Pollutants	225	(1)
Regulation of Criteria Pollutants	225	(9)
Other Air Pollutants	234	(1)
Hazardous Air Pollutants	234	(1)
Viable Particles	234	(1)
Hydrocarbons	235	(1)
Indoor Air Quality	235	(12)
Introduction	235	(1)
Common Pollutants	235	(1)
Biological Building Contaminants (BBCs)	236	(4)
Building-Related Illness	240	(1)
Legionelia sp as an Indoor Bacterial Contaminant	241	(1)
Indoor Combustion Pollutants	241	(1)
Ventilation	242	(1)
Odors	243	(2)
Intensive Livestock Operations	245	(2)
Bibliography	247	(2)
Water Quality
Introduction	249	(1)
Hydrologic Cycle and Water Resources	249	(1)
Health Risks	250	(3)
Water Pollution, Receiving Water and Receptors	253	(1)
Water Parameters as a Measure of Water Quality	254	(7)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)/Dissolved Oxygen (DO)	255	(2)
Microorganisms	257	(2)
Solids	259	(1)
Temperature	259	(1)
Plant Nutrients	260	(1)
Inorganic and Organic Chemicals	261	(1)
Municipal Water Treatment (Drinking Water)	261	(6)
Introduction	261	(4)
Drinking Water Standards	265	(1)
Water Purification	266	(1)
Slow Sand Filtration	266	(1)
Rapid Sand Filtration	266	(1)
Additional Steps in the Purification of Drinking Water	267	(1)
Devices Used to Improve the Quality of Drinking Water	267	(1)
Municipal Wastewater Treatment	267	(5)
Treatment of Municipal Sewage	268	(1)
Treatment of Industrial Wastes	269	(1)
Land Disposal of Treated Wastewater	270	(2)
Stormwater Runoff	272	(4)
Introduction	272	(2)
Types of Pollutants	274	(1)
Types of Control Measures	274	(2)
Types of Control Activities	276	(1)
Water Quality Criteria: Standards and Regulations	276	(4)
Engineered Processes of Treatment of Water	280	(2)
Distillation	280	(1)
Gas Exchange	281	(1)
Coagulation	281	(1)
Flocculation	281	(1)
Sedimentation	281	(1)
Filtration	281	(1)
Adsorption	281	(1)
Ion Exchange	282	(1)
Disinfection	282	(1)
Wastewater Collection and Disposal	282	(2)
Bibliography	284	(2)
Solid / Hazardous Waste and Rodents, Insects, and Pests
Introduction	286	(7)
Municipal Solid Waste	293	(8)
Introduction	293	(2)
Current Waste Disposal Options	295	(6)
Hazardous Waste	301	(23)
Introduction	301	(1)
Identification of Hazardous Wastes	301	(2)
Requirements for Handling Hazardous Waste	303	(2)
Methods of Hazardous Waste Disposal	305	(6)
Managing Waste and Its Impacts	311	(3)
Laws And Regulations Governing Hazardous Waste	314	(5)
Illegal Dumping	319	(1)
Waste Management Concerns Following A Natural Disaster	320	(1)
Contaminants in Wildlife	321	(3)
Pests, Animal Bites, Rodents, and Insects	324	(5)
Introduction	324	(3)
Sources of Discomfort	327	(1)
Vectors of Disease	328	(1)
Bibliography	329	(3)
Food Quality
Introduction	332	(3)
Types of Foodborne Illness	335	(19)
Bacterial Infections	337	(4)
Viral Infections	341	(2)
Parasites	343	(1)
Foodborne Intoxications	344	(6)
Poisonous Plants and Animals	350	(1)
Toxic Chemicals	350	(3)
Radionuclides	353	(1)
Physical Hazards	354	(1)
Food Additives	354	(5)
Food Poisoning	359	(4)
Introduction	359	(1)
Poisoning	360	(3)
Surveillance and Investigation of Foodborne Diseases	363	(2)
Prevention of Foodborne Illness	365	(22)
Introduction	365	(1)
Food Quality Assurance	366	(1)
Food Safety	366	(3)
Sanitation	369	(2)
Regulation	371	(2)
U.S. Department of Agriculture	373	(1)
Food and Drug Administration	374	(1)
Milk Sanitation	374	(1)
International Administration	374	(1)
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point System (Haccp)	375	(5)
Food Preservation	380	(7)
Bibliography	387	(3)
Energy, Radiation, and Noise
Energy	390	(10)
Introduction	390	(2)
Energy Resources	392	(1)
Health And Environmental Implications	393	(2)
Mineral Resources	395	(1)
Energy And Mineral Consumption	395	(1)
Energy Production Consumption	396	(1)
Energy Uses In The United States	396	(2)
Environmental Impacts	398	(2)
Radiation	400	(7)
Ionizing Radiation	400	(4)
Nonionizing Radiation	404	(3)
Noise	407	(3)
Definitions	407	(1)
Analysis of an Octave Band	408	(1)
Effects of Noise	408	(2)
Bibliography	410	(4)
Section III. Environmental and Occupational Settings
Global Issues
Population Background	414	(17)
Background	414	(3)
Overpopulation	417	(3)
Concept Of Doubling Time And Population Growth	420	(2)
Population Rate Measures	422	(2)
Consequences Of Overpopulation	424	(2)
Control Of Population	426	(2)
Methods Of Fertility Control	428	(3)
Community and Urban Environmental Health Concerns	431	(8)
Community Level Exposure	431	(3)
Urbanization	434	(5)
Global Environmental Health Concerns	439	(19)
Ozone Depletion And Ultraviolet Radiation	439	(1)
Climate Change And The Greenhouse Effect	440	(1)
Deforestation And Desertification	441	(1)
Biodiversity	442	(1)
Acid Precipitation	443	(1)
Pest Control	444	(6)
Environmental Justice	450	(8)
Bibliography	458	(3)
Local Issues
Housing and Health	461	(14)
Introduction	461	(1)
Housing Conditions	461	(1)
Housing, Communicable Diseases, and Infections	462	(2)
Home Accidents and Toxic Exposures	464	(1)
Indoor Environment	465	(2)
Housing Conditions and Mental Health	467	(1)
Housing Standards	468	(1)
Statistical Indicators Of Housing Conditions	468	(1)
Healthy Communities And Healthy Cities	469	(1)
Special Housing Needs	469	(1)
Household Exposures	470	(2)
Migrant Housing	472	(3)
Environmental Safety	475	(4)
Introduction	475	(1)
Safety Concepts	475	(1)
Consumer Product Safety Commission	475	(1)
Home Safety	476	(1)
Fire and Burn Injuries	476	(1)
Poisoning	476	(1)
Firearm Injuries	477	(1)
Power Lawnmower Injuries	477	(1)
Recreational Safety	477	(1)
Transportation Safety	478	(1)
Swimming Pools and Spas	479	(2)
Swimming Pool Safety	479	(1)
Swimming Pool Water Quality	480	(1)
Environmental Infections	481	(5)
Tickborne Diseases	482	(1)
Lyme Disease	482	(1)
Newly Described Tick-Borne Diseases, The Ehrlichioses	482	(1)
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever	483	(1)
Babesiosis (Tick-Borne Disease)	483	(1)
Q Fever	483	(1)
Rabies	483	(1)
Brucellosis	484	(1)
Plague	484	(1)
Common Fungal Diseases	484	(1)
Hantavirus	484	(1)
Giardia Lamblia	485	(1)
Parasites In Drinking Water	485	(1)
Malaria	485	(1)
Anthrax	486	(1)
Leptospirosis	486	(1)
Childhood Lead Poisoning	486	(3)
Introduction	486	(1)
Major Health Endpoints	487	(2)
Lead In The Environment	489	(1)
Lead In The Paint	489	(29)
Disasters	492	(1)
Natural and Technological Disasters	492	(5)
Earthquake	497	(1)
Volcanoes	498	(1)
Tornados	498	(1)
Hurricanes	499	(1)
Floods	500	(1)
Public Health Consequences of Disasters	500	(7)
Public Health Tools for Disaster Response	507	(2)
Public Health Interventions In Disasters	509	(9)
Bibliography	518	(6)
Injury
Introduction	524	(1)
Exposure to Injury	524	(5)
Mechanical Hazards	524	(1)
Impact of Injury on the Individual and Society	525	(1)
Vulnerable Groups	525	(1)
Injury Settings	525	(2)
Occupational Injuries and Ergonomics	527	(1)
Traffic-Related Injuries	527	(1)
Home- and Recreation-Related Injuries	527	(1)
Psychosocial Hazard	528	(1)
Injury Prevention and Control	529	(15)
Introduction	529	(1)
Injury Control and Public Health	529	(2)
Epidemiologic Constructs	531	(2)
Measures of Impact	533	(1)
Classifications	533	(3)
Surveillance Systems	536	(1)
Models of Prevention	537	(7)
Selected Types of Injuries	544	(4)
Lightning	544	(2)
Electrical Injuries	546	(1)
Diving Hazards	546	(2)
Injury and Violence	548	(22)
Introduction	548	(1)
Context of Violence	548	(1)
Violence Prevention As A Public Health Concern	549	(1)
The Public Health Approach To Violence Prevention	550	(1)
Epidemiology of Firearm-Related Deaths and Injuries	551	(1)
Definition Of Violence And Brief Typology Of Violence	551	(2)
Assaultive Violence	553	(2)
Woman Battering	555	(4)
Rape And Sexual Assault	559	(1)
Child Abuse	560	(1)
Child Sexual Abuse	561	(2)
Elder Abuse	563	(1)
Suicide	564	(1)
Workplace Violence	565	(4)
Need for Collaboration	569	(1)
Public Health Consequences of War and Terrorism	570	(10)
Introduction	570	(3)
Modern Conventional Warfare	573	(1)
Chemical Warfare	573	(3)
Biological Warfare	576	(1)
Nuclear Warfare	577	(2)
Guerrilla Warfare and Deliberate Environmental Destruction	579	(1)
Bibliography	580	(3)
The Workplace
Introduction	583	(2)
Public Health Roots	585	(1)
History of the Control of the Workplace	586	(22)
Background	586	(15)
Essential Impetus behind the History of Occupational Health in the U.S.	601	(1)
Social Factors that Contribute to the Recognition of Work-Related Disease	601	(1)
Historic Role of Industry in Occupational Health and Safety	602	(1)
Alice Hamilton	602	(1)
Impact Of World War II On Occupational Medicine	602	(1)
Identification Of Occupational Health Problems	603	(1)
Industrial Hygiene As A Branch Of Occupational Health	603	(5)
Anticipation, Recognition, Evaluation, and Control (AREC)	608	(23)
Introduction	608	(1)
Recognition Of Potential Health Hazards	609	(5)
Evaluation of Potential Health Hazards	614	(8)
Control of Potential Hazards	622	(3)
Environmental Factors Or Stresses	625	(5)
Monitoring The Workplace	630	(1)
Major Chemical Contaminants Of Concern In The General Environment And The Workplace	630	(1)
Worldwide Situation of Occupational Health and Safety	631	(32)
Social Context	631	(1)
The Internal Responsibility System	631	(1)
Workers' Compensation	632	(1)
Women In The Workplace	632	(1)
Dimensions And Types Of Occupational Health Problems	632	(1)
Approaches To Prevention	633	(1)
The Occupational Environment	633	(4)
Surveillance, Monitoring, And Screening In Occupational Health	637	(5)
Occupational Health Problems of Special Working Groups	642	(21)
Bibliography	663	(4)
Section IV. Assessment and Monitoring Methodologies
Risk Assessment
Introduction	667	(6)
Risk Characteristics	667	(1)
Development of Risk Analysis	667	(6)
Structure of Risk Analysis	673	(5)
Risk Assessment	673	(1)
Risk Management	673	(2)
Risk Communication	675	(1)
Risk Policy	676	(2)
Assessing Human Risk	678	(2)
Environmental Risk	680	(1)
Tools of Risk Analysis	680	(4)
Toxicology	680	(1)
Dose	681	(2)
Extrapolation	683	(1)
Acceptable Daily Intakes	683	(1)
Epidemiology	684	(1)
Qualitative Risk Assessment	684	(2)
Quantitative Risk Assessment	686	(12)
Hazard Identification In The Field	687	(1)
Relationship Between Dose And Health Outcome	688	(5)
Human Exposure Assessment	693	(3)
Health Risk Characterization	696	(2)
Accident Situations	698	(1)
Bibliography	698	(3)
Monitoring
Concepts and Definitions	701	(5)
Introduction	701	(1)
Personal Exposure Monitoring	702	(1)
Biological Monitoring of Exposure or Effect	702	(1)
Indirect Approaches to Estimation of Exposure	703	(1)
Estimating Inhalation Exposure	704	(1)
Estimating Ingestion Exposure	704	(1)
Estimating Skin Exposure and Doses	704	(1)
Components To Addressing Environmental Health Concerns	705	(1)
Environmental Monitoring	706	(10)
Types and Purposes of Environmental Monitoring Programs	706	(2)
Monitoring Physical Stresses and Toxic Materials	708	(1)
Measuring Waterborne and Airborne Exposures	709	(2)
Designing a Monitoring Program	711	(3)
Computer and Screening Models	714	(1)
Comprehensive Exposure Assessment	715	(1)
Biological Monitoring	716	(2)
Data Systems	718	(18)
Introduction	718	(3)
Data-Collection Systems	721	(7)
Bridging Environment And Health	728	(3)
Monitoring Of Environmental Health Effects	731	(5)
Bibliography	736