Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations : Basic Geotechnics

by McCarthy, David F.

• ISBN13: 9780130303837
• ISBN10: 0130303836
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

For undergraduate courses in Civil Engineering Technology and Civil Technology, Environmental Engineering, Construction Management, Architectural Engineering and all other applications-oriented engineering courses in Soil Mechanics/Foundations, Soils Engineering, and Geotechnical Engineering. Written by an experienced professor/practitioner, this popular introductory book provides coverage on a broad range of state-of-the-art geotechnics material accepted and used by today's engineering professionals. Easy to understand and loaded with illustrative examples, it explores everything from the most basic of concepts to the latest developments, giving students a real-life working knowledge of soil mechanics and foundations. The philosophy and logic of soils and foundations is discussed in practical terms to enhance understanding, and a presentation of design charts, tables, and equationsutilized by today's practitionersencompasses not just the nuts and bolts, but explicit instructions and applications as well.

Table of Contents

PART I BACKGROUND AND BASICS	1	(214)
The Soil and Rock of Planet Earth: Geologic Overview	3	(64)
Rock: The Source of Soils	4	(4)
Soil Categories: Transported, Residual	8	(18)
Transported Soils	10	(11)
Residual Soils	21	(5)
Soil Gases and Liquids	26	(1)
Plate Tectonics	26	(9)
Earthquakes	35	(28)
Effect on Design and Construction	63	(4)
Problems	64	(3)
Soil Composition: Terminology and Definitions	67	(16)
Soil Composition: Analytical Representation	67	(3)
Weight-Volume, Mass-Volume Relationship	68	(2)
Basic Terms Relating to Soil Composition and Condition	70	(8)
Submerged Soil	78	(5)
Problems	81	(2)
Soil Types and Soil Structure	83	(21)
Major Soil Types	83	(2)
Particle Shapes and Sizes	85	(3)
Clay and Water	88	(4)
Soil Structure	92	(4)
Some Special Soil Categories	96	(8)
Collapsible Soils	97	(1)
Liquefaction	97	(1)
Expansive Clays	98	(2)
Dispersive Clays	100	(1)
Laterites	101	(1)
Problems	102	(2)
Index Properties and Classification Tests, and Soil Classification Systems	104	(40)
Index Properties	105	(1)
Classification Tests	106	(16)
Particle Size Distribution (Mechanical Analysis)	106	(5)
In-Place Density, In-Place Unit Weight	111	(1)
Relative Density	112	(2)
Water Content	114	(1)
Consistency of Clays	115	(2)
Consistency in the Remolded State and Plasticity	117	(2)
Presence of Clay Minerals	119	(1)
Testing for Dispersive Clays	120	(2)
Other Properties	122	(1)
ASTM and AASHTO Test Procedure Designations	122	(1)
Classification Systems	122	(11)
Application to Transported Soil Deposits and Residual Soil Formations	133	(2)
Soil Taxonomy--Global Soil Orders	135	(9)
Problems	142	(2)
Site Investigations: Purpose and Methods, Information and Procedures Available	144	(71)
Maps and Aerial Photographs as Sources of Information	146	(3)
Borings and Test Pits	149	(15)
Boring Methods	150	(5)
Soil Sampling	155	(5)
Sample Spacing in Soil Borings	160	(1)
Boring Spacing and Depth	160	(1)
Rock Core Drilling	161	(2)
Test Pits	163	(1)
Soil Resistance Testing in Boreholes	164	(9)
Penetration Resistance and the Standard Penetration Test	164	(4)
SPT Modifications	168	(2)
Penetration Resistance and Cone Penetrometers	170	(3)
Presentation of Boring Information	173	(5)
Boring Logs	173	(3)
Recognizing Limitations of Boring Data	176	(2)
In-Place Testing	178	(11)
In-Place Shear Tests--Vane Shear	178	(1)
Slope Inclination Indicator	179	(2)
Pore Pressure and Piezometers	181	(2)
Dilatometer and Pressuremeter Tests	183	(6)
Groundwater, Soil Water, and Soil Gas Sampling	189	(10)
Geophysical Methods	199	(16)
Seismic Refraction	199	(5)
Electrical Resistivity	204	(5)
Correlation between Resistivity and Earth Materials	209	(1)
Thickness of Layers	210	(1)
Ground-Penetrating Radar	210	(2)
Problems	212	(3)
PART II ENGINEERING PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOR OF SOIL DEPOSITS	215	(226)
Movement of Water Through Soil: Basic Hydrogeology, Subsurface Flow, Permeability, Capillarity	217	(33)
Basic Hydrogeology	218	(4)
Subsurface Flow, Basic Facts	218	(4)
Permeability (Hydraulic Conductivity)	222	(15)
Factors Affecting Flow	222	(5)
Darcy's Law for Flow	227	(2)
Laminar and Turbulent Flow	229	(1)
Effect of Soil Type	229	(1)
Empirical Relationships	230	(1)
Permeability Tests	231	(3)
Laboratory Permeability Tests	234	(3)
Field Permeability Tests	237	(1)
Capillarity	237	(13)
Water in Capillary Tubes	239	(4)
Capillary Rise in Soil	243	(2)
Time Rate of Capillary Rise	245	(1)
Suspended Capillaries	245	(1)
Elimination of Capillary Water in Soil	245	(1)
Effects of Surface Tension	245	(1)
Problems	246	(4)
Movement of Water Through Soil: Practical Effects: Seepage, Drainage, Frost Heave, Contamination	250	(62)
Flow Nets and Seepage	250	(16)
Flow of Subsurface Water	250	(1)
The Need for Flow Nets and Flow Net Theory	251	(5)
Boundaries for the Flow Net	256	(3)
Flow Nets for Nonisotropic Soils	259	(2)
Uplift Forces	261	(1)
Other Seepage Forces	261	(3)
Practical Considerations	264	(2)
Quicksand	266	(1)
Drainage	266	(24)
Conditions Requiring Drainage	266	(1)
Dewatering Shallow Excavations	266	(1)
Dewatering Intermediate Depths	267	(4)
Deep Drainage	271	(1)
Consolidation Drainage	271	(1)
Summary: Techniques for Subsurface Drainage	272	(1)
Drainage after Construction	272	(1)
Foundation Drains	273	(1)
Blanket Drains	274	(1)
Interceptor Drains	274	(1)
Flow Through a Structure	275	(1)
Filter Design (Aggregate Filters)	276	(2)
Drainage, Filtration, Separation, and Protection with Geosynthetics (Synthetic Fabrics)	278	(7)
Land Drainage	285	(4)
Effects of Drainage	289	(1)
Soil Percolation Rate	289	(1)
Frost Heave in Soils	290	(7)
Permafrost	295	(2)
Soil and Groundwater Contamination	297	(15)
Soil Gas	303	(4)
Use of Geosynthetics to Prevent Ground Contamination	307	(3)
Problems	310	(2)
Combined Stresses in Soil Masses: Stress at a Point and Mohr's Circle	312	(14)
Stress at a Point: Analytical Development	312	(4)
Mohr's Circle	316	(10)
Problems	323	(3)
Subsurface Stresses	326	(21)
Stresses Caused by the Soil Mass	326	(5)
Vertical Stresses	326	(1)
Effect of Groundwater Table	327	(1)
Horizontal (Lateral) Stresses	328	(3)
Stress within the Soil Mass Resulting from Vertical Surface Loading	331	(16)
Uniform Homogeneous Soils	331	(1)
Boussinesq Stress Distribution	331	(1)
Westergaard Stress Distribution	332	(1)
Computational Aids	333	(1)
Application for Foundation Loading	334	(3)
Sixty-Degree Approximation	337	(2)
Layered Soils Having Different Properties	339	(1)
Effect of Foundation Installation Below Finished Grade	340	(1)
Effect of Changing the Surface Grade	341	(2)
Problems	343	(4)
Settlement: Soil Compression, Volume Distortion, Consolidation	347	(49)
Basic Considerations	347	(4)
Settlement of Foundations on Sand	351	(9)
Schmertmann Method	351	(5)
Dilatometer Method	356	(1)
Approximations for Estimating Settlement of Foundations on Sand	357	(3)
Settlement of Foundations on Clay Soils	360	(18)
Volume Distortion Settlement for Clays	360	(3)
Primary Compression Settlement for Clays	363	(14)
Secondary Compression of Clay Soil	377	(1)
Settlement Resulting from Earth Fill	378	(1)
Consolidation	379	(6)
Surcharging	385	(11)
Acceleration of the Soil Improvement Process	386	(1)
Horizontal Drainage	387	(4)
Problems	391	(5)
Shear Strength Theory	396	(45)
Laboratory Tests	397	(8)
Direct Shear Test	397	(2)
Triaxial Compression Test	399	(4)
Plane Strain and Asymmetrical Strain	403	(1)
Unconfined Compression Test	403	(1)
Vane Shear Test	403	(2)
Shear Test Results Plotted on Mohr's Circle Coordinates	405	(3)
Strength or Failure Envelope	406	(2)
Shearing Strength	408	(23)
Shearing Strength of Cohesionless Soil	408	(6)
Approximating Values of ϕ from Site Investigation Data (SPT, CPT, DMT)	414	(2)
Shearing Strength of Clay Soils	416	(6)
Shear Strength of Clay Related to Triaxial Testing	422	(6)
Approximating Shear Strength of Cohesive Soil from Site Investigation Data (SPT, CPT, DMT, VST)	428	(1)
Shear Strength of Mixed Soils	429	(1)
Position of Failure Plane Related to Angle ϕ	430	(1)
Stress Paths	431	(10)
Stress Path for Tests in Consolidated-Drained Conditions	432	(2)
Stress Path for Tests in Consolidated-Undrained Conditions	434	(1)
Applications	435	(2)
Problems	437	(4)
PART III APPLICATION OF SOIL MECHANICS THEORIES	441	(308)
Foundations: Introductory Concepts	443	(26)
General Types of Foundations--Foundation Categories	444	(3)
Spread Footings	444	(1)
Mat (or Raft) Foundations	445	(1)
Pile and Pier Foundations	445	(1)
Caissons	446	(1)
Floating Foundations	447	(1)
Pile Foundation Types and Installation Procedures	447	(16)
Pile Drivers for Driven Piles	447	(6)
Pile Types and Materials	453	(5)
Representative Pile Load Capacities and Available Lengths	458	(3)
Methods to Aid Pile Installation	461	(2)
Other Installation Considerations	463	(1)
Relating Soil Conditions and Foundation Types	463	(6)
Problems	466	(3)
Foundations: Design Considerations and Methods	469	(92)
Shallow Foundations--Design and Installation Criteria	470	(1)
Basic Concepts--Long (Strip) Footings	470	(2)
Bearing Capacity Equations	472	(19)
Additional Considerations, Bearing Capacity Equation	478	(3)
Application for Design--The Extended Bearing Capacity Equation	481	(7)
Footings on Slopes	488	(3)
Footing Design Data from Penetration Resistance in Boreholes	491	(12)
Standard Penetration Test and Sand	491	(5)
The Standard Penetration Test and Cohesive Soil	496	(1)
Static Cone Penetrometer and Sand	496	(1)
Static Cone Penetrometer and Cohesive Soil	497	(2)
The Pressuremeter and Foundation Design	499	(4)
Effects of Seismic Events	503	(11)
Seismic Bearing Capacity of Spread Footing Foundations	503	(5)
Seismic-Induced Liquefaction	508	(6)
Presumptive Bearing Pressures	514	(1)
Foundation Walls	515	(3)
Deep Foundations--Capacity and Installation Criteria	518	(1)
Pile and Pier Foundations	518	(34)
Statical Analysis	519	(1)
Statical Method--Driven Piles in Sand	520	(6)
Statical Method--Driven Piles in Clay	526	(5)
Factor of Safety	531	(1)
Negative Skin Friction	532	(1)
Other Design Considerations	532	(1)
Statical Method--Bored Piers and Piles (Drilled Shaft Foundations)	533	(6)
Arrangement for Piles in a Group	539	(1)
Group Capacity	540	(2)
Pile Group Settlement	542	(1)
Pile Load Tests	543	(2)
Pile-Driving Formulas	545	(7)
Supervision of Foundation Construction	552	(9)
Problems	553	(8)
Site Improvement: Earth Moving, Compaction, and Stabilization	561	(52)
Field Procedures--General Considerations, Methods, and Techniques	562	(8)
Alternative Methods of Transporting Earth Fill	569	(1)
Field Equipment--Surface Zone Compaction	570	(9)
Surface Compaction Equipment	571	(8)
Deep-Ground Improvement Techniques	579	(12)
Vibrocompaction	579	(4)
Vibroreplacement	583	(1)
Dynamic Deep Compaction/Consolidation	584	(2)
Dynamic Replacement™	586	(1)
Controlled Modulus Column (CMC)™	586	(2)
Stone Columns	588	(1)
Compacting by Explosives	588	(2)
Vacuum Consolidation	590	(1)
Soil Stabilization	591	(6)
Use of Natural and Chemical Additives	591	(3)
Use of Geosynthetics for Stabilization and Reinforcement	594	(3)
Methods for Establishing Required Soil Density	597	(6)
Field Control and Field Density Tests	603	(10)
Sand-Cone Method	605	(1)
Balloon Method	606	(1)
Nuclear Moisture--Density Method	606	(3)
Problems	609	(4)
Stability of Unsupported Slopes	613	(60)
Types of Slope Movements	613	(4)
Isotropic Soils and Uniform Slopes of Infinite Extent	617	(5)
Cohesionless Soil	617	(3)
Soils Possessing Cohesion	620	(2)
Slopes of Finite Extent--Soils Possessing Cohesion	622	(22)
Types of Rotational Slides in Isotropic Soils	622	(1)
Stability Analysis--General Concepts	622	(3)
Strength Properties for Analysis--Clay and Mixed Soils	625	(2)
Basic Methods for Stability Analysis	627	(2)
Methods of Slices	629	(9)
Noncircular Slip Surfaces	638	(4)
Effect of Tension Cracks	642	(1)
Sliding Block Analysis	642	(2)
Computational Aids--Slope Stability Charts	644	(22)
Taylor Charts	644	(5)
Bishop-Morganstern, Barnes Charts	649	(7)
Barnes Charts/Tables for Excavated Slopes	656	(5)
Spencer Charts	661	(2)
Morganstern Charts for Rapid Drawdown	663	(3)
Variation in Shear Stress and Factor of Safety	666	(1)
Improving Stability of Slopes	667	(6)
Problems	669	(4)
Lateral Pressures and Retaining Structures	673	(76)
Lateral Earth Pressure and Retaining Walls	675	(8)
At-Rest Pressure	675	(2)
Effect of Submergence	677	(2)
Active and Passive Lateral Pressures--Basic Considerations	679	(4)
Earth Pressures Against Retaining Walls	683	(4)
Classical Theories	683	(4)
Lateral Pressures Related to Wall Movement	687	(9)
Practical Considerations	687	(1)
Cohesionless Soil Backfill	688	(2)
Goh Analysis	690	(1)
Cohesive Soil Backfill	690	(3)
Recommended Design Criteria for Gravity Walls	693	(1)
Effects of Groundwater and Freezing	693	(3)
Retaining Wall Design Requirements	696	(16)
Common Types of Walls, Construction Considerations	696	(2)
Basic Design Considerations	698	(8)
Surface Loads near Wall	706	(1)
Terzaghi-Peck Charts for Backfill Pressures	707	(1)
Earthquake Forces and Gravity Retaining Walls	707	(5)
Alternate Types of Retaining Structures	712	(3)
Gabion Retaining Walls	712	(1)
Reinforced Earth	713	(2)
Excavation Bracing	715	(10)
Types and Installation of Excavation Bracing	715	(7)
Lateral Pressures for Designing Bracing	722	(3)
Anchored Bulkheads	725	(3)
Water-Retaining Structures: Dams	728	(21)
Earth Fill Dams	730	(5)
Rockfill Dams	735	(2)
Concrete and Masonry Dams	737	(7)
Problems	744	(5)
Appendix A Application of LaPlace Equation to Flow Nets	749	(3)
Appendix B Laboratory Procedure to Determine Coefficient of Consolidation	752	(4)
Appendix C Mathematical Development of the Bishop Equation for Slope Stability	756	(3)
Bibliography	759	(16)
Answers to Selected Problems	775	(6)
Index	781

Excerpts

The broad range of topics included within the scope of Geotechnics (the field of soil mechanics and foundations) surprises many. The comprehensive nature of this text serves to introduce those topics to students in engineering, architectural, and construction-related academic programs. This sixth edition provides present-day, state-of-the-art information as accepted by, and conventionally used by, the engineering profession; theories basic to understanding soil behavior are covered and then associated with practical applications. The text remains an introductory level learning instrument for a first course in geotechnics in a planned academic program and does not progress into topics considered to be on the advanced level or of professional specialty; however, the extent of presentations and the emphasis on application should also make this edition a worthy reference for practitioners. An introductory level text for a technical course provides an overview of the subject and develops basic concepts but also includes details sufficient to permit solutions for many types of practical problems. A classroom instructor for a geotechnics course can indicate that the material in this text is the analogue to a Strength of Materials and Basic Structural Design sequence used in college programs to study behavior and performance of engineering materials, but for the understanding of soil materials relating to construction and design involving earthworks and foundations, for land use-site planning, and environmental protection purposes. Core topics have been carried forward from the previous edition but with appropriate updating. Important changes for this sixth edition include new material on residual soil formations and soil classifications, recent information relating effects of seismic activity on soil conditions, including updated Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) provisions for structures (requirements being incorporated into the revisions of regional building codes), increased material on the concepts and procedures for site improvement, and increased information forin situtesting and measurements in soil formations. The SI system remains the precedent system for units in the text, but with data and illustrations also presented in U.S. customary units. The illustrated problems within chapters, which show applications of theory, are realistic although often simplified. The end-of-chapter problems that help to evaluate comprehension (for the benefit of classroom instruction and student practice) include some changes and additions to the material in the previous edition. This text is a comprehensive presentation of topics in the field of soil mechanics and foundations, and includes more material than can be covered within the time allocated to the typical three- or four-credit college course. Accordingly, it is expected that chapter topics selected for use by classroom instructors at different campuses will vary, guided by the requirement or intent of the institution program. But typically, after students have learned basic material, other text topics (particularly those relating to applications) can be self-taught to obtain working knowledge as may be required for subsequent courses. The library staff at the author's home institution, Mohawk Valley Community College, SUNY, proved exceptionally helpful in obtaining many of the new references. The past efforts of many individuals are incorporated into the pages of this edition, and the dedication of those advancing the level of our knowledge deserves recognition. Illustrations and photographs provided by others, both those new for this edition and those continuing from previous editions, are acknowledged where presented but the involved individuals are due a repeated thank you: This edition includes many new and replacement photographs and diagrams--a number of these are from t