Ethical and Professional Issues in Counseling

by Cottone, Robert R.; Tarvydas, Vilia M.

• ISBN13: 9780130268525
• ISBN10: 0130268526
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Expanded, revised, and more reader-friendly, the second edition of this well-researched book again provides its exceptional coverage of the philosophical foundations of counseling. This is one of the most comprehensive, thorough, and readable books on the market today. After a thorough discussion of ethical principles and standards, the authors conscientiously examine ethical issues as they manifest themselves within several specialty areas-family counseling and school counseling, for example. They again include their highly-praised compendium of ethical codes-ideal for study by future counselors or as a reference for practitioners. This book addresses high interest topics such as genetics, eugenics, and managed care. It examines the variables and nuances of counseling clients of various ethical and cultural backgrounds. It also covers everything from office layout to maintaining records, from setting fees and billing to handling disagreements, computer-assisted counseling, online forums and computer-assisted assessment. For professionals in the field of counseling.

Table of Contents

PART 1 Overview of Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues in Counseling	1	(60)
Introduction to Ethical Issues in Counseling	2	(13)
Objectives	2	(1)
Introduction	2	(1)
Defining Ethics	3	(1)
Professional Ethics versus Legally Mandated Ethics	4	(4)
Ethics Governance	8	(5)
Chapter Summary	13	(1)
References	14	(1)
Counseling and the Mental Health Professions	15	(10)
Objectives	15	(1)
Introduction	15	(1)
Cousnseling and Counseling Psychology	16	(1)
The Mental Health Professions	16	(8)
Counseling	17	(1)
Psychiatry	18	(2)
Psychology	20	(1)
Marriage and Family Therapy	21	(1)
Psychiatric Nursing	22	(1)
Social Work	23	(1)
Chapter Summary	24	(1)
References	24	(1)
Introduction to Ethical Principles and Standards in Counseling	25	(19)
Objectives	25	(1)
Introduction	25	(1)
Ethical Principles	25	(1)
Ethical Standards in Counseling	26	(15)
Confidentiality and Privacy	26	(3)
Privileged Communication	29	(2)
Detrimental Counselor-Client Relationships	31	(5)
Informed Consent	36	(3)
Professional Responsibility	39	(1)
Competence	40	(1)
Chapter Summary	41	(1)
References	42	(2)
Ethics and the Law	44	(17)
Objectives	44	(1)
Introduction	44	(1)
The Relationship Between Law and Ethics	45	(2)
legal Mechanisms	47	(1)
Common Legal Concerns	48	(9)
Initiation Phase Issues	49	(3)
Ongoing Counseling Issues	52	(3)
Dangerousness and Crisis Concerns	55	(2)
Termination Phase Issues	57	(1)
Chapter Summary	57	(1)
References	58	(3)
Appendix 4-A Informed Written Consent for Treatment Checklist	59	(2)
PART 2 Values Clarification and Decision Making	61	(48)
Values, Valuing, and Principles in Counseling	62	(20)
Objectives	62	(1)
Introduction	62	(1)
Values: The Basic Concepts	63	(3)
Ethics, Morals, and Values	63	(3)
Values in Counseling	66	(3)
Historical Perspective	66	(1)
Counselors' Values in the Relationship	67	(1)
Values, Cultural Worldviews, and Multiculturalism	68	(1)
Values Clarification, Valuing, and Moral Discussion	69	(5)
Values Clarification	69	(1)
Values Conflict Resolution and Valuing	69	(3)
Moral Discussion and Levels of Development	72	(2)
Applying Ethical Principles in Counseling	74	(6)
Autonomy	74	(1)
Beneficence and Nonmaleficence	75	(1)
Justice	76	(1)
Fidelity	77	(1)
Principles, Practices, and Codes of Ethics	77	(1)
Other Ethics Approaches	77	(3)
Chapter Summary	80	(1)
References	80	(2)
Ethical Decision-Making Processes	82	(27)
Objectives	82	(1)
Introduction	82	(1)
Ethical Judgment	83	(1)
Ethical Decision-Making Models: A Review of the Literature	83	(1)
Theoretically or Philosophically Based Models of Ethical Decision Making	84	(2)
Empirical Findings Related to Theoretically or Philosophically Based Models	86	(1)
Practice-Based Models of Ethical Decision Making	86	(20)
Tarvydas's Integrative Decision-Making Model of Ethical Behavior	88	(11)
Cottone's Social Constructivism Model of Ethical Decision Making	99	(1)
Understanding the Application of Social Constructivism to Ethical Decision Making	100	(3)
The Interpersonal Processes of Negotiating, Consensualizing, and Arbitrating	103	(2)
Concluding Words About Social Constructivism Ethical Decision Making	105	(1)
Chapter Summary	106	(1)
References	106	(3)
PART 3 Organizational and Administrative Issues	109	(28)
Ethical Climate	110	(17)
Objectives	110	(1)
Introduction	110	(1)
Organizational Culture	111	(2)
Culture	111	(1)
Ethics and Organizational Culture	112	(1)
Organizational Climate	113	(2)
Accountability to the Organization	114	(1)
Climate Factors and Ethical Decisions	115	(1)
Impaired Professionals	115	(1)
Burnout and Job Stress	116	(1)
Professional Boundaries	117	(3)
Substance Abuse	120	(1)
Mobbing	121	(1)
Dynamics of the Mobbing Process	121	(1)
Whistle-Blowing	122	(1)
Legal Issues	122	(2)
Chapter Summary	124	(1)
References	125	(2)
Office, Administrative, and Business Practices	127	(10)
Objectives	127	(1)
Introduction	127	(1)
The Layout of the Office	128	(1)
Fee Setting, Billing, and Collections	129	(2)
Agreements with Nonprofessional Staff Members	131	(1)
Advertising	132	(1)
Credentials	132	(1)
Maintenance of Records and Files	133	(1)
Communications with Other Professionals	134	(1)
Disagreements with Employers or Supervisors	134	(1)
Chapter Summary	135	(1)
References	136	(1)
PART 4 Ethical Challenges and Emerging Issues	137	(80)
Ethical Issues in Health Care	138	(31)
Objectives	138	(1)
Introduction	138	(1)
Managed Care	139	(7)
Counselor Competence	140	(1)
Informed Consent and Confidentiality	141	(1)
Fidelity	142	(3)
Conflict of Interest and Business Relationships	145	(1)
Bioethical Issues	146	(20)
Genetics	147	(4)
Hastened Death and Euthanasia	151	(3)
Rational Suicide	154	(1)
Complementary and Alternative Medicine	155	(11)
Chapter Summary	166	(1)
References	166	(3)
Ethics and Technology	169	(34)
Objectives	169	(1)
Introduction	169	(1)
Ethical Management of Electronic Media	170	(2)
Electronic Media on Personal Computers	171	(1)
Faxes and E-mail	172	(1)
Cellular Phones	172	(1)
Computer-Assisted Counseling	172	(4)
History	172	(1)
Career Counseling	172	(1)
Computer-Assisted Counseling: Real Therapy?	173	(1)
Consumer Acceptance	174	(1)
Independent Use	174	(1)
Computer-Asisted Counseling Technology Validation	174	(1)
Access to Software	175	(1)
Ethical Dilemmas in Computer-Assisted Counseling	175	(1)
On-Line Counseling Forums	176	(2)
The Internet	176	(1)
Counseling Applications on the Internet	176	(1)
Ethical Concerns with On-line Counseling	177	(1)
Ethics and Policy Developments in On-line Mental Health Services	178	(4)
The Emergence of Telehealth	178	(1)
NBCC and CCE Efforts	179	(1)
ACA's Efforts	180	(1)
APA's Efforts	180	(1)
NCDA's Efforts	181	(1)
Regulation of Telepsychology	181	(1)
Computer-Assisted Assessment	182	(3)
Benefits of Computer-Assisted Test Administration	183	(1)
Limitations of Computerized Administration	183	(1)
Computer-Generated Assessment Results and Reports	184	(1)
Research Issues in Computerized Assessment	184	(1)
Computer-Assisted Counselor Education	185	(4)
On-line Supervision and Virtual Practica	185	(1)
Distance Learning	185	(1)
Synchronous and Asynchronous Learning Paradigms	185	(1)
Ethical Concerns with Distance Learning	186	(1)
Suggestions for Ethical Distance-Learning Curricula Development	187	(1)
Computer-Assisted Instruction	188	(1)
``Technocentered'' and ``Technoanxious''	189	(1)
Ethical Use of Software	189	(1)
Chapter Summary	189	(1)
References	190	(13)
Appendix 10-A APA Statement on Services by Telephone, Teleconferencing, and Internet	194	(1)
Appendix 10-B The Practice of Internet Counseling	194	(3)
Appendix 10-C Ethical Standards for Internet On-line Counseling	197	(2)
Appendix 10-D NCDA Guidelines for the Use of the Internet for Provision of Career Information and Planning Services	199	(4)
Ethics and Multiculturalism	203	(14)
Objectives	203	(1)
Introduction	203	(1)
Evolution of Multiculturalism	204	(3)
Brief Historical Overview	204	(1)
Multicultural Terminology	205	(2)
Professional Issues of Significance to Multiculturalism	207	(4)
External Factors	207	(1)
Internal Factors	208	(3)
Issues of Significance to Multiculturalism	211	(4)
Ethics	211	(1)
Ethical Standards	212	(3)
Chapter Summary	215	(1)
References	215	(2)
Appendix 11-A Guidelines for Provision of Services to Ethnic, Linguistic, and Culturally Divrese Populations	216	(1)
Appendix 11-B Multicultural Competencies	216	(1)
PART 5 Ethical Practice within Counseling Specialties	217	(196)
Couple and Family Counseling	218	(18)
Objectives	218	(1)
Introduction	218	(1)
Defining the Specialty, Setting, and Clients	219	(1)
Issues of Significance to the Specialty	220	(5)
Professional Differentiation	220	(1)
Ethical Issues	220	(5)
Code Comparisons	225	(1)
Issues of Diversity	225	(1)
Chapter Summary	226	(1)
References	227	(9)
Appendix 12-A Ethical Code for the International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors	227	(4)
Appendix 12-B AAMFT Code of Ethics	231	(5)
School Counseling	236	(24)
Objectives	236	(1)
Introduction	236	(1)
Defining the Specialty, Setting, and Clients	236	(2)
Ethical Issues of Significance to the Specialty	238	(6)
Responsibilities to Students	238	(3)
Responsibilities to Parents	241	(1)
Responsibilities to Colleagues and Professional Associates	242	(1)
Responsibilities to School and Community	242	(1)
Responsibilities to Self	243	(1)
Responsibilities to the Profession	244	(1)
Legal Issues of Significance to the Specialty	244	(7)
Confidentiality	244	(3)
Exceptions to Confidentiality	247	(3)
Student Records	250	(1)
Code Comparisons	251	(1)
Issues of Diversity	252	(1)
Chapter Summary	252	(1)
References	252	(8)
Appendix 13-A American School Counselor Association Ethical Standards for School Counselors	255	(3)
Appendix 13-B Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA)	258	(2)
Mental Health Counseling and Assessment	260	(29)
Objectives	260	(1)
Introduction	260	(1)
Defining the Specialty, Setting, and Clients	261	(3)
Issues of Significance to the Specialty	264	(6)
Professional Differentiation	264	(1)
Ethical Issues	265	(5)
Assessment	270	(1)
Code Comparisons	270	(1)
Issues of Diversity	271	(1)
Chapter Summary	272	(1)
References	272	(17)
Appendix 14-A American Mental Health Counselors Association Code of Ethics	273	(10)
Appendix 14-B Responsibilities of Users of Standardized Tests	283	(6)
Career Counseling	289	(43)
Objectives	289	(1)
Introduction	289	(2)
Defining the Specialty, Setting, and Clients	291	(3)
Specialty	291	(1)
Settings	292	(1)
Clients	293	(1)
Issues of Significance to the Specialty	294	(9)
Career Counseling Competencies	294	(1)
Accreditation	294	(5)
National Credentialing	299	(1)
State Credentialing	299	(1)
Professional Differentiation	299	(1)
Standards	299	(4)
Ethical Issues	303	(5)
Confidentiality and Privileged Communication	303	(1)
Informed Consent	304	(1)
Potentially Detrimental Counselor-Client Relationships	304	(1)
Responsibility	305	(1)
Values	306	(1)
Counselor Competence	306	(2)
Code Comparisons	308	(1)
Issues of Diversity	308	(1)
Individual versus Collectivist Cultures	308	(1)
Assessment	308	(1)
Gay and Lesbian Clients	309	(1)
Chapter Summary	309	(1)
References	309	(23)
Appendix 15-A National Career Development Association Ethical Standards (Revised 1991)	310	(5)
Appendix 15-B NCDA Guidelines for Career Information	315	(4)
Appendix 15-C NCDA Guidelines for Videos	319	(4)
Appendix 15-D Career Software Review Guidelines	323	(5)
Appendix 15-E Guidelines for the Internet	328	(4)
Group Counseling	332	(14)
Objectives	332	(1)
Introduction	332	(1)
Defining the Specialty, Settings, and Clients	333	(1)
Issues of Significance to the Specialty	333	(7)
Professional Differentiation	333	(1)
Ethical Issues	334	(6)
Code Comparisons	340	(1)
Issues of Diversity	340	(1)
Chapter Summary	341	(1)
References	341	(5)
Appendix 16-A Association for Specialists in Group Work Best Practice Guidelines	342	(4)
Rehabilitation Counseling	346	(32)
Objectives	346	(1)
Introduction	346	(1)
Defining the Specialty, Setting, and Clients	347	(2)
Issues of Significance to the Specialty	349	(11)
Professional Differentiation	349	(2)
Ethical Issues	351	(7)
Code Comparisons	358	(2)
Issues of Diversity	360	(1)
Chapter Summary	361	(1)
References	361	(17)
Appendix 17-A Code of Professional Ethics for Rehabilitation Counselors	363	(1)
Appendix 17-B Enforceable Standards of Ethical Practice	363	(13)
Appendix 17-C Scope of Practice for Rehabilitation Counseling	376	(2)
Addiction Counseling	378	(9)
Objectives	378	(1)
Introduction	378	(2)
Defining the Specialty, Setting, and Clients	380	(1)
Issues of Significance to the Specialty	381	(1)
Professional Differentiation	381	(4)
Ethical Issues	382	(3)
Code Comparisons	385	(1)
Issues of Diversity	385	(1)
Chapter Summary	386	(1)
References	386	(1)
The Ethics of Clinical Supervision	387	(26)
Objectives	387	(1)
Introduction	387	(1)
Defining the Specialty, Settings, and Clients	387	(3)
Professionalization of Clinical Supervision	389	(1)
Issues of Significance to the Clinical Supervision	390	(5)
Professional Differentiation	390	(1)
Ethical Issues	390	(1)
Issues of Confidentiality in Clinical Supervision	391	(1)
Issues of Client Confidentialtiy	391	(1)
Issues of Supervisee Confidentiality	392	(1)
Informed Consent Issues in Clinical Supervision	392	(1)
Issues of Due Process in Clinical Supervision	393	(1)
Potentially Detrimental Relationship Issues in Supervision	394	(1)
Issues of Competence in Clinical Supervision	395	(3)
Essential Competencies for the Counselor Supervisor	395	(1)
Counselor and Supervisor Competence	396	(1)
Supervisee Competence	396	(1)
Impairment of Competence	396	(1)
Remaining Competent	397	(1)
Ethical Violations	398	(2)
Definitions	398	(1)
Supervisee Violations	398	(1)
Supervisor Violations	399	(1)
Preventing Ethical Violations	399	(1)
Legal Issues	400	(2)
Malpractice	401	(1)
Direct Liability	401	(1)
Vicarious Liability	401	(1)
Preventing the Malpractice Lawsuit	402	(1)
Code Comparisons	402	(1)
Issues of Diversity and Multicultural Supervision	403	(1)
Ethical Multicultural Supervision	403	(1)
Chapter Summary	404	(1)
References	405	(8)
Appendix 19-A ACES Ethical Guidelines	407	(3)
Appendix 19-B Required Content Areas for Training in Clinical Supervision	410	(1)
Appendix 19-C ACS Standards for the Ethical Practice of Clinical Supervision	411	(2)
PART 6 Conclusion	413	(7)
The Ethical Professional Counselor	414	(6)
Objectives	414	(1)
Introduction	414	(1)
Consequences of a Breach of Ethics for the Counselor	415	(1)
Consequences of a Breach of Ethical Standards for the Client	416	(1)
Filing a Complaint to a Licensure Authority	416	(1)
The Development of the Ethical Professional Counselor	417	(1)
Chapter Summary	418	(1)
References	418	(2)
Appendix A: ACA Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice	420	(15)
Appendix B: Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct	435	(15)
Glossary	450	(6)
Name Index	456	(6)
Subject Index	462