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Maps and Tables | p. xi |
Preface | p. xiii |
Ethnic Conflict and Approaches to Understanding It | p. 1 |
Defining Our Terms | p. 4 |
Gender, Ethnicity, and Nationalism | p. 6 |
Ethnic and National Conflicts | p. 7 |
Typology of Ethnic Groups | p. 8 |
Theories of Ethnicity/Nationalism | p. 10 |
Primordialism | p. 10 |
Constructivism | p. 11 |
Instrumentalism | p. 11 |
Modernization | p. 12 |
International Relations and Ethnic Conflict | p. 15 |
Realism | p. 15 |
Liberalism/Liberal Institutionalism | p. 18 |
Constructivism | p. 19 |
Conclusion | p. 21 |
Levels of Analysis and Ethnic Conflict | p. 31 |
Individual Level | p. 31 |
Political Leadership | p. 32 |
Elites and Ethnic Conflict | p. 34 |
Elites and Resolving Ethnic Conflict | p. 37 |
Domestic Level | p. 38 |
Domestic Level Theories: Interests, Powers, and Organization | p. 39 |
Domestic Level Causes of Ethnic Conflict: Why They Fight | p. 44 |
Domestic Level Responses to Violence: The State and Institutions | p. 50 |
International Level | p. 61 |
International Level Actors in Ethnic Conflict | p. 63 |
International Level Factors as a Means to Manage and Settle Ethnic Conflicts | p. 65 |
Limitations of International Responses to End Internal Ethnic Conflict | p. 74 |
Conclusion | p. 75 |
Northern Ireland: Protestants, Catholics, and "The Troubles" | p. 93 |
Northern Ireland in Historical Context | p. 94 |
The Creation of Northern Ireland | p. 94 |
From the Creation of Northern Ireland to the Present | p. 95 |
Individual Level | p. 100 |
Northern Ireland and Leadership Theories | p. 100 |
Gerry Adams and the Reverend Ian Paisley | p. 101 |
John Hume and David Trimble | p. 105 |
George Mitchell | p. 107 |
Domestic Level | p. 109 |
Communities and Identities | p. 109 |
Consociational Institutions and Ethno-Nationalist Conflict | p. 113 |
Gendered Nationalism and Northern Ireland | p. 115 |
The Participation of the British Government | p. 118 |
International Level | p. 122 |
Ireland (and the Republic of Ireland) | p. 122 |
The Involvement of the United States | p. 126 |
European Union | p. 131 |
Conclusion | p. 132 |
Bosnia: War in the Balkans | p. 141 |
Bosnia in Historical Context | p. 143 |
Individual Level | p. 147 |
Slobodan Milosevic | p. 148 |
Franjo Tudjman | p. 153 |
Alija Izetbegovic | p. 155 |
Ethnic Outbidding | p. 157 |
Domestic Level | p. 159 |
Public Opinion, Parties, and Elections | p. 159 |
Criminals and Militias | p. 161 |
Media, Intellectuals, and the Democratization Process | p. 162 |
Gendered Nationalism | p. 164 |
Economic and Political Conditions and the Ethnic Balance of Power | p. 165 |
Religion and Nationalism | p. 166 |
International Level | p. 168 |
Responding to the Outbreak of War | p. 168 |
Peace Plans | p. 169 |
Postwar Bosnia | p. 172 |
International Actors and Agreements | p. 172 |
Political Institutions | p. 174 |
Conclusion | p. 176 |
Sudan: Arabs versus Africans and Darfur in Crisis | p. 189 |
The Darfur Crisis in Historical Context | p. 191 |
Individual Level | p. 196 |
Omar Hassan al-Bashir | p. 196 |
John Garang de Mabior (SPLA) | p. 199 |
Domestic Level | p. 201 |
Communities and Identities | p. 201 |
Gendered Nationalism | p. 204 |
Ethno-Nationalist Conflict and Domestic Political Institutions | p. 206 |
Nongovernmental Domestic Actors | p. 210 |
International Level | p. 214 |
Military Supply of the Sudanese Government | p. 215 |
European Union Arms Embargo | p. 216 |
United States | p. 216 |
International Condemnation | p. 217 |
African Union | p. 218 |
Other International Involvement: Some Minor Actors | p. 219 |
Conclusion | p. 220 |
Sri Lanka: Protracted Rebellion | p. 233 |
The Sri Lankan Crisis in Historical Context | p. 234 |
Colonialism | p. 236 |
Civil War | p. 242 |
Individual Level | p. 245 |
Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga | p. 246 |
Velupillai Prabhakaran | p. 248 |
Ethnic Outbidding | p. 249 |
Domestic Level | p. 249 |
Communities and Identities | p. 250 |
Competing Ideas of State Formation | p. 252 |
Consociationalism versus the Hegemonic State in Sri Lanka | p. 253 |
Negotiating from Power Balance or Power Asymmetry | p. 255 |
Economic Roots of the Conflict | p. 256 |
Gendered Nationalism in Sri Lanka | p. 256 |
International Level | p. 258 |
Sri Lanka's Importance to the Cold War and Post-Cold War World | p. 259 |
International Intervention | p. 261 |
India and Noncoercive Intervention | p. 262 |
Norway's Role in the Peace Process | p. 265 |
NGOs and IGOs | p. 266 |
Conclusion | p. 268 |
Israel and Palestine: Two Peoples, One Land | p. 281 |
Israel and Palestine in Historical Context | p. 285 |
Conflict over the Land | p. 286 |
Attempts at Peace | p. 288 |
Individual Level | p. 292 |
Yitzhak Rabin | p. 293 |
Ehud Barak | p. 296 |
Yasser Arafat | p. 297 |
Extremists, Spoilers, and Ethnic Outbidding | p. 299 |
Domestic Level | p. 301 |
Nationalism and National Identity | p. 301 |
Gendered Nationalism | p. 306 |
Political Parties | p. 309 |
Public Opinion | p. 312 |
Israel as Hegemonic Democracy/Ethnocracy | p. 313 |
Economic and Political Factors in the Occupied Territories | p. 314 |
International Level | p. 316 |
United States | p. 316 |
United Nations | p. 319 |
Norway | p. 320 |
European Union | p. 322 |
Conclusion | p. 323 |
Conclusion | p. 339 |
Revisiting Theories of Ethnicity and Nationalism | p. 340 |
International Relations Theories on Ethnic Conflict | p. 341 |
Levels of Analysis | p. 342 |
Individual Level | p. 342 |
Domestic Level | p. 344 |
International Level | p. 348 |
Conclusion | p. 350 |
Bibliography | p. 353 |
Index | p. 387 |
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