Preface | p. ix |
About the Authors | p. xv |
Becoming Modern in Europe and America: Different History, Different Politics | p. 1 |
How Do We Know That Europe Is Different? | p. 1 |
Explaining Differences: The Impact of History, Geography, and Culture | p. 8 |
Structure of the Book | p. 13 |
Political Parties | p. 17 |
Political Parties-The "Children of Democracy" | p. 17 |
Functions of Political Parties | p. 18 |
Differences between Political Parties and Interest Groups | p. 19 |
Socialists | p. 20 |
Liberals | p. 26 |
Conservatives | p. 27 |
Christian Democrats | p. 30 |
New Radical Right | p. 30 |
Greens | p. 36 |
Regional Parties | p. 39 |
A Multidimensional Political Space | p. 40 |
Membership in Political Parties | p. 43 |
Stability and Change of Parties and Party Systems | p. 44 |
Parliaments: How They Are Elected and How They Work | p. 48 |
Winner-Take-All: Great Britain | p. 49 |
Party List Proportional Representation: The Netherlands | p. 54 |
Personalized Proportional Representation: Switzerland, Ireland, and Germany | p. 57 |
Switzerland | p. 57 |
Ireland | p. 59 |
Germany | p. 62 |
Changing the Electoral System: France and Italy | p. 64 |
France | p. 64 |
Italy | p. 69 |
Voter Turnout | p. 75 |
Legislative Behavior | p. 76 |
Cabinet Formation and Heads of State | p. 79 |
Single-Party Majority Cabinets | p. 81 |
Minimal-Winning Cabinets | p. 88 |
Oversized Cabinets | p. 92 |
Minority Cabinets | p. 96 |
Cabinet Instability | p. 98 |
Semipresidential Systems | p. 104 |
Advantages and Disadvantages of Parliamentary and Presidential Systems | p. 110 |
Advantages and Disadvantages of Presidentialism | p. 111 |
Advantages and Disadvantages of Parliamentarism | p. 112 |
Heads of State | p. 113 |
Monarchial Head of State | p. 113 |
Elected Heads of State | p. 115 |
Courts | p. 119 |
Great Britain | p. 120 |
Switzerland | p. 122 |
Germany | p. 123 |
France | p. 125 |
Federalism and Referendum | p. 127 |
Switzerland: Prototypical Case of a Federalist Country with a Strong Referendum | p. 127 |
European Trend toward Federalism and Referenda | p. 132 |
Arguments against Federalism and Referenda | p. 136 |
Social Movements | p. 139 |
Environmental Movement | p. 139 |
Peace and Third-World Movement | p. 141 |
Women's Movement | p. 143 |
The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Movement | p. 147 |
Youth Movement | p. 149 |
The State and Economic Interest Groups | p. 155 |
The State as a Political Actor | p. 155 |
Economic Interest Groups | p. 157 |
Pluralism and Corporatism | p. 160 |
The Theory of Corporatism | p. 163 |
The Future of Corporatism | p. 166 |
Policy Outcomes | p. 171 |
Explaining Policy Outcomes | p. 173 |
The End of the Cold War | p. 191 |
Classical Marxism | p. 192 |
Neo-Marxism | p. 194 |
Communism in Central and Eastern Europe | p. 197 |
Poland | p. 199 |
Hungary | p. 200 |
East Germany | p. 201 |
Communism in Western Europe | p. 205 |
Transitions to Democracy | p. 210 |
The Federal Republic of Germany after 1945 | p. 210 |
Italy after 1945 | p. 212 |
Spain after 1975 | p. 213 |
Hungary after 1989 | p. 214 |
Poland after 1989 | p. 218 |
Ukraine in 2004 | p. 222 |
Explanations | p. 225 |
Russia | p. 225 |
Nationalism and Ethnicity | p. 228 |
War in Former Yugoslavia | p. 229 |
Northern Ireland | p. 237 |
Basque Country | p. 239 |
Immigration | p. 241 |
Sports Events | p. 243 |
More Benign Aspects | p. 244 |
Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Societies | p. 249 |
Development of the Theory of Power Sharing | p. 249 |
Critique of the Theory of Power Sharing | p. 253 |
Northern Ireland | p. 260 |
Former Czechoslovakia | p. 267 |
Former Yugoslavia | p. 271 |
Power Sharing and Deliberation | p. 276 |
Normative Evaluation of Power Sharing | p. 277 |
The European Union | p. 281 |
History of European Integration | p. 281 |
Council of Ministers | p. 285 |
European Council | p. 288 |
European Commission | p. 289 |
European Parliament | p. 290 |
European Court of Justice | p. 296 |
European Bureaucracy | p. 299 |
What Does the European Union Do? | p. 299 |
Agricultural Policy | p. 300 |
Regional and Development Policy | p. 300 |
Common Currency-the Euro | p. 301 |
Continued Expansion: Where Does "Europe" End? | p. 302 |
Turkey's EU Membership Prospects | p. 303 |
A Constitution for Europe? "non" and "nee" | p. 303 |
Globalization and European Democracies | p. 312 |
What Is Globalization? | p. 313 |
How Should Globalization Be Measured? | p. 318 |
The Challenges of Globalization for European Democracies | p. 320 |
The Welfare State and Globalization | p. 320 |
Immigration and Globalization | p. 323 |
Globalization and the Fragility of Community | p. 327 |
Is Globalization a Threat or an Opportunity for European Democracies? | p. 328 |
Index | p. 331 |
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