Evolution and Prehistory : The Human Challenge (with InfoTrac)

by HAVILAND/PRINS/WALRATH/MCBRIDE

• ISBN13: 9780534610166
• ISBN10: 0534610161
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-07-30
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Part I: Anthropology: The Challenge of Knowing Humanity. 1. The Essence of Anthropology. 2. Biology and Evolution. 3. Individual Views of Delinquency: Choice and Trait. Part II: EVOLUTION: THE CHALLENGE OF UNDERSTANDING HUMAN ORIGINS. 4. Field Methods in Archaeology and Paleoanthropology. 5. Macroevolution and the Early Primates. 6. The First Bipeds. Part III: THE GENUS HOMO: BIOCULTURAL CHALLENGES. 7. Homo habilis and Cultural Origins. 8. Homo erectus and the Emergence of Hunting and Gathering. 9. Archaic Homo sapiens and the Middle Paleolithic. 10. Homo sapiens and the Upper Paleolithic. "New Directions in Preventing Delinquency: Secondary Prevention Efforts: Family and Community." Part IV: HUMAN BIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION: THE CHALLENGE OF TECHNOLOGY & HUMAN DIVERSITY. 11. The Neolithic Revolution: Domestication of Plants & Animals. 12. The Emergence of Cities and States. 13. Modern Human Diversity. 14. Culture, Disease, and Globalization.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Putting the World in Perspective	xxx
PART 1 Anthropology: The Challenge of Knowing Humanity	2	(88)
The Essence of Anthropology	4	(26)
The Development of Anthropology	6	(1)
Anthropology and Other Academic Disciplines	7	(1)
Anthropologists of Note: Matilda Coxe Stevenson, Yolanda Moses	8	(1)
Anthropology and Its Subfields	9	(3)
Physical Anthropology	9	(2)
Archaeology	11	(1)
Anthropology Applied: Forensic Anthropology	12	(4)
Linguistic Anthropology	13	(1)
Cultural Anthropology	14	(2)
Original Study: Fighting HIV/AIDS in Africa: Traditional Healers on the Front Line	16	(2)
Medical Anthropology	18	(1)
Anthropology and Science	18	(3)
Difficulties of the Scientific Approach	20	(1)
Anthropologists of Note: Franz Boas, Fredric Ward Putnam, John Wesley Powell	21	(1)
Anthropology's Comparative Method	22	(1)
Biocultural Connection: The Anthropology of Organ Transplantation	23	(1)
Anthropology and the Humanitites	23	(1)
Questions of Ethics	24	(1)
Anthropology and Globalization	24	(6)
Chapter Summary	28	(1)
Questions for Reflection	29	(1)
Key Terms	29	(1)
Multimedia Review Tools	29	(1)
Suggested Readings	29	(1)
Biology and Evolution	30	(28)
The Classification of Living Things	32	(4)
The Discovery of Evoution	36	(2)
Heredity	38	(5)
The Transmission of Genes	38	(5)
Biocultural Connection: The Social Impact of Genetics on Reproduction	43	(2)
Original Study: Ninety-Eight Percent Alike: What Our Similarity to Apes Tells Us about Our Understanding of Genetics	45	(1)
Population Genetics	46	(1)
The Stability of the Population	46	(1)
Evolutionary Forces	47	(3)
Mutation	47	(1)
Genetic Drift	48	(1)
Gene Flow	49	(1)
Natural Selection	49	(1)
Anthropology Applied: The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of the Human Genome Project	50	(8)
The Case of Sickle-Cell Anemia	53	(2)
Chapter Summary	55	(1)
Questions for Reflection	56	(1)
Key Terms	56	(1)
Multimedia Review Tools	56	(1)
Suggested Readings	56	(2)
Living Primates	58	(32)
The Primate Order	60	(2)
Primate Characteristics	62	(10)
The Primate Brain	62	(2)
Primate Sense Organs	64	(1)
Primate Dentition	65	(2)
The Primate Skeleton	67	(2)
Reproduction and Care of Young	69	(2)
Establishing Evolutionary Relationships through Genetics	71	(1)
Modern Primates	72	(5)
Prosimians	72	(2)
Anthropoids: Monkeys, Apes, and Humans	74	(3)
The Social Behavior of Primates	77	(2)
The Group	77	(2)
Original Study: Reconciliation and Its Cultural Modification in Primates	79	(3)
Individual Interaction and Bonding	80	(1)
Sexual Behavior	81	(1)
Anthropologists of Note: Jane Goodall, Kinji Imanishi	82	(3)
Play	83	(1)
Communication	83	(1)
Home Ranges	84	(1)
Anthropology Applied: Baboon Social Relationships and Primate Conservation	85	(2)
Learning	85	(1)
Use of Objects as Tools	86	(1)
Hunting	87	(1)
The Question of Culture	87	(3)
Primate Behavior and Human Evolution	87	(1)
Chapter Summary	88	(1)
Questions for Reflection	88	(1)
Key Terms	89	(1)
Multimedia Review Tools	89	(1)
Suggested Readings	89	(1)
PART 2 Evolution: The Challenge of Understanding Human Origins	90	(78)
Field Methods in Archaeology and Paleoanthropology	92	(26)
Methods of Data Recovery	94	(2)
The Nature of Fossils	95	(1)
Original Study: Whispers from the Ice	96	(3)
Searching for Artifacts and Fossils	99	(3)
Site Identification	100	(2)
Biocultural Connection: Kennewick Man	102	(1)
Anthropology Applied: Cultural Resource Management	103	(12)
Excavation	103	(3)
State of Preservation of Archaeological and Fossil Evidence	106	(2)
Sorting Out the Evidence	108	(2)
Dating the Past	110	(2)
Methods of Relative Dating	112	(1)
Methods of Chronometric Dating	113	(2)
Chance and the Study of the Past	115	(3)
Chapter Summary	116	(1)
Questions for Reflection	116	(1)
Key Terms	117	(1)
Multimedia Review Tools	117	(1)
Suggested Readings	117	(1)
Macroevolution and the Early Primates	118	(24)
Macroevolution and the Process of Speciation	120	(2)
Original Study: The Unsettling Nature of Variational Change	122	(3)
Constructing Evolutionary Relationships	124	(1)
The Nondirectedness of Macroevolution	124	(1)
Continental Drift and Geological Time	125	(1)
Early Mammals	126	(2)
Rise of the Primates	128	(5)
True Primates	129	(1)
Oligocene Anthropoids	130	(2)
Miocene Apes	132	(1)
Biocultural Connection: Nonhuman Primates and Human Disease	133	(3)
Anthropologists of Note: Allan Wilson	136	(1)
Miocene Apes and Human Origins	137	(5)
Chapter Summary	139	(1)
Questions for Reflection	140	(1)
Key Terms	140	(1)
Multimedia Review Tools	140	(1)
Suggested Readings	140	(2)
The First Bipeds	142	(26)
Original Study: Is It Time to Revise the System of Scientific Naming?	146	(1)
The Anatomy of Bipedalism	147	(1)
The Pliocene Fossil Evidence	148	(4)
Anthropologists of Note: Louis S. B. Leakey, Mary Leakey	152	(8)
South Africa	154	(2)
Robust Australopithecines	156	(2)
Australopithecines and the Genus Homo	158	(2)
Environment, Diet, and Australopithecine Origins	160	(2)
Humans Stand on Their Own Two Feet	161	(1)
Biocultural Connection: Evolution and Human Birth	162	(6)
Chapter Summary	166	(1)
Questions for Reflection	166	(1)
Key Terms	167	(1)
Multimedia Review Tools	167	(1)
Suggested Readings	167	(1)
PART 3 The Genus Homo: Biocultural Challenges	168	(94)
Homo habilis and Cultural Origins	170	(20)
Early Representatives of the Genus Homo	172	(5)
Differences Between Homo habilis and Australopithecus	174	(3)
Lower Paleolithic Tools	177	(1)
Olduvai Gorge	178	(2)
Oldowan Tools	178	(2)
Anthropologists of Note: Adrienne Zihlman	180	(1)
Sex, Gender, and the Behavior of Early Homo	180	(3)
Tools, Food, and Brain Expansion	182	(1)
Anthropology Applied: Paleotourism and the World Heritage List	183	(2)
Original Study: Cat in the Human Cradle	185	(2)
Language Origins	187	(3)
Chapter Summary	188	(1)
Questions for Reflection	189	(1)
Key Terms	189	(1)
Multimedia Review Tools	189	(1)
Suggested Readings	189	(1)
Homo erectus and the Emergence of Hunting and Gathering	190	(24)
Homo erectus Fossils	193	(7)
Physical Characteristics of Homo erectus	193	(1)
Relationship among Homo erectus, Homo habilis, and Other Proposed Fossil Groups	194	(1)
Homo erectus from Africa	195	(2)
Homo erectus from Eurasia	197	(1)
Homo erectus from Indonesia	197	(1)
Homo erectus from China	198	(1)
Homo erectus from Western Europe	199	(1)
Anthropologists of Note: Franz Weidenreich, Xinzhi Wu	200	(1)
The Culture of Homo erectus	200	(3)
The Acheulean Tool Tradition	201	(2)
Use of Fire	203	(1)
Original Study: Homo erectus and the Use of Bamboo	203	(4)
Other Aspects of Homo erectus' Culture	207	(1)
Biocultural Connection: Paleolithic Prescriptions for the Diseases of Civilization	208	(2)
The Question of Language	210	(4)
Chapter Summary	211	(1)
Questions for Reflection	212	(1)
Key Terms	212	(1)
Multimedia Review Tools	212	(1)
Suggested Readings	212	(2)
Archaic Homo sapiens and the Middle Paleolithic	214	(26)
The Appearance of Homo sapiens	216	(7)
Levalloisian Technique	217	(2)
The Neandertals	219	(3)
Javanese, African, and Chinese Populations	222	(1)
The Culture of Archaic Homo sapiens	223	(3)
Middle Paleolithic	223	(2)
The Symbolic Life of Neandertals	225	(1)
Anthropology Applied: Forensic Archaeology	226	(3)
Neandertals: Speech and Language	228	(1)
Culture, Skulls, and Modern Human Origins	229	(2)
The Multiregional Hypothesis	229	(1)
The ``Eve'' or Recent African Origins Hypothesis	230	(1)
Anthropologists of Note: Berhane Asfaw	231	(1)
Reconciling the Evidence	232	(1)
Original Study: African Origin or Ancient Population Size Differences?	232	(5)
Race and Human Evolution	237	(3)
Chapter Summary	238	(1)
Questions for Reflection	238	(1)
Key Terms	238	(1)
Multimedia Review Tools	238	(1)
Suggested Readings	239	(1)
Homo sapiens and the Upper Paleolithic	240	(22)
Upper Paleolithic Peoples: The First Modern Humans	242	(4)
Upper Paleolithic Tools	243	(3)
Upper Paleolithic Art	246	(1)
Anthropology Applied: Stone Tools for Modern Surgeons	247	(3)
Anthropologists of Note: Margaret Conkey	250	(1)
Original Study: Paleolithic Paint Job	251	(3)
Other Aspects of Upper Paleolithic Culture	254	(1)
The Spread of Upper Paleolithic Peoples	254	(3)
Where Did Upper Paleolithic Peoples Come From?	257	(2)
Major Paleolithic Trends	259	(3)
Chapter Summary	260	(1)
Questions for Reflection	260	(1)
Key Terms	260	(1)
Multimedia Review Tools	260	(1)
Suggested Readings	260	(2)
PART 4 Human Biocultural Evolution: The Challenge of Technology and Human Diversity	262	(82)
The Neolithic Revolution: The Domestication of Plants and Animals	264	(26)
The Mesolithic Roots of Farming and Pastoralism	266	(2)
Mesolithic Tools and Weapons	266	(1)
Cultural Diversity in the Mesolithic	267	(1)
The Neolithic Revolution	268	(3)
Domestication: What Is It?	268	(1)
Evidence of Early Plant Domestication	269	(1)
Evidence of Early Animal Domestication	270	(1)
Beginnings of Domestication	270	(1)
Why Humans Became Food Producers	271	(2)
Anthropologists of Note: V. Gordon Childe	273	(3)
Other Centers of Domestication	276	(3)
The Spread of Food Production	279	(1)
Biocultural Connection: Breastfeeding, Fertility, and Beliefs	280	(1)
Culture of Neolithic Settlements	281	(3)
Jericho: An Early Farming Community	282	(1)
Neolithic Technology	282	(1)
Pottery	282	(1)
Housing	283	(1)
Clothing	283	(1)
Social Structure	283	(1)
Neolithic Culture in the Americas	284	(1)
The Neolithic and Human Biology	284	(1)
Original Study: History of Mortality and Physiological Stress	285	(2)
The Neolithic and the Idea of Progress	287	(3)
Chapter Summary	288	(1)
Questions for Reflection	289	(1)
Key Terms	289	(1)
Multimedia Review Tools	289	(1)
Suggested Readings	289	(1)
The Emergence of Cities and States	290	(28)
Defining Civilization	292	(3)
Tikal: A Case Study	295	(4)
Surveying the Site	296	(1)
Excavation	297	(1)
Evidence from the Excavation	297	(2)
Cities and Cultural Change	299	(3)
Agricultural Innovation	299	(1)
Diversification of Labor	299	(3)
Anthropology Applied: Action Archaeology and the Community at El Pilar	302	(4)
Central Government	302	(3)
Social Stratification	305	(1)
Original Study: Finding the Tomb of a Moche Priestess	306	(5)
The Making of States	311	(2)
Irrigation Systems	311	(1)
Trade Networks	311	(1)
Environmental and Social Circumscription	312	(1)
Religion	312	(1)
Action Theory	313	(1)
Civilization and Its Discontents	313	(1)
Biocultural Connection: Social Stratification and Diseases of Civilization: Tuberculosis	314	(4)
Chapter Summary	315	(1)
Questions for Reflection	316	(1)
Key Terms	316	(1)
Multimedia Review Tools	316	(1)
Suggested Readings	316	(2)
Modern Human Diversity	318	(26)
Biological Variation	320	(1)
The Meaning of Race	321	(2)
Anthropologists of Note: Ashley Montagu	323	(1)
Race as a Biological Concept	323	(1)
Original Study: Race without Color	324	(3)
The Concept of Human Races	327	(5)
Some Physical Variables	328	(2)
Skin Color: A Case Study in Adaptation	330	(2)
Race and Human Evolution Revisited	332	(1)
The Social Significance of Race: Racism	333	(1)
Race and Behavior	333	(1)
Race and Intelligence	334	(3)
Intelligence: What Is It?	335	(2)
Continuing Human Biological Evolution	337	(2)
Anthropology Applied: Picturing Pesticides	339	(5)
Chapter Summary	341	(1)
Questions for Reflection	342	(1)
Key Terms	342	(1)
Multimedia Review Tools	342	(1)
Suggested Readings	342	(2)
EPILOGUE Culture, Disease, and Globalization	344	(27)
The Development of Medical Anthropology	347	(3)
Science, Illness, and Disease	347	(3)
Original Study: Dancing Skeletons: Life and Death in West Africa	350	(2)
Evolutionary Medicine	352	(4)
Growth and Development as Mechanisms for Adaptation	353	(2)
Symptoms as a Defense Mechanism	355	(1)
Evolution and Infectious Disease	355	(1)
Anthropologists of Note: Peter Ellison, Fatimah Jackson	356	(1)
Political Ecology of Disease	356	(1)
Kuru and Other Prion Diseases	356	(1)
Anthropology Applied: Studying the Emergence of New Diseases	357	(2)
Globalization, Health, and Structural Violence	359	(12)
Hunger and Obesity	360	(2)
Pollution	362	(2)
Structure Violence and Population Control	364	(2)
The Culture of Discontent	366	(1)
Chapter Summary	367	(1)
Questions for Reflection	368	(1)
Key Terms	368	(1)
Multimedia Review Tools	368	(1)
Suggested Readings	368	(3)
Glossary	371	(5)
Bibliography	376	(21)
Photo Credits	397	(2)
Index	399