Exceptional Learners : Introduction to Special Education

by Daniel P. Hallahan; James M. Kauffman

• ISBN13: 9780205287796
• ISBN10: 0205287794
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

The eighth edition of this best-selling introductory text in special education is the most extensive overall revision in its twenty-two year history. It is a general introduction to the characteristics of exceptional persons and their education. It is written with both special education and general education students in mind. The authors' clear and concise writing style makes research and theoretical issues easily understood. In addition to factual information, readers are exposed to material that will help them explore and develop their attitudes and feelings towards persons with disabilities.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Exceptionality and Special Education	3	(40)
Educational Definition of Exceptional Learners	7	(3)
Prevalence of Exceptional Learners	10	(2)
Definition of Special Education	12	(6)
Providing Special Education	13	(5)
Teachers' Roles	18	(6)
Relationship Between General and Special Education	19	(1)
Expectations for All Educators	20	(2)
Expectations for Special Educators	22	(2)
Origins of Special Education	24	(4)
People and Ideas	25	(1)
Growth of the Discipline	26	(1)
Professional and Parent Organizations	27	(1)
Legislation	27	(1)
Trends in Legislation and Litigation	28	(11)
Trends in Legislation	28	(4)
Relationship of Litigation to Legislation	32	(1)
Trends in Litigation	32	(1)
The Intent of Legislation: An Individualized Education Program	33	(6)
A Perspective on the Progress of Special Education	39	(1)
Summary	40	(3)
Current Trends and Issues	43	(42)
Integration into the Larger Society	44	(22)
Philosophical Roots: The Principle of Normalization	44	(2)
Historical Roots: Deinstitutionalization and the Full Inclusion Movement	46	(2)
Current Trends	48	(13)
Mainstreaming Practices	61	(4)
Issues Continuing into the New Millennium	65	(1)
Participation in General Assessments of Progress	66	(2)
Current Trends	66	(2)
Issues Continuing into the New Millennium	68	(1)
Early Intervention	68	(5)
Types of Programs	70	(1)
Current Trends	70	(2)
Issues Continuing into the New Millennium	72	(1)
Transition from Secondary School to Adulthood	73	(5)
Federal Initiatives	73	(3)
Current Trends	76	(1)
Issues Continuing into the New Millennium	77	(1)
Discipline of Students with Disabilities	78	(3)
Current Trends	80	(1)
Issues Continuing into the New Millennium	81	(1)
Some Concluding Thoughts Regarding Trends and Issues	81	(1)
Summary	82	(3)
Multicultural and Bilingual Aspects of Special Education	85	(34)
Education and Cultural Diversity: Concepts for Special Education	92	(5)
Implementing Multicultural and Bilingual Special Education	97	(19)
Assessment	101	(2)
Instruction	103	(9)
Socialization	112	(4)
Summary	116	(3)
Mental Retardation	119	(40)
Definition	122	(3)
The AAMR Definition	122	(1)
Broadening the Definition	122	(1)
Lowering the IQ Score Cutoff	122	(1)
Retardation as Improvable and Possibly Nonpermanent	123	(1)
The AAMR Classification Scheme	123	(1)
The APA Definition	124	(1)
Greenspan's Definition	124	(1)
Prevalence	125	(1)
Causes	126	(9)
Persons with Mild Retardation, or Those Requiring Less Intensive Support	127	(1)
Persons with More Severe Retardation, or Those Requiring More Intensive Support	128	(7)
Assessment	135	(1)
Intelligence Tests	135	(1)
Adaptive Skills	136	(1)
Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics	136	(2)
Attention	137	(1)
Memory	137	(1)
Language Development	137	(1)
Academic Achievement	137	(1)
Self-Regulation	137	(1)
Social Development	138	(1)
Motivation	138	(1)
Educational Considerations	138	(2)
Students with Mild Retardation, or Those Requiring Less Intensive Support	139	(1)
Students with More Severe Retardation, or Those Requiring More Intensive Support	139	(1)
Success Stories: Special Educators at Work	140	(2)
Collaboration: Key to Success	142	(3)
Service Delivery Models	144	(1)
Early Intervention	145	(3)
Early Childhood Programs Designed for Prevention	145	(2)
Early Childhood Programs Designed to Further Development	147	(1)
Transition	148	(4)
Community Adjustment	148	(1)
Employment	148	(3)
Prospects for the Future	151	(1)
Summary	152	(1)
Suggestions for Teaching: Students with Mental Retardation in General Education Classrooms	153	(6)
Learning Disabilities	159	(44)
Definitions	160	(6)
Factors to Consider in Definitions of Learning Disabilities	163	(2)
The Federal Definition	165	(1)
The National Joint Committee for Learning Disabilities (NJCLD) Definition	165	(1)
Similarities and Differences in the Federal and NJCLD Definitions	166	(1)
Prevalence	166	(1)
Causes	167	(3)
Genetic Factors	168	(1)
Teratogenic Factors	169	(1)
Medical Factors	169	(1)
Assessment	170	(4)
Standardized Assessment	170	(1)
Formative Assessment	170	(2)
Informal Teacher Assessment	172	(1)
Authentic Assessment	173	(1)
Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics	174	(7)
Interindividual Variation	174	(1)
Intraindividual Variation	174	(1)
Academic Achievement Problems	174	(2)
Perceptual, Perceptual-Motor, and General Coordination Problems	176	(1)
Disorders of Attention and Hyperactivity	177	(1)
Memory, Cognitive, and Metacognitive Problems	177	(1)
Social-Emotional Problems	178	(1)
Motivational Problems	179	(1)
The Child with Learning Disabilities as an Inactive Learner with Strategy Deficits	179	(2)
Educational Considerations	181	(3)
Cognitive Training	181	(3)
Success Stories: Special Educators at Work	184	(2)
Direct Instruction	184	(2)
Collaboration: Key to Success	186	(3)
Service Delivery Models	188	(1)
Early Intervention	189	(1)
Transition	190	(3)
Factors Related to Successful Transition	190	(1)
Secondary Programming	191	(1)
Postsecondary Programming	192	(1)
Summary	193	(2)
Suggestions for Teaching: Students with Learning Disabilities in General Education Classrooms	195	(8)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	203	(42)
Brief History	204	(3)
Still's Children with ``Detective Moral Control''	204	(2)
Goldstein's Brain-Injured Soldiers of World War I	206	(1)
The Strauss Syndrome	206	(1)
Cruickshank's Work	207	(1)
Minimal Brain Injury and Hyperactive Child Syndrome	207	(1)
Definition	207	(1)
Prevalence	208	(1)
Assessment	208	(4)
Medical Examination	208	(3)
Clinical Interview	211	(1)
Teacher and Parent Rating Scales	211	(1)
Causes	212	(3)
Areas of the Brain Affected: Frontal Lobes, Basal Ganglia, and Cerebellum	213	(1)
Neurotransmitter Involved: Dopamine	214	(1)
Hereditary Factors	214	(1)
Teratogenic and Medical Factors	214	(1)
Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics	215	(3)
Barkleys's Model of ADHD	215	(1)
Adaptive Skills	216	(1)
Problems Socializing with Peers	216	(1)
Coexisting Conditions	217	(1)
Educational Considerations	218	(2)
Classroom Structure and Teacher Direction	218	(2)
Success Stories: Special Educators at Work	220	(2)
Collaboration: Key to Success	222	(3)
Functional Assessment and Contingency-Based Self-Management	224	(1)
Medical Considerations	225	(4)
Opposition to Ritalin	227	(1)
The Research Evidence	228	(1)
Cautions Regarding Ritalin	228	(1)
Service Delivery Models	229	(1)
Early Intervention	229	(1)
Transition to Adulthood	230	(5)
Diagnosis in Adulthood	230	(2)
Adult Outcomes	232	(3)
Importance of Coaching	235	(1)
Summary	235	(2)
Suggestions for Teaching: Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in General Education Classrooms	237	(8)
Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	245	(50)
Terminology	248	(1)
Definition	249	(3)
Definitional Problems	249	(1)
Current Definitions	250	(2)
Classification	252	(2)
Prevalence	254	(1)
Causes	255	(7)
Biological Factors	256	(2)
Family Factors	258	(1)
School Factors	259	(2)
Cultural Factors	261	(1)
Identification	262	(2)
Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics	264	(6)
Intelligence and Achievement	264	(1)
Social and Emotional Characteristics	265	(4)
Characteristics Associated with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)	269	(1)
Characteristics Associated with Schizophrenia, Autism, and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders	270	(1)
Educational Considerations	270	(2)
Contrasting Conceptual Models	271	(1)
Success Stories: Special Educators at Work	272	(6)
Balancing Behavioral Control with Academic and Social Learning	275	(1)
Importance of Integrated Services	276	(1)
Strategies That Work	276	(1)
Service Delivery Models	277	(1)
Collaboration: Key to Success	278	(5)
Special Disciplinary Considerations	281	(2)
Functional Behavioral Assessment	283	(1)
Early Intervention	283	(3)
Transition	286	(1)
Summary	287	(2)
Suggestions for Teaching: Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	289	(6)
Communication Disorders	295	(46)
Definitions	296	(2)
Prevalence	298	(3)
Language Development and Language Disorders	301	(12)
Classification of Language Disorders	303	(3)
Strategies for Assessment and Intervention	306	(2)
Language Disorders Associated with Autism	308	(1)
Delayed Language Development	309	(1)
Language Disorders Associated with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)	310	(1)
Language Disorders Associated with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders	311	(2)
Educational Considerations	313	(1)
Success Stories: Special Educators at Work	314	(3)
Augmentative and Alternative Communication	317	(3)
Collaboration: Key to Success	320	(2)
Communication Variations	322	(3)
Speech Disorders	325	(4)
Voice Disorders	326	(1)
Articulation Disorders	326	(1)
Fluency Disorders	327	(1)
Speech Disorders Associated with Neurological Damage	328	(1)
Early Intervention	329	(2)
Transition	331	(2)
Summary	333	(1)
Suggestions for Teaching: Students with Communication Disorders in General Education Classrooms	334	(7)
Hearing Impairment	341	(44)
Definition and Classification	344	(1)
Prevalence	345	(1)
Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear	346	(1)
The Outer Ear	346	(1)
The Middle Ear	346	(1)
The Inner Ear	347	(1)
Measurement of Hearing Ability	347	(2)
Pure-Tone Audiometry	347	(1)
Speech Audiometry	348	(1)
Tests for Young and Hard-to-Test Children	348	(1)
School Screening	349	(1)
Causes	349	(2)
Conductive, Sensorineural, and Mixed Impairments	349	(1)
Impairments of the Outer Ear	349	(1)
Impairments of the Middle Ear	349	(1)
Impairments of the Inner Ear	350	(1)
Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics	351	(8)
English Language and Speech Development	351	(1)
Intellectual Ability	352	(1)
Academic Achievement	352	(2)
Social Adjustment	354	(5)
Educational Considerations	359	(1)
Oral Approach: Auditory-Verbal Approach and Speechreading	359	(1)
Collaboration: Key to Success	360	(8)
Total Communication	362	(1)
The Bicultural-Bilingual Approach	363	(3)
Service Delivery Models	366	(2)
Success Stories: Special Educators at Work	368	(3)
Technological Advances	368	(3)
Early Intervention	371	(2)
Transition	373	(2)
Summary	375	(2)
Suggestions for Teaching: Students with Hearing Impairment in General Education Classrooms	377	(8)
Visual Impairment	385	(40)
Definition and Classification	386	(2)
Legal Definition	388	(1)
Educational Definition	388	(1)
Prevalence	388	(1)
Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye	388	(1)
Measurement of Visual Ability	389	(1)
Causes	390	(3)
Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics	393	(5)
Language Development	393	(1)
Intellectual Ability	393	(1)
Mobility	394	(2)
Academic Achievement	396	(2)
Collaboration: Key to Success	398	(3)
Social Adjustment	400	(1)
Educational Considerations	401	(3)
Braille	401	(3)
Success Stories: Special Educators at Work	404	(9)
Use of Remaining Sight	405	(1)
Listening Skills	406	(1)
Mobility Training	407	(4)
Technological Aids	411	(1)
Service Delivery Models	412	(1)
Early Intervention	413	(1)
Transition	414	(4)
Independent Living	414	(3)
Employment	417	(1)
Summary	418	(2)
Suggestions for Teaching: Students with Visual Impairment in General Education Classrooms	420	(5)
Physical Disabilities	425	(42)
Definition and Classification	426	(2)
Prevalence and Need	428	(1)
Neuromotor Impairments	428	(9)
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)	429	(2)
Other Neurological Impairments	431	(6)
Orthopedic and Musculoskeletal Disorders	437	(1)
Other Conditions Affecting Health or Physical Ability	438	(1)
Prevention of Physical Disabilities	439	(2)
Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics	441	(2)
Academic Achievement	441	(1)
Personality Characteristics	441	(2)
Prosthetics, Orthotics, and Adaptive Devices for Daily Living	443	(4)
Educational Considerations	447	(3)
Individualized Planning	447	(1)
Educational Placement	448	(1)
Educational Goals and Curricula	449	(1)
Success Stories: Special Educators at Work	450	(2)
Links with Other Disciplines	450	(2)
Collaboration: Key to Success	452	(2)
Early Intervention	454	(2)
Transition	456	(3)
Choosing a Career	456	(2)
Sociosexuality	458	(1)
Summary	459	(2)
Suggestions for Teaching: Students with Physical Disabilities in General Education Classrooms	461	(6)
Special Gifts and Talents	467	(46)
Definition	468	(7)
Federal and State Definitions	471	(1)
Changes in the Definition of Giftedness	471	(4)
Prevalence	475	(1)
Origins of Giftedness	476	(3)
Identification of Giftedness	479	(1)
Physical, Psychological, and Behavioral Characteristics	480	(1)
Cultural Values Regarding Students with Special Gifts or Talents and Their Education	481	(5)
The Educational Reform Movement and Controversy Regarding the Education of Students with Special Gifts and Talents	485	(1)
Neglected Groups of Students with Special Gifts or Talents	486	(6)
Underachievers with Special Gifts or Talents	486	(1)
Students with Special Gifts from Cultural- and Ethnic-Minority Groups	487	(2)
Students with Disabilities and Special Gifts or Talents	489	(1)
Females with Special Gifts or Talents	490	(2)
Educational Considerations	492	(2)
Success Stories: Special Educators at Work	494	(3)
Acceleration	496	(1)
Enrichment	496	(1)
Teachers of Students with Special Gifts or Talents	497	(1)
Early Intervention	497	(1)
Collaboration: Key to Success	498	(4)
Transition	502	(1)
Summary	503	(2)
Suggestions for Teaching: Students Who are Gifted and Talented in General Education Classrooms	505	(8)
Parents and Families	513	(28)
Professionals' Changing Views of Parents	514	(3)
The Effects of a Child with a Disability on the Family	517	(7)
Parental Reactions	517	(5)
Sibling Reactions	522	(2)
Family Involvement in Treatment and Education	524	(12)
The Family Systems Theory	526	(4)
Social Support for Families	530	(2)
Communication Between Parents and Professionals	532	(4)
In Conclusion	536	(3)
Summary	539	(2)
Appendix: Summary of IDEA '97 Regulatory Issues	541	(2)
Glossary	543	(8)
References	551	(34)
Name Index	585	(12)
Subject Index	597