Exercise Physiology : Human Bioenergetics and Its Applications with PowerWeb Bind-in Card

by Brooks, George A.; Fahey, Thomas D.; Baldwin, Kenneth M.

• ISBN13: 9780072985405
• ISBN10: 0072985402
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-09-14
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages

Summary

A standard in the field, this text integrates bioenergetics into every chapter and provides a comprehensive survey of current data and research in exercise physiology. In-depth discussions of all areas of exercise physiology make this text an invaluable resource for students in exercise science, kinesiology, sports medicine, human biodynamics, and physical education courses.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Introduction: The Limits of Human Performance	1	(18)
The Scientific Basis of Exercise Physiology: Some Definitions	2	(1)
Physiological Science in Sports Science and Medicine, the Health Care Professions, Physical Education, and Athletics	3	(1)
The Relevance of Physiology for the Health Care Professions, Physical Education, and Athletics	4	(1)
The Body as a Machine	4	(1)
The Rate-Limiting Factor	5	(1)
Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max) and Physical Fitness	5	(2)
Factors Affecting the Performance of the Biological Machine	7	(1)
Stress and Response	7	(1)
The Overload Principle	8	(1)
Specificity	9	(1)
Reversibility	9	(1)
Individuality	9	(1)
Development of the Field of Exercise Physiology	9	(1)
Pioneers and Leaders in Exercise Physiology	10	(3)
The Ever-Changing Fields of Exercise Physiology and Exercise and Sports Science in the United States and Elsewhere	13	(1)
Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General of the United States	14	(2)
Summary	16	(1)
Selected Readings	16	(3)
Bioenergetics	19	(12)
Terminology	20	(1)
Heat, Temperature, and the Biological Apparatus	20	(1)
Laws of Thermodynamics	21	(1)
Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions	22	(1)
Enthalpy	23	(1)
Free Energy	24	(1)
The Equilibrium Constant and Free Energy	25	(1)
The Actual Free Energy Change	26	(1)
ATP: The Common Chemical Intermediate	26	(3)
Structure of ATP	27	(1)
ATP: The High-Energy Chemical Intermediate	28	(1)
Summary	29	(1)
Selected Readings	30	(1)
The Maintenance of ATP Homeostasis in Energetics and Human Movement	31	(12)
Immediate Energy Sources	32	(2)
Nonoxidative (Glycolytic) Energy Sources	34	(1)
Oxidative Energy Sources	35	(1)
Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism	35	(1)
Power and Capacity of Muscle Energy Systems	36	(1)
Energetics and Athletic Performance	36	(1)
Enzymatic Regulation of Metabolism	36	(3)
Cell ATP Homeostasis and the Adenylate Energy Charge	39	(2)
Summary	41	(1)
Selected Readings	42	(1)
Basics of Metabolism	43	(16)
Energy Transductions in the Biosphere	43	(1)
Metabolism and Heat Production in Animals	44	(1)
Early Attempts at Calorimetry	45	(6)
Indirect Calorimetry	51	(1)
The Utility of Indirect Calorimetry During Exercise	51	(6)
Summary	57	(1)
Selected Readings	58	(1)
Glycogenolysis and Glycolysis in Muscle: The Cellular Degradation of Sugar and Carbohydrate to Pyruvate and Lactate	59	(38)
The Dietary Sources of Glucose	60	(1)
Direct vs. Indirect Pathways of Liver Glycogen Synthesis: The ``Glucose Paradox''	61	(2)
Blood Glucose Concentration During Rest and Exercise	63	(2)
Glycolysis	65	(14)
Glycolysis in Muscle	66	(1)
Aerobic, Anaerobic, and ``Nonrobic'' Glycolysis in the Cytosol	66	(5)
Malate-Aspartate and Glycerol-Phosphate Cytoplasmic-Mitochondrial Shuttle Systems	71	(1)
The Intracellular Lactate Shuttle	72	(2)
ATP Yield by Glycolysis	74	(1)
The Efficiency of Glycolysis	75	(1)
The Control of Glycolysis	75	(4)
Glycogenolysis	79	(4)
Control by Phosphate	79	(1)
Control by Calcium Ion	79	(3)
Energy Flux and Metabolic Regulation	82	(1)
The Cell-Cell Lactate Shuttle	83	(1)
Monocarboxylate (Lactate/Pyruvate) Transport Proteins in Muscle Cell Membranes and Mitochondria	84	(2)
The Muscle Mitochondrial Lactate/Pyruvate Transporter is MCT1	86	(1)
Gluconeogenesis	86	(1)
Glycogen Synthesis	87	(1)
Effects of Training on Glycolysis	87	(1)
Quantitative and Relative Uses of Glucose, Glycogen, and Other Substrates During Exercise	88	(3)
Effects of Exercise and Endurance Training on Blood Lactate Concentration, Appearance, and Clerance Rates	91	(1)
Summary	92	(1)
Selected Readings	93	(4)
Cellular Oxidation of Pyruvate and Lactate	97	(27)
Mitochondrial Structure	97	(3)
The Mitochondrial Reticulum: Mitochondria Are Interconnected Tubes, Not Individual Spheres	100	(1)
Mitochondrial Structure and Function	101	(1)
The Krebs Cycle	102	(4)
The Electron Transport Chain	106	(4)
Function of the ETC	108	(1)
Control of the ETC	108	(1)
The Number of ATP from a Glucose Molecule	108	(2)
Effects of Training on Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria	110	(4)
The Training Adaptation and Coordination of Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genes	114	(3)
What is the Mitochondrial Oxygen Partial Pressure During Exercise?	117	(2)
Free Radicals, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Oxidative Damage, Cell Signaling and Protection	119	(1)
Summary	120	(1)
Selected Readings	121	(3)
Lipid Metabolism	124	(34)
Lipid Defined	125	(3)
Esterification and Hydrolysis	128	(1)
Fats in the Diet	129	(1)
Chylomicrons and Lipoproteins	129	(1)
Free Fatty Acid Levels in Blood During Rest and Exercise	130	(1)
The Utilization of Lipids During Exercise	131	(8)
Mobilization from Adipose	132	(2)
Circulation and Uptake	134	(1)
Activation and Translocation	135	(2)
β-Oxidation	137	(1)
Mitochondrial Oxidation	137	(2)
Intramuscular Triglycerides and Lipoproteins as Fuel Sources	139	(2)
Tissue Specificity in Lipid Utilization	141	(1)
Mitochondrial Adaptation to Enhance Fat Oxidation	141	(1)
Carbohydrate--Lipid Interactions: The Glucose--Fatty Acid Cycle	141	(1)
Substrate Utilization During Exercise: The ``Crossover Concept''	142	(2)
The Substrate Shunt During Exercise	144	(4)
Is AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) the Metabolic Master Switch for Energy-Sensing and Signaling in Skeletal Muscle?	148	(2)
Gender Differences in Energy Substrate Partitioning	150	(1)
Ketones as Fuels	151	(3)
Summary	154	(1)
Selected Readings	154	(4)
Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids	158	(23)
Structure of Amino Acids and Proteins	159	(1)
Proteins in the Diet	160	(1)
The Amino Acid Pool	161	(5)
Nitrogen Balance: Protein-CHO-Energy Interactions	162	(1)
The Removal of Nitrogen from Amino Acids---The Role of Glutamate	162	(2)
The Excretion of Nitrogenous Wastes	164	(1)
Sites of Amino Acid and Protein Degradation	164	(2)
The Fate of Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons	166	(1)
Gluconeogenic Amino Acids	166	(2)
Pathways of Phosphoenolpyruvate Formation	167	(1)
Amino Acids in Anaplerotic and Cataplerotic Reactions	168	(1)
Branched-Chain Amino Acids	168	(1)
The Glucose--Alanine Cycle	168	(4)
Basic Studies	168	(2)
Results of Experiments on Exercising Animals	170	(1)
Muscle Proteolysis During Exercise	170	(1)
Effects of Endurance Training on Amino Acid Metabolism	170	(2)
Results of Human Experimentation	172	(2)
Glutamate and Glutamine as Ammonia Scavengers	174	(3)
Basic Studies	174	(3)
Stimulation of Anabolic Processes Immediately After Exercise	177	(1)
Summary	177	(1)
Selected Readings	178	(3)
Neural-Endocrine Control of Metabolism: Blood Glucose Homeostasis During Exercise	181	(32)
Glucose Homeostasis: Hepatic Glucose Production (HGP) and Glucose Shunting During Exercise	182	(1)
Feed-Forward Control of Glycemia During Exercise	183	(1)
Characteristics of Hormones	183	(2)
Feedback and the Control of Hormonal Secretion	185	(1)
Mechanisms of Hormonal Action	185	(1)
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)---The Intracellular Hormone	186	(1)
Insulin and Glucagon---The Immediate Control of Blood Glucose Level	186	(5)
Facilitated Glucose Transport---The ``Translocation Hypothesis'' as a Mechanism of Insulin Action	186	(2)
Facilitated Glucose Transport---The Mechanism of Muscle Contractions	188	(1)
Role of the Liver in Stabilizing Blood Glucose Level	188	(1)
Insulin and Hepatic Fat Metabolism	189	(1)
The Insulin Response to Exercise	189	(1)
Training and Insulin Release in Exercise	190	(1)
Training and Muscle GLUT-4	190	(1)
Glucagon---The Insulin Antagonist	191	(1)
The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla	191	(10)
Effects of Exercise Intensity and Training on Catecholamine Responses	193	(1)
Mild to Moderate Intensity Exercise	193	(1)
Hard to Maximal Intensity Exercise	194	(2)
Catecholamines and Blood Glucose Homeostasis	196	(1)
The Endocrine Control of Hepatic Glucose Production	197	(2)
Insulin, Glucagon, Norepinephrine, and Epinephrine: Redundant Controls of Glycemia	199	(2)
Amylin---the Missing Ingredient?	201	(1)
Can Muscle Make Glucose?	201	(1)
Growth Hormone Response to Continuous and Intermittent Exercise	202	(2)
Cortisol and the Pituitary---Adrenal Axis	204	(1)
Role of Cortisol in Prolonged Exercise and During Recovery from Exhausting Exercise	204	(1)
The Permissive Action of Thyroid Hormone	204	(3)
Posterior Pituitary and ADH Secretion	207	(1)
Summary	208	(1)
Selected Readings	209	(4)
Metabolic Response to Exercise: Lactate Metabolism During Exercise and Recovery, Excess Postexercise O2 Consumption (EPOC), O2 Deficit, O2 Debt, and the ``Anaerobic Threshold''	213	(28)
Why Measure the Metabolic Response to Exercise?	213	(1)
Validity of Indirect Calorimetry in Measuring Exercise Response	214	(4)
Muscle as a Consumer of Lactate During Exercise	216	(2)
The Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC), or the ``O2 Debt''	218	(1)
Classical O2 Debt Theory: The Early Twentieth Century	218	(4)
The Metabolic Fate of Lactic Acid After Exercise	222	(2)
Lactate as a Carbon Reservoir During Recovery	223	(1)
Lactic Acid Does Not Cause the O2 Debt	223	(1)
Exercise-Related Disturbances to Mitochondrial Function	224	(2)
Temperature	224	(1)
Fatty Acids and Ions	225	(1)
Calcium Ion	225	(1)
Sympathetic Stimulation	225	(1)
Use of the Term ``O2 Debt''	226	(1)
Continued Utility of the O2 Deficit Measure	226	(1)
Lactic Acid Turnover During Exercise (Production, Effects of Training on Blood, Removal, and Clearance)	226	(1)
Principles of Tracer Methodology	227	(3)
Effect of Endurance Training on Lactate Metabolism During Exercise	230	(1)
The ``Anaerobic Threshold'': A Misnomer	231	(1)
Causes of the Lactate Inflection Point	232	(2)
Summary	234	(2)
Selected Readings	236	(5)
The Why of Pulmonary Ventilation	241	(17)
Breathing, Ventilation, and Respiration	242	(1)
Rhythmicity in Ventilation	242	(1)
Pulmonary Minute Volume	242	(1)
Environmental Influences on Pulmonary Gas Volumes	243	(1)
Entry of O2 into Blood	243	(2)
Blood Hemoglobin and Hematocrit	245	(1)
Pulmonary Diffusion	245	(1)
Solubility and Diffusion of Gases in Liquids	245	(1)
Diffusion of Gases Through Respiratory Membranes (Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity)	246	(1)
Arterial Oxygen Homeostasis	246	(3)
Oxygen Transport	247	(1)
Effects of CO2 and H+ on O2 Transport	248	(1)
The Red Blood Cells and Hemoglobin in CO2 Transport	249	(3)
CO2 Content of Blood Depends on the PCO2	251	(1)
Effects of O2 on Hemoglobin and CO2 Transport	252	(1)
The Buffering of Metabolic Acids by the Bicarbonate Buffer System	252	(3)
The Control of Blood pH by Ventilation (and Vice Versa)	254	(1)
The Buffering of Metabolic Acids	254	(1)
The Physicochemical (Stewart) Approach to Blood Acid-Base Chemistry	255	(1)
Breathing for Talking	255	(1)
Summary	256	(1)
Selected Readings	256	(2)
The How of Ventilation	258	(25)
Pulmonary Anatomy	259	(1)
Mechanics of Ventilation	260	(1)
Dead Space and Alveolar Ventilation	261	(2)
Static Lung Volumes---Physical Dimensions of the Lungs	263	(2)
Physics of Ventilatory Gases	265	(3)
Partial Pressures	265	(1)
Water Vapor	265	(3)
Respiration, Circulation, and Ventilation	268	(1)
The Control of Alveolar Minute Ventilation	269	(1)
Control of Tidal Volume and Breathing Frequency	269	(2)
Control of Ventilation: An Integrated, Redundant Neural-Humoral Mechanism	271	(3)
The Respiratory (Ventilatory) Center	274	(1)
Central Inputs to the Inspiratory Center	274	(2)
Neural Input---Central Command from the Motor Cortex	274	(1)
Humoral Input---The Medullary Extracellular Fluid	275	(1)
Peripheral Inputs to the Respiratory System	276	(1)
Peripheral Chemoreceptors	276	(1)
Other Peripheral Chemoreceptors	276	(1)
Peripheral Neural Inputs to the Inspiratory Center	277	(1)
Peripheral Mechanoreceptors	277	(1)
Control of Exercise Hyperpnea	277	(1)
Summary	278	(1)
Selected Readings	279	(4)
Ventilation as a Limiting Factor in Aerobic Performance at Sea Level	283	(9)
Ventilatory Perfusion Ratio (VE/Q) During Rest and Exercise	284	(1)
The Ventilatory Equivalent of O2 (VE/VO2) During Exercise	285	(1)
VEmax Versus MVV During Exercise	285	(1)
Partial Pressures of Alveolar (PAO2) and Arterial Oxygen (Pao2) During Exercise	285	(1)
Alveolar Surface Area for Exchange	285	(1)
Fatigue of Ventilatory Muscles and Other Limitations in Ventilation	286	(1)
Pulmonary Limitations in Highly Trained Athletes	286	(2)
Success at High Altitude	288	(1)
Summary	288	(1)
Selected Readings	289	(3)
The Heart	292	(20)
The Structure of the Heart	293	(4)
The Myocardium	294	(2)
Structure and the Cardiac Cycle	296	(1)
The Electrical Activity of the Heart and the Electrocardiogram	297	(2)
The Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)	297	(2)
Training and the ECG	299	(1)
Cardiac Performance at Rest and During Exercise	299	(1)
Factors Determining Cardiac Performance	299	(9)
Preload	301	(3)
Afterload	304	(2)
Contractility	306	(1)
Heart Rate	307	(1)
Summary	308	(1)
Selected Readings	308	(4)
Circulation and Its Control	312	(28)
The Circulation	313	(2)
Vascular Smooth Muscle	314	(1)
Determinants of Blood Flow	315	(4)
Poiseuille's Equation	316	(1)
Principle of the Siphon	317	(1)
Limitations of Poiseuille's Equation and the Siphon In Vivo	317	(2)
Cardiovascular Regulation and Control	319	(15)
Neural Control of the Heart	319	(1)
Neural Control of the Cardiovascular System	319	(4)
Hormonal Control Mechanisms	323	(2)
Metabolic Regulation of Blood Flow	325	(1)
Autoregulation	326	(1)
Summary of Cardiovascular Control During Exercise	326	(1)
Regional Circulations	327	(4)
The Kidneys and Control of Blood and Fluid Volumes	331	(3)
Vascularization and Exercise Training	334	(1)
Summary	334	(1)
Selected Readings	335	(5)
Cardiovascular Dynamics During Exercise	340	(23)
Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise	341	(8)
Oxygen Consumption	343	(2)
Heart Rate	345	(1)
Stroke Volume	345	(1)
Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference	346	(1)
Blood Pressure	346	(1)
Blood Flow and ``Cardiovascular Triage''	347	(2)
The Limits of Cardiovascular Performance	349	(6)
Protection of the Heart and Muscles During Exercise	351	(1)
Classical Versus Contemporary Views of Maximal Oxygen Consumption and Endurance Performance	352	(1)
Dynamics of Oxygen Transport Capacity	353	(1)
Criteria for Identifying VO2max	353	(1)
Performance Efficiency	354	(1)
VO2max as Predictor of Endurance Performance	354	(1)
Changes in Cardiovascular Parameters with Training	355	(4)
Oxygen Consumption	355	(1)
Heart Rate	356	(1)
Stroke Volume	357	(1)
Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference	358	(1)
Blood Pressure	358	(1)
Blood Volume	358	(1)
Blood Flow	358	(1)
Summary	359	(1)
Selected Readings	359	(4)
Skeletal Muscle Structure and Contractile Properties	363	(33)
Skeletal Muscle Functional Anatomy	364	(13)
Organizational Hierarchy	364	(2)
Myotendinous Junction	366	(1)
Cell Dimensions	367	(2)
Sarcomeres	369	(1)
Contractile and Regulatory Proteins	369	(8)
Sliding Filament Theory and the Crossbridge Cycle	377	(2)
Capillarity and the Microvascular Unit	379	(4)
Capillarity	379	(2)
Microvascular Unit	381	(1)
Exercise Blood Flow	382	(1)
Architectural Factors	383	(3)
Contractile Properties	386	(7)
Types of Contraction	386	(1)
Experimental Models of Muscle Contraction	386	(1)
Length--Tension Relationship	387	(1)
Isometric Contraction	387	(2)
Force--Velocity Relationship During Shortening and Lengthening Contractions	389	(2)
Contraction Modes for Testing and Training Skeletal Muscle Groups	391	(2)
Summary	393	(1)
Selected Readings	393	(3)
Neurons, Motor Unit Recruitment, and Integrative Control of Movement	396	(34)
Excitability	397	(6)
Resting Membrane Potential	397	(1)
Action Potential	398	(3)
Neuron Anatomy	401	(1)
Facilitation and Inhibition of Action Potentials	401	(2)
The Neuromuscular Junction	403	(2)
Excitation-Contraction Coupling	405	(3)
Muscle Membranes Involved in Excitation	405	(1)
Coupling of Excitation to Contraction	406	(2)
Motor Units, Fiber Types, and Recruitment	408	(6)
The Motor Unit	408	(1)
Muscle Fiber Types	408	(4)
The Size Principle of Motor Unit Recruitment	412	(1)
Electromyography	413	(1)
Integrative Control of Movement	414	(10)
Anatomical Considerations	414	(3)
Neural Control of Reflexes	417	(2)
Muscle Spindles and the Gamma Loop	419	(1)
Golgi Tendon Organs	420	(2)
Corticospinal Tract	422	(1)
Multineuronal, Extrapyramidal Pathways	423	(1)
Spinal Movements	423	(1)
Motor Control and Learning	424	(2)
Volitional and Learned Movements	424	(1)
Sensory Input During Movement	424	(2)
Motor Learning	426	(1)
Summary	426	(1)
Selected Readings	427	(3)
Principles of Skeletal Muscle Adaptations	430	(26)
Principle of Myoplasticity	431	(3)
Muscle Fiber Types in Elite Athletes	434	(3)
Adaptations in Muscle Structure to Endurance Training	437	(1)
Adaptations in Muscle Structure to Resistance Training	438	(3)
Contribution of Cellular Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia	438	(1)
Fiber-Type Specific Adaptations	438	(1)
Alterations in Specific Force with Hypertrophy	439	(2)
Adaptations in Muscle Structure to Decreased Physical Activity	441	(1)
Muscle Adaptation: Injury and Regeneration	442	(1)
Gender Differences in Skeletal Muscle	443	(1)
Age-Associated Changes in Skeletal Muscle	444	(6)
Age-Associated Muscle Atrophy	445	(1)
Age-Associated Change in Muscle Function	446	(1)
Structure-Function Responses to Resistance Training	447	(3)
Summary	450	(1)
Selected Readings	451	(5)
Muscle Strength, Power, and Flexibility	456	(36)
Progressive Resistance Training	457	(1)
Classification of Strength Exercises	458	(3)
Isometric Exercise	458	(1)
Isotonic Exercise	459	(2)
Factors Involved in Muscle Adaptation to Progressive Resistance Exercise	461	(7)
Overload	463	(1)
Specificity	464	(3)
Reversibility	467	(1)
Individual Differences	467	(1)
Components of Muscle Strength: Neural-Motor, Contractile, Elastic	468	(7)
Neural-Motor Component of Strength	468	(4)
Contractile Component of Strength	472	(2)
Muscle Elastic Component of Strength	474	(1)
Coordinating Neural-Motor, Contractile, and Elastic Components of Strength	475	(1)
Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)	475	(2)
Progressive Resistance Training Programs of Athletes	477	(4)
Physiological Basis for Periodization of Training	481	(1)
Training for Flexibility	481	(5)
Benefits of Flexibility and Stretching Exercises	482	(1)
Additional Potential Benefits	482	(1)
Factors Determining Flexibility	483	(2)
Developing Flexibility	485	(1)
Summary	486	(1)
Selected Readings	487	(5)
Principles of Endurance Conditioning	492	(19)
Training for Athletic Competition	493	(1)
Overload, Stimulus, and Response	493	(1)
Specificity, Skill Acquisition, and Developing Metabolic Machinery	494	(3)
Recovery from Sprint Activities	494	(1)
Over-Distance Training	495	(1)
Interval Training	496	(1)
Training Variation and Peaking	496	(1)
Sprint Training	497	(1)
Volume Versus Intensity of Training	497	(1)
Peripheral (Cardiovascular and Intramuscular) Adaptations	498	(1)
Central Limitations	498	(1)
The Taper for Competition	499	(2)
High-Altitude Training	501	(1)
Three Components of a Training Session	501	(2)
Methods of Evaluating Training Intensity	503	(3)
Heart Rate	503	(1)
Blood Lactate	503	(2)
Heart Rate Field Test for the Maximal Blood Lactate Steady State	505	(1)
Planning a Training Schedule	506	(1)
Summary	507	(1)
Selected Readings	507	(4)
Exercise in the Heat and Cold	511	(29)
Humans as Homeotherms	512	(2)
Normal Body Temperature	513	(1)
Heat Transfer	514	(7)
Body Temperature, Environment, and Exercise Intensity	514	(1)
Heat Production	515	(1)
Heat Loss	516	(3)
Temperature Regulation	519	(2)
Behavior	521	(1)
Exercise in the Cold	521	(5)
Movement in the Cold	521	(1)
Cardiopulmonary Responses to the Cold	522	(2)
Muscle Strength	524	(1)
Metabolic Changes	524	(1)
Acclimatization and Habituation to Cold	524	(1)
Cold Injury	525	(1)
Exercise in the Heat	526	(8)
Cardiovascular Effects	526	(1)
Sweating Response	527	(1)
Acclimatization to Heat	528	(1)
Loss of Acclimatization to Heat	529	(1)
Thermal Distress	529	(1)
Dehydration	530	(1)
Heat Cramps	531	(1)
Heat Exhaustion	531	(1)
Heat Syncope	531	(1)
Heat Stroke	532	(1)
Preventing Thermal Distress	533	(1)
Summary	534	(1)
Selected Readings	535	(5)
Exercise, Atmospheric Pressure, Air-Pollution, and Travel	540	(34)
Altitude	541	(14)
Human Responses to Altitude	543	(1)
Systemic Responses to Altitude	544	(6)
Muscle Oxidative Capacity at Altitude	550	(3)
Competitive Athletics at Altitude	553	(2)
Humans in High-Pressure Environments	555	(10)
Physiological Effects of Exposure to High Pressure	555	(5)
Hyperbaric Exercise	560	(5)
Exercise and Air Pollution	565	(1)
Biological Rhythms and Travel Across Time Zones	565	(1)
Summary	566	(1)
Selected Readings	567	(7)
Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise	574	(43)
Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) and Exercise	575	(2)
Mechanisms of Sudden Death During Exercise	576	(1)
Preventing Sudden Death During Exercise	577	(1)
The Development of Atherosclerosis	577	(4)
Risk Factors in the Development of Coronary Heart Disease	581	(14)
Dyslipidemia	582	(4)
Hypertension	586	(1)
Smoking	586	(1)
Family History, Gender, and Age	587	(1)
Obesity	587	(1)
Emotional Stress	587	(3)
Physical Activity	590	(5)
Cardiac Rehabilitation	595	(11)
The Inpatient Program	596	(1)
The Outpatient Therapeutic Program	596	(1)
The Exercise Maintenance Program	597	(1)
Cardiac Rehabilitation and Reinfarction	597	(1)
Cardiac Drugs and Exercise	597	(9)
Hypertension	606	(5)
Systolic Blood Pressure	606	(1)
Diastolic Blood Pressure	607	(1)
Mechanisms of Hypertension	607	(2)
Treatment of Hypertension	609	(1)
Exercise and Hypertension	609	(2)
Chronic Heart Failure (CHF)	611	(1)
Exercise Training in CHF	612	(1)
Heart Transplantation	612	(1)
Exercise and the HT Patient	613	(1)
Summary	613	(1)
Selected Readings	614	(3)
Obesity, Body Composition, and Exercise	617	(32)
Obesity and Health	618	(5)
Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and the Metabolic Syndrome	620	(1)
Obesity and Hypertension	621	(1)
Obesity and Hyperlipidemia	622	(1)
Obesity and Musculoskeletal Injury	623	(1)
Energy Balance: The Role of Exercise and Diet	623	(2)
Control of Food Intake	623	(2)
Energy Expenditure	625	(3)
Resting Metabolic Rate	625	(1)
Thermogenesis	625	(2)
Physical Activity	627	(1)
Hypercellularity of Adipose	628	(1)
The Treatment of Obesity	629	(5)
Diet: Caloric Restriction	629	(1)
Dehydration	630	(1)
Medical Procedures	631	(1)
Behavior Modification	632	(1)
Exercise	632	(2)
Body Composition	634	(10)
Ideal Body Composition	634	(1)
Measuring Body Composition	634	(9)
Application of Body Composition Measurements	643	(1)
Summary	644	(1)
Selected Readings	645	(4)
Exercise, Disease, and Disability	649	(32)
Chronic Diseases	650	(6)
Cancer	650	(2)
Diabetes	652	(4)
Aging-Related Disorders	656	(3)
Arthritis	656	(1)
Osteoporosis	657	(2)
Pulmonary Disorders	659	(4)
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease	659	(2)
Asthma	661	(2)
Exercise, Immunity, and Infection	663	(4)
Basic Structure of the Immune System	663	(1)
Exercise Training and Immunity	664	(1)
Viral Infections	665	(2)
Mental and Physical Disability	667	(8)
Exercise and Mental Health	667	(1)
Exercise for People Confined to Wheelchairs	667	(3)
Deconditioning and Bed Rest	670	(5)
Summary	675	(1)
Selected Readings	676	(5)
Exercise Testing and Prescription	681	(40)
Medical Screening Prior to Beginning an Exercise Program	682	(3)
Medical Examination	682	(1)
Contraindications to Exercise Training and Testing	683	(2)
Functional Capacity	685	(3)
METs	686	(1)
VO2max Expressed per Kilogram Body Mass (ml · kg-1 · min-1)	686	(2)
Measuring Maximal Oxygen Consumption	688	(2)
Ventilation	688	(1)
Gas Temperature and Barometric Pressure	688	(1)
Composition of Expired Air	689	(1)
Tests of Functional Capacity	690	(13)
Maximal Versus Submaximal Tests	691	(1)
Exercise Test Measurements	691	(2)
Physical Preparation for Exercise Tolerance Testing	693	(3)
The Treadmill	696	(2)
The Bicycle Ergometer	698	(3)
The Arm Ergometer	701	(1)
Bench Steps	701	(2)
Exercise-Specific Tests	703	(5)
Field Tests of Maximal Oxygen Consumption	703	(3)
Submaximal Tests	706	(1)
Tests of High-Intensity Exercise Capacity	706	(2)
Exercise Prescription for Health and Fitness	708	(6)
Exercise and Health	709	(5)
Exercise Prescription for the Cardiac Patient	714	(2)
Summary	716	(1)
Selected Readings	717	(4)
Nutrition and Athletic Performance	721	(28)
Nutritional Practice in Athletics	722	(1)
What Is the IOM Macronutrient Report, Why Was It Written, Who Wrote It, and What Does It Say?	722	(4)
Dietary Recommendations in the IOM Macronutrient Report	726	(2)
Muscle Glycogen and Dietary Carbohydrate	728	(2)
The High-Complex Carbohydrate Diet as the Norm	730	(1)
Problems with Carbohydrate Loading	730	(1)
Liver Glycogen and Blood Glucose	731	(1)
Amino Acid Participation in Exercise	731	(1)
Lean Tissue Maintenance and Accretion (Bulking Up)	732	(2)
Fat Utilization During Exercise	734	(1)
The Precompetition Meal	735	(2)
Water in the Diet	737	(1)
Fluid, Energy, and Electrolyte Ingestion During and After Exercise	738	(1)
The Normal Balanced Diet	739	(1)
Meal Planning	739	(1)
The Athlete's Diet and Trace Elements	740	(4)
Cutting Weight and Special Needs of the Female Athlete	744	(1)
Summary	744	(1)
Selected Readings	745	(4)
Ergogenic Aids	749	(34)
Banned Substances	750	(3)
Anabolic--Androgenic Steroids	753	(11)
How Anabolic Steroids Work	753	(3)
Anabolic Steroids and Performance	756	(2)
Side Effects of Anabolic Steroids	758	(4)
Use of Anabolic Steroids by Athletes	762	(2)
Growth Hormone	764	(3)
IGF-1	765	(1)
Prohormones	766	(1)
Insulin	766	(1)
Clenubuterol	766	(1)
Creatine Monohydrate	766	(1)
Phosphatidylserine (PS)	767	(1)
β-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB)	767	(1)
Amphetamines	767	(1)
Amphetamines and Athletic Performance	768	(1)
Side Effects of Amphetamines	768	(1)
Cocaine	768	(1)
Caffeine	769	(2)
Caffeine and Performance	770	(1)
Other Stimulants	771	(1)
Nutritional Supplements	771	(4)
Carbohydrate Feeding	771	(1)
Protein Loading	772	(1)
Vitamins	772	(1)
B Vitamins	772	(1)
Vitamin C	773	(1)
Vitamin E and Wheat Germ Oil	773	(1)
Aspartates	774	(1)
L-Carnitine	774	(1)
Succinates	775	(1)
Chromium	775	(1)
``Adaptogens''---Herbal Stimulants	775	(1)
Other Nutritional Ergogenic Aids	775	(1)
Sodium Bicarbonate	775	(1)
Blood Doping and Erythropoietin	776	(1)
Oxygen	776	(1)
Summary	777	(1)
Selected Readings	778	(5)
Gender Differences in Physical Performance	783	(26)
Physiological Sex Differences	784	(8)
Sex Chromosomes	784	(1)
Growth and Maturation	785	(1)
Body Composition	786	(1)
Oxygen Transport and Endurance	787	(3)
Physical Performance	790	(1)
Muscle Metabolism and Substrate Utilization	790	(1)
Strength	791	(1)
Exercise and the Menstrual Cycle	792	(5)
Menarche	792	(1)
Amenorrhea and Oligomenorrhea	792	(4)
The Female Athlete Triad	796	(1)
Dysmenorrhea and Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)	797	(1)
Pregnancy	797	(7)
Energy Cost of Pregnancy	798	(1)
Effects of Physical Fitness on Childbirth	799	(1)
Effect of Pregnancy on Fitness	800	(1)
The Effect of Exercise on the Fetus	801	(1)
Exercise Prescription in Pregnancy	802	(2)
Summary	804	(1)
Selected Readings	805	(4)
Growth and Development	809	(25)
Nature of the Growth Process	810	(7)
Growth Curves	810	(1)
Neuroendocrine Control of Growth	810	(2)
Exercise and Growth	812	(1)
Growth in Infancy and Childhood	813	(1)
Growth at Puberty and Adolescence	813	(1)
Assessing Maturation in Adolescents	814	(3)
Skeletal Changes During Growth	817	(2)
Bone Growth	817	(2)
Epiphyseal Injury	819	(1)
Body Composition and Obesity	819	(3)
Muscle	822	(1)
Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Function	822	(5)
Cardiac Performance	822	(1)
Pulmonary Function	823	(3)
Temperature Regulation	826	(1)
Training	826	(1)
``Anaerobic'' Work Capacity	827	(1)
Genetics and Physical Performance	828	(1)
Summary	828	(2)
Selected Readings	830	(4)
Aging and Exercise	834	(18)
The Nature of the Aging Process	836	(2)
The Aging Process and the Effects of Exercise	838	(4)
Cardiovascular Capacity	839	(3)
Pulmonary Function	842	(1)
Skeletal System	842	(1)
Joints	843	(1)
Skeletal Muscle	843	(1)
Strength	843	(1)
Muscle Fiber Types and Motor Units	844	(1)
Muscle Biochemistry	844	(1)
Exercise and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors	844	(1)
Body Composition and Stature	845	(1)
Neural Function	846	(1)
Exercise Prescription for the Elderly	846	(1)
Summary	847	(1)
Selected Readings	847	(5)
Fatigue During Muscular Exercise	852
Identifying Fatigue	853	(1)
Metabolite Depletion	854	(2)
The Phosphagens (ATP and CP)	854	(1)
Free Energy of ATP and Other ATP-Related Fatigue Effects	855	(1)
Glycogen	856	(1)
Blood Glucose	856	(1)
Metabolite Accumulation	856	(4)
Lactic Acid Accumulation (Lactic Acidosis)	857	(1)
Phosphate and Diprotenated Phosphates	857	(1)
Calcium Ion	858	(1)
Mitochondrial Coupling Efficiency	858	(1)
Ryanodine Receptor Fatigue	859	(1)
O2 Depletion and Muscle Mitochondrial Density	860	(1)
Disturbances to Homeostasis	860	(1)
Central and Neuromuscular Fatigue	860	(2)
Psychological Fatigue	862	(1)
The Heart as a Site of Fatigue	863	(1)
VO2max and Endurance	864	(3)
Muscle Mass	864	(1)
Muscle Mitochondria	865	(1)
Arterial O2 Transport	866	(1)
Muscle Oxygenation at VO2max	866	(1)
Arterial O2 Transport, VO2max, and Exercise Endurance	866	(1)
Catastrophe Theory	867	(1)
The Future of Fatigue	867	(3)
NMR (MRS and MRI)	867	(2)
PET	869	(1)
NIRS	870	(1)
Summary	870	(1)
Selected Readings	871
Appendix I List of Symbols and Abbreviations	1	(4)
Appendix II Units and Measures	5
Index