Facts: Controllers in Power Transmission and Distribution

by Padiyar, K. R.

• ISBN13: 9781848290105
• ISBN10: 1848290101
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-10-30
• Publisher: Anshan

Summary

The emerging technology of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) enables planning and operation of power systems at minimum costs, without compromising security. This is based on modern high power electronic systems that provide fast controllability to ensure 'flexible' operation under changing system conditions. This book presents a comprehensive treatment of the subject by discussing the operating principles, mathematical models, control design and issues that affect the applications. The concepts are explained often with illustrative examples and case studies. In particular, the book presents an in-depth coverage of: Applications of SVC, TCSC, GCSC, SPST, STATCOM, SSSC, UPFC, IPFC and IPC for voltage/power control in transmission systems; Application of DSTATCOM, DVR and UPQC for improving power quality in distribution systems; Design of Power Oscillation Damping (POD) controllers; Discrete control of FACTS for improving transient stability; Mitigation of SSR using series FACTS Controllers; Issues affecting control design such as electromagnetic and harmonic interactions. The book can serve as a text or reference for a course on FACTS Controllers. It will also benefit researchers and practicing engineers who wish to understand and apply FACTS technology.

Author Biography

K. R. Padiyar is associated with the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore since 1987, where he is presently an Honorary Professor in the department of Electrical Engineering. Prior to joining the IISC he was with the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (1976-1987). He has authored over 200 papers and 4 books including 'HVDC Power Transmission Systems'. His research interests are in the areas of HVDC and FACTS, Power system stability and control. He is the recipient of the 1999 Prof. Rustom Choksi award for excellence in research. He was the ABB Chair Professor during 2001-03. He is a Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. vii
Introduction	p. 1
General	p. 1
Basics of Power Transmission Networks	p. 1
Control of Power Flow in AC Transmission Line	p. 4
Flexible AC Transmission System Controllers	p. 7
Application of FACTS Controllers in Distribution Systems	p. 16
AC Transmission Line and Reactive Power Compensation	p. 19
Analysis of Uncompensated AC Line	p. 19
Passive Reactive Power Compensation	p. 29
Compensation by a Series Capacitor Connected at the Mid-point of the Line	p. 32
Shunt Compensation Connected at the Midpoint of the Line	p. 34
Comparison between Series and Shunt Capacitor	p. 36
Compensation by STATCOM and SSSC	p. 38
Some Representative Examples	p. 42
Static Var Compensator	p. 51
Analysis of SVC	p. 51
Configuration of SVC	p. 58
SVC Controller	p. 68
Voltage Regulator Design-Some Issues	p. 75
Harmonics and Filtering	p. 83
Protection Aspects	p. 91
Modelling of SVC	p. 96
Applications of SVC	p. 99
Thyristor and GTO Controlled Series Capacitor	p. 105
Introduction	p. 105
Basic Concepts of Controlled Series Compensation	p. 106
Operation of TCSC	p. 110
Analysis of TCSC	p. 112
Control of TCSC	p. 118
Modelling of TCSC for Stability Studies	p. 122
GTO Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (GCSC)	p. 125
Mitigation of Subsynchronous Resonance with TCSC and GCSC	p. 128
Applications of TCSC	p. 150
Static Phase Shifting Transformer	p. 157
General	p. 157
Basic Principle of a PST	p. 157
Configurations of SPST	p. 161
Improvement of Transient Stability Using SPST	p. 166
Damping of Low Frequency Power Oscillations	p. 168
Applications of SPST	p. 170
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)	p. 173
Introduction	p. 173
Principle of Operation of STATCOM	p. 174
A Simplified Analysis of a Three Phase Six Pulse STATCOM	p. 177
Analysis of a Six Pulse VSC Using Switching Functions	p. 184
Multi-pulse Converters	p. 188
Control of Type 2 Converters	p. 192
Control of Type 1 Converter	p. 197
Multilevel Voltage Source Converters	p. 200
Harmonic Transfer and Resonance in VSC	p. 209
Applications of STATCOM	p. 213
Static Synchronous Series Compensator	p. 217
Introduction	p. 217
Operation of SSSC and the Control of Power Flow	p. 217
Modelling and Control of SSSC	p. 225
SSSC with an Energy Source	p. 229
Analysis of SSR with a SSSC	p. 237
Applications of SSSC	p. 240
Unified Power Flow Controller and other Multi-Converter Devices	p. 243
Introduction	p. 243
Operation of a UPFC	p. 246
Control of UPFC	p. 257
Protection of UPFC	p. 262
Interline Power Flow Controller	p. 263
Convertible Static Compensator	p. 265
Modelling of UPFC, IPFC and other Multi-Converter FACTS	p. 266
SSR Characteristics of UPFC	p. 269
Applications of UPFC	p. 269
Interphase Power Controller and other FACTS Devices	p. 273
Interphase Power Controller (IPC)	p. 273
NGH SSR Damping Scheme	p. 286
Thyristor Controlled Braking Resistor (TCBR)	p. 291
Fault Current Limiter (FCL)	p. 293
Thyristor Controlled Voltage Limiter (TCVL)	p. 296
Power Oscillation Damping	p. 301
Introduction	p. 301
Basic Issues in the Damping of Low Frequency Oscillations in Large Power Systems	p. 302
System Modelling for Small Signal Stability	p. 305
Design of Damping Controllers	p. 316
Modal Transformation of Swing Equations	p. 322
Damping of Power Oscillations Using Series FACTS Controllers	p. 325
Damping of Power Oscillations Using Shunt FACTS Controllers	p. 334
A Case Study of Damping Controllers in UPFC	p. 340
Improvement of Transient Stability	p. 349
Introduction	p. 349
Transient Stability of a Two Machine System	p. 350
Extension to Multimachine Power Systems	p. 352
Potential Energy Function for SVC, SSSC and UPFC	p. 361
A New Control Algorithm for Improving Transient Stability and Damping of Oscillations	p. 366
Case Studies of Discrete Control for Stability Improvement	p. 374
Power Quality and Introduction to Custom Power Devices	p. 383
General	p. 383
Electromagnetic Phenomena and Power Quality	p. 384
Custom Power Devices	p. 394
Definitions of Reactive Power	p. 403
Reactive Power Compensation in Single Phase Circuits	p. 412
Reactive Power Compensation in Three Phase Circuits	p. 420
Load Compensation and Distribution STATCOM	p. 433
Introduction	p. 433
Three Phase Three Wire Systems	p. 434
Three Phase Four Wire Systems	p. 443
A Case Study	p. 448
Synchronous Reference Frame Based Extraction of Reference Currents	p. 450
Instantaneous Active and Reactive Current Based Extraction of Reference Currents	p. 453
Application of DSTATCOM for Reactive Power Compensation and Voltage Regulation	p. 460
Current Control Techniques for PWM Converters	p. 461
Application of Composite Compensation	p. 464
Dynamic Voltage Restorer and Unified Power Quality Conditioner	p. 467
Introduction	p. 467
Dynamic Voltage Restoration	p. 468
Series Active Filtering	p. 473
A Case Study on DVR	p. 477
Unified Power Quality Conditioner	p. 484
A Case Study on UPQC	p. 487
Modelling of Synchronous Generator	p. 495
Synchronous Machine Model	p. 495
Modelling of Turbine Generator Mechanical Systems	p. 501
Relationship between Park and Kron Transformation	p. 504
Pulse Width Modulation for Voltage Source Converters	p. 507
Introduction	p. 507
Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE)	p. 509
Sinusoidal PWM	p. 511
Space Vector Modulation (SVM)	p. 515
Per Unit System for STATCOM	p. 523
Abbreviations	p. 527
Index	p. 529
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