First Course in Database Systems, A

by Ullman, Jeffrey D.; Widom, Jennifer

• ISBN13: 9780130353009
• ISBN10: 0130353000
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Written by well-known computer scientists, this accessible and succinct introduction to database systems focuses on database design and use. Provides a more extensive treatment of query processing than other books on the market.The authors provide in-depth coverage of databases from the point of view of the database designer, user, and application programmer. It covers the latest database standards: SQL: 1999, SQL/PSM, SQL/CLI, JDBC, ODL, and XML, with broader coverage of SQL than most other books. Now includes coverage of the technologies used to connect database programming with C or Java code-SWL/PSM, SQL/CLI, and JDBC.For database systems and database design and application professionals.

Table of Contents

The Worlds of Database Systems	1	(22)
The Evolution of Database Systems	2	(7)
Early Database Management Systems	2	(2)
Relational Database Systems	4	(1)
Smaller and Smaller Systems	5	(1)
Bigger and Bigger Systems	6	(1)
Client-Server and Multi-Tier Architectures	7	(1)
Multimedia Data	8	(1)
Information Integration	8	(1)
Overview of a Database Management System	9	(6)
Data-Definition Language Commands	10	(1)
Overview of Query Processing	10	(2)
Storage and Buffer Management	12	(1)
Transaction Processing	13	(1)
The Query Processor	14	(1)
Outline of Database-System Studies	15	(4)
Database Design	16	(1)
Database Programming	17	(1)
Database System Implementation	17	(2)
Information Integration Overview	19	(1)
Summary of Chapter 1	19	(1)
References for Chapter 1	20	(3)
The Entity-Relationship Data Model	23	(38)
Elements of the E/R Model	24	(15)
Entity Sets	24	(1)
Attributes	25	(1)
Relationships	25	(1)
Entity-Relationship Diagrams	25	(2)
Instances of an E/R Diagram	27	(1)
Multiplicity of Binary E/R Relationships	27	(1)
Multiway Relationships	28	(1)
Roles in Relationships	29	(2)
Attributes on Relationships	31	(1)
Converting Multiway Relationships to Binary	32	(1)
Subclasses in the E/R Model	33	(3)
Exercises for Section 2.1	36	(3)
Design Principles	39	(8)
Faithfulness	39	(1)
Avoiding Redundancy	39	(1)
Simplicity Counts	40	(1)
Choosing the Right Relationships	40	(2)
Picking the Right Kind of Element	42	(2)
Exercises for Section 2.2	44	(3)
The Modeling of Constraints	47	(7)
Classification of Constraints	47	(1)
Keys in the E/R Model	48	(2)
Representing Keys in the E/R Model	50	(1)
Single-Value Constraints	51	(1)
Referential Integrity	51	(1)
Referential Integrity in E/R Diagrams	52	(1)
Other Kinds of Constraints	53	(1)
Exercises for Section 2.3	53	(1)
Weak Entity Sets	54	(5)
Causes of Weak Entity Sets	54	(2)
Requirements for Weak Entity Sets	56	(1)
Weak Entity Set Notation	57	(1)
Exercises for Section 2.4	58	(1)
Summary of Chapter 2	59	(1)
References for Chapter 2	60	(1)
The Relational Data Model	61	(70)
Basics of the Relational Model	61	(4)
Attributes	62	(1)
Schemas	62	(1)
Tuples	62	(1)
Domains	63	(1)
Equivalent Representations of a Relation	63	(1)
Relation Instances	64	(1)
Exercises for Section 3.1	64	(1)
From E/R Diagrams to Relational Designs	65	(11)
From Entity Sets to Relations	66	(1)
From E/R Relationships to Relations	67	(3)
Combining Relations	70	(1)
Handling Weak Entity Sets	71	(4)
Exercises for Section 3.2	75	(1)
Converting Subclass Structures to Relations	76	(6)
E/R-Style Conversion	77	(1)
An Object-Oriented Approach	78	(1)
Using Null Values to Combine Relations	79	(1)
Comparison of Approaches	79	(1)
Exercises for Section 3.3	80	(2)
Functional Dependencies	82	(8)
Definition of Functional Dependency	83	(1)
Keys of Relations	84	(2)
Superkeys	86	(1)
Discovering Keys for Relations	87	(1)
Exercises for Section 3.4	88	(2)
Rules About Functional Dependencies	90	(12)
The Splitting/Combining Rule	90	(2)
Trivial Functional Dependencies	92	(1)
Computing the Closure of Attributes	92	(3)
Why the Closure Algorithm Works	95	(1)
The Transitive Rule	96	(2)
Closing Sets of Functional Dependencies	98	(1)
Projecting Functional Dependencies	98	(2)
Exercises for Section 3.5	100	(2)
Design of Relational Database Schemas	102	(16)
Anomalies	103	(1)
Decomposing Relations	103	(2)
Boyce-Codd Normal Form	105	(2)
Decomposition into BCNF	107	(5)
Recovering Information from a Decomposition	112	(2)
Third Normal Form	114	(3)
Exercises for Section 3.6	117	(1)
Multivalued Dependencies	118	(9)
Attribute Independence and Its Consequent Redundancy	118	(1)
Definition of Multivalued Dependencies	119	(1)
Reasoning About Multivalued Dependencies	120	(2)
Fourth Normal Form	122	(1)
Decomposition into Fourth Normal Form	123	(1)
Relationships Among Normal Forms	124	(2)
Exercises for Section 3.7	126	(1)
Summary of Chapter 3	127	(2)
References for Chapter 3	129	(2)
Other Data Models	131	(58)
Review of Object-Oriented Concepts	132	(3)
The Type System	132	(1)
Classes and Objects	133	(1)
Object Identity	133	(1)
Methods	133	(1)
Class Hierarchies	134	(1)
Introduction to ODL	135	(12)
Object-Oriented Design	135	(1)
Class Declarations	136	(1)
Attributes in ODL	136	(2)
Relationships in ODL	138	(1)
Inverse Relationships	139	(1)
Multiplicity of Relationships	140	(1)
Methods in ODL	141	(3)
Types in ODL	144	(2)
Exercises for Section 4.2	146	(1)
Additional ODL Concepts	147	(8)
Multiway Relationships in ODL	148	(1)
Subclasses in ODL	149	(1)
Multiple Inheritance in ODL	150	(1)
Extents	151	(1)
Declaring Keys in ODL	152	(3)
Exercises for Section 4.3	155	(1)
From ODL Designs to Relational Designs	155	(11)
From ODL Attributes to Relational Attributes	156	(1)
Nonatomic Attributes in Classes	157	(1)
Representing Set-Valued Attributes	158	(2)
Representing Other Type Constructors	160	(2)
Representing ODL Relationships	162	(2)
What If There Is No Key?	164	(1)
Exercises for Section 4.4	164	(2)
The Object-Relational Model	166	(7)
From Relations to Object-Relations	166	(1)
Nested Relations	167	(2)
References	169	(1)
Object-Oriented Versus Object-Relational	170	(2)
From ODL Designs to Object-Relational Designs	172	(1)
Exercises for Section 4.5	172	(1)
Semistructured Data	173	(5)
Motivation for the Semistructured-Data Model	173	(1)
Semistructured Data Representation	174	(1)
Information Integration Via Semistructured Data	175	(2)
Exercises for Section 4.6	177	(1)
XML and Its Data Model	178	(8)
Semantic Tags	178	(1)
Well-Formed XML	179	(1)
Document Type Definitions	180	(2)
Using a DTD	182	(1)
Attribute Lists	183	(2)
Exercises for Section 4.7	185	(1)
Summary of Chapter 4	186	(1)
References for Chapter 4	187	(2)
Relational Algebra	189	(50)
An Example Database Schema	190	(1)
An Algebra of Relational Operations	191	(23)
Basics of Relational Algebra	192	(1)
Set Operations on Relations	193	(2)
Projection	195	(1)
Selection	196	(1)
Cartesian Product	197	(1)
Natural Joins	198	(1)
Theta-Joins	199	(2)
Combining Operations to Form Queries	201	(2)
Renaming	203	(2)
Dependent and Independent Operations	205	(1)
A Linear Notation for Algebraic Expressions	206	(1)
Exercises for Section 5.2	207	(7)
Relational Operations on Bags	214	(7)
Why Bags?	214	(1)
Union, Intersection, and Difference of Bags	215	(1)
Projection of Bags	216	(1)
Selection on Bags	217	(1)
Product of Bags	218	(1)
Joins of Bags	219	(1)
Exercises for Section 5.3	220	(1)
Extended Operators of Relational Algebra	221	(10)
Duplicate Elimination	222	(1)
Aggregation Operators	222	(1)
Grouping	223	(1)
The Grouping Operator	224	(2)
Extending the Projection Operator	226	(1)
The Sorting Operator	227	(1)
Outerjoins	228	(2)
Exercises for Section 5.4	230	(1)
Constraints on Relations	231	(5)
Relational Algebra as a Constraint Language	231	(1)
Referential Integrity Constraints	232	(1)
Additional Constraint Examples	233	(2)
Exercises for Section 5.5	235	(1)
Summary of Chapter 5	236	(1)
References for Chapter 5	237	(2)
The Database Language SQL	239	(76)
Simple Queries in SQL	240	(14)
Projection in SQL	242	(1)
Selection in SQL	243	(2)
Comparison of Strings	245	(2)
Dates and Times	247	(1)
Null Values and Comparisons Involving NULL	248	(1)
The Truth-Value UNKNOWN	249	(2)
Ordering the Output	251	(1)
Exercises for Section 6.1	252	(2)
Queries Involving More Than One Relation	254	(10)
Products and Joins in SQL	254	(1)
Disambiguating Attributes	255	(1)
Tuple Variables	256	(2)
Interpreting Multirelation Queries	258	(2)
Union, Intersection, and Difference of Queries	260	(2)
Exercises for Section 6.2	262	(2)
Subqueries	264	(13)
Subqueries that Produce Scalar Values	264	(2)
Conditions Involving Relations	266	(1)
Conditions Involving Tuples	266	(2)
Correlated Subqueries	268	(2)
Subqueries in FROM Clauses	270	(1)
SQL Join Expressions	270	(2)
Natural Joins	272	(1)
Outerjoins	272	(2)
Exercises for Section 6.3	274	(3)
Full-Relation Operations	277	(9)
Eliminating Duplicates	277	(1)
Duplicates in Unions, Intersections, and Differences	278	(1)
Grouping and Aggregation in SQL	279	(1)
Aggregation Operators	279	(1)
Grouping	280	(2)
HAVING Clauses	282	(2)
Exercises for Section 6.4	284	(2)
Database Modifications	286	(6)
Insertion	286	(2)
Deletion	288	(1)
Updates	289	(1)
Exercises for Section 6.5	290	(2)
Defining a Relation Schema in SQL	292	(9)
Data Types	292	(1)
Simple Table Declarations	293	(1)
Modifying Relation Schemas	294	(1)
Default Values	295	(1)
Indexes	295	(2)
Introduction to Selection of Indexes	297	(3)
Exercises for Section 6.6	300	(1)
View Definitions	301	(11)
Declaring Views	302	(1)
Querying Views	302	(2)
Renaming Attributes	304	(1)
Modifying Views	305	(3)
Interpreting Queries Involving Views	308	(2)
Exercises for Section 6.7	310	(2)
Summary of Chapter 6	312	(1)
References for Chapter 6	313	(2)
Constraints and Triggers	315	(34)
Keys and Foreign Keys	316	(11)
Declaring Primary Keys	316	(1)
Keys Declared With UNIQUE	317	(1)
Enforcing Key Constraints	318	(1)
Declaring Foreign-Key Constraints	319	(2)
Maintaining Referential Integrity	321	(2)
Deferring the Checking of Constraints	323	(3)
Exercises for Section 7.1	326	(1)
Constraints on Attributes and Tuples	327	(6)
Not-Null Constraints	328	(1)
Attribute-Based CHECK Constraints	328	(2)
Tuple-Based CHECK Constraints	330	(1)
Exercises for Section 7.2	331	(2)
Modification of Constraints	333	(3)
Giving Names to Constraints	334	(1)
Altering Constraints on Tables	334	(1)
Exercises for Section 7.3	335	(1)
Schema-Level Constraints and Triggers	336	(11)
Assertions	337	(3)
Event-Condition-Action Rules	340	(1)
Triggers in SQL	340	(4)
Instead-Of Triggers	344	(1)
Exercises for Section 7.4	345	(2)
Summary of Chapter 7	347	(1)
References for Chapter 7	348	(1)
System Aspects of SQL	349	(76)
SQL in a Programming Environment	349	(16)
The Impedance Mismatch Problem	350	(2)
The SQL/Host Language Interface	352	(1)
The DECLARE Section	352	(1)
Using Shared Variables	353	(1)
Single-Row Select Statements	354	(1)
Cursors	355	(3)
Modifications by Cursor	358	(2)
Protecting Against Concurrent Updates	360	(1)
Scrolling Cursors	361	(1)
Dynamic SQL	361	(2)
Exercises for Section 8.1	363	(2)
Procedures Stored in the Schema	365	(14)
Creating PSM Functions and Procedures	365	(1)
Some Simple Statement Forms in PSM	366	(2)
Branching Statements	368	(1)
Queries in PSM	369	(1)
Loops in PSM	370	(2)
For-Loops	372	(2)
Exceptions in PSM	374	(2)
Using PSM Functions and Procedures	376	(1)
Exercises for Section 8.2	377	(2)
The SQL Environment	379	(6)
Environments	379	(1)
Schemas	380	(1)
Catalogs	381	(1)
Clients and Servers in the SQL Environment	382	(1)
Connections	382	(2)
Sessions	384	(1)
Modules	384	(1)
Using a Call-Level Interface	385	(8)
Introduction to SQL/CLI	385	(3)
Processing Statements	388	(1)
Fetching Data From a Query Result	389	(3)
Passing Parameters to Queries	392	(1)
Exercises for Section 8.4	393	(1)
Java Database Connectivity	393	(4)
Introduction to JDBC	393	(1)
Creating Statements in JDBC	394	(2)
Cursor Operations in JDBC	396	(1)
Parameter Passing	396	(1)
Exercises for Section 8.5	397	(1)
Transactions in SQL	397	(13)
Serializability	397	(2)
Atomicity	399	(2)
Transactions	401	(2)
Read-Only Transactions	403	(2)
Dirty Reads	405	(2)
Other Isolation Levels	407	(2)
Exercises for Section 8.6	409	(1)
Security and User Authorization in SQL	410	(12)
Privileges	410	(2)
Creating Privileges	412	(1)
The Privilege-Checking Process	413	(1)
Granting Privileges	414	(2)
Grant Diagrams	416	(1)
Revoking Privileges	417	(4)
Exercises for Section 8.7	421	(1)
Summary of Chapter 8	422	(2)
References for Chapter 8	424	(1)
Object-Orientation in Query Languages	425	(38)
Introduction to OQL	425	(11)
An Object-Oriented Movie Example	426	(1)
Path Expressions	426	(2)
Select-From-Where Expressions in OQL	428	(1)
Modifying the Type of the Result	429	(2)
Complex Output Types	431	(1)
Subqueries	431	(2)
Exercises for Section 9.1	433	(3)
Additional Forms of OQL Expressions	436	(7)
Quantifier Expressions	437	(1)
Aggregation Expressions	437	(1)
Group-By Expressions	438	(3)
HAVING Clauses	441	(1)
Union, Intersection, and Difference	442	(1)
Exercises for Section 9.2	442	(1)
Object Assignment and Creation in OQL	443	(6)
Assigning Values to Host-Language Variables	444	(1)
Extracting Elements of Collections	444	(1)
Obtaining Each Member of a Collection	445	(1)
Constants in OQL	446	(1)
Creating New Objects	447	(1)
Exercises for Section 9.3	448	(1)
User-Defined Types in SQL	449	(6)
Defining Types in SQL	449	(2)
Methods in User-Defined Types	451	(1)
Declaring Relations with a UDT	452	(1)
References	452	(2)
Exercises for Section 9.4	454	(1)
Operations on Object-Relational Data	455	(6)
Following References	455	(1)
Accessing Attributes of Tuples with a UDT	456	(1)
Generator and Mutator Functions	457	(1)
Ordering Relationships on UDT's	458	(2)
Exercises for Section 9.5	460	(1)
Summary of Chapter 9	461	(1)
References for Chapter 9	462	(1)
Logical Query Languages	463	(40)
A Logic for Relations	463	(8)
Predicates and Atoms	463	(1)
Arithmetic Atoms	464	(1)
Datalog Rules and Queries	465	(1)
Meaning of Datalog Rules	466	(3)
Extensional and Intensional Predicates	469	(1)
Datalog Rules Applied to Bags	469	(2)
Exercises for Section 10.1	471	(1)
From Relational Algebra to Datalog	471	(9)
Intersection	471	(1)
Union	472	(1)
Difference	472	(1)
Projection	473	(1)
Selection	473	(3)
Product	476	(1)
Joins	476	(1)
Simulating Multiple Operations with Datalog	477	(2)
Exercises for Section 10.2	479	(1)
Recursive Programming in Datalog	480	(12)
Recursive Rules	481	(1)
Evaluating Recursive Datalog Rules	481	(5)
Negation in Recursive Rules	486	(4)
Exercises for Section 10.3	490	(2)
Recursion in SQL	492	(8)
Defining IDB Relations in SQL	492	(2)
Stratified Negation	494	(2)
Problematic Expressions in Recursive SQL	496	(3)
Exercises for Section 10.4	499	(1)
Summary of Chapter 10	500	(1)
References for Chapter 10	501	(2)
Index	503