Forensic Evidence: Science and the Criminal Law, Second Edition

by Kiely; Terrence F.

• ISBN13: 9780849328589
• ISBN10: 0849328586
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-11-29
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

One of the greatest challenges encountered by those in the forensic sciences is anticipating what the state and federal courts will - or will not - allow as valid physical evidence. With this in mind, the author of Forensic Evidence: Science and the Criminal Law, Second Edition analyzes and explains the judicial system's response to the applicability of forensic science in the investigation, prosecution, and defense of criminal activity.Each chapter of this comprehensive yet accessible resource provides an overview and analysis of the scientific and legal aspects of a particular forensic discipline. An important new feature of this second edition is that each chapter focuses on discussions of recent forensics literature reviews from Interpol's 14th Annual Forensic Science Symposium. This latest edition also updates previously discussed cases and presents the most recent applications of the Frye and Daubert standards, the admissibility of eyewitness identification, the upsurge of cases and statutes that involve post-conviction DNA, and the increased interest in re-examining cold cases.As challenges to forensic evidence become increasingly rigorous, so does the need for intense preparation. Forensic Evidence: Science and the Criminal Law, Second Edition is the book that those in the forensic sciences need to have on hand to successfully prepare for what may await them in the courtroom.

Table of Contents

Science and the Criminal Law	1	(40)
Science and the Legal Process	1	(1)
Forensic Science Questions	2	(4)
Forensic Science and Circumstantial Evidence	6	(1)
Forensic Science, Forensic Evidence, and the Modern Crime Scene	7	(1)
Scientific Foundations and the Courts	8	(2)
Science and the Courts	10	(1)
Frye v. United States	11	(1)
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals	12	(4)
General Electric v. Joiner	16	(1)
Kumho Tire v. Carmichael	17	(2)
People v. Sutherland: A Case Study	19	(22)
The Sutherland Case Facts	20	(1)
The Prosecution's Forensic Evidence: The Tire Tracks	21	(1)
The Prosecution's Forensic Evidence: The Hair Evidence	21	(1)
The Prosecution's Forensic Evidence: The Fiber Evidence	22	(1)
The Court's Analysis: The Hairs and Fibers	23	(2)
The Sutherland Case: The Court's Analyses	25	(1)
Sutherland II Case	25	(3)
Sutherland Conclusion	28	(1)
Appendix: Daubert Progeny	28	(5)
Endnotes	33	(8)
Science, Forensic Science, and Evidence	41	(38)
Introduction	41	(3)
Forensic Science and Evidence	44	(4)
Forensic Evidence and History	48	(2)
Forensic Evidence and the Crime Scene	50	(2)
Forensic Evidence Basics	52	(3)
Forensic Evidence and Circumstantial Evidence	55	(2)
Forensic Science, Probability, and the Law	57	(4)
Forensic Science and the Courts: Frye, Daubert, and Beyond	61	(3)
Basic Questions Related to Forensic Science and Forensic Evidence	64	(2)
Class and Individual Characteristics	65	(1)
Laboratory Matches and Courtroom Rules of Evidence	66	(3)
Conclusion	69	(10)
Endnotes	70	(9)
Hair Analyses	79	(56)
Introduction	79	(2)
Hair Analysis Basics	81	(2)
Discovery Issues	83	(1)
Matching Statements	84	(3)
Recent Case Discussions: Qualifications	87	(19)
Prosecutorial Characterizations of Hair Testimony	95	(11)
Mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA] and Hair Analysis	106	(13)
The Evidence on the Petition for New Trial	119	(2)
Conclusion	121	(14)
Endnotes	122	(13)
Fiber Analysis	135	(42)
Introduction	135	(2)
Fiber Evidence in the Courtroom	137	(3)
Discovery	140	(3)
Wayne Williams Case	143	(10)
Additional Fiber Cases	153	(5)
Fiber Persistence	158	(8)
Conclusion	166	(11)
Endnotes	167	(10)
Ballistics and Tool Marks	177	(64)
Introduction	177	(3)
Ballistics and Forensic Evidence	180	(4)
Ballistics Experts: Qualifications	184	(1)
Weapon Identification	185	(8)
Computer-Generated Animation of Crime Scenes	193	(1)
Bullet Ricochet	194	(1)
Angle of Shoot	194	(5)
Bullet Matching	199	(9)
Bullet Lead Matching --- ICP Methodology	208	(4)
Incompetence of Counsel	212	(2)
Gunshot Residue	214	(7)
Suicide vs. Homicide	221	(1)
Tool Marks	222	(5)
Conclusion	227	(14)
Endnotes	228	(13)
Soil, Glass, and Paint	241	(40)
Glass, Paint, and Soil in the Courtroom	241	(1)
Glass Analysis	241	(3)
Glass in the Courtroom	244	(13)
Paint Analysis	257	(6)
Soil Analysis	263	(2)
Soil and Cadaver Dogs	265	(5)
Soil and Forensic Archeology	270	(2)
Conclusion	272	(9)
Endnotes	272	(9)
Footprints, Tire Impressions, and Bite Marks	281	(58)
Introduction	281	(1)
Foot Impressions in the Courtroom	282	(11)
Footwear Cases	293	(1)
Expert vs. Nonexpert Opinion	293	(3)
Barefoot Impression Evidence	296	(15)
Footwear Impression for Indigent Defendant	301	(3)
Footwear-Impression Testimony	304	(7)
Footwear Trails	311	(1)
Indirect Proof of Footwear Impression	312	(2)
Tire Impressions	314	(3)
Bite-Mark Impressions	317	(4)
Bite Marks: Enhanced Imaging and Overlays	321	(18)
Endnotes	327	(12)
Fingerprints	339	(50)
Introduction	339	(1)
International Working Groups	339	(3)
Fingerprints: American Experience	342	(5)
Fingerprint Questions	347	(2)
Fingerprint Foundations	349	(1)
Fingerprints: Daubert Challenges	350	(4)
Fingerprints: Digital Print Machines	354	(1)
Fingerprints: Discovery of Automated Fingerprint System Printouts	355	(1)
Fingerprints: Absence of Fingerprints	356	(1)
Time and Place Requirements	357	(8)
Lip Marks	365	(3)
Ear Impressions	368	(21)
Endnotes	379	(10)
Blood-Spatter Analysis	389	(36)
Introduction	389	(2)
Blood Spatter: Presumptive Tests for Blood	391	(6)
Blood Spatter in the Courtroom	397	(1)
Blood Spatter: Expert Qualifications	398	(7)
Blood Spatter: Crime Scene Dynamics	405	(20)
Endnotes	418	(7)
DNA Analysis	425	(52)
Introduction	425	(2)
DNA Research Resources	427	(1)
DNA: International Standards	428	(1)
DNA: Questions for Lawyers	429	(2)
DNA Methodologies: RFLP	431	(5)
PCR DNA Methodologies	436	(2)
STR DNA Methodologies	438	(3)
Project Summary	440	(1)
DNA Mixture Cases	441	(2)
Mitochondrial DNA: MtDNA	443	(7)
Nonhuman DNA	450	(1)
DNA Related Cases: Post-Conviction Testing and Mandatory Submission of DNA	451	(1)
Post-Conviction DNA Testing	451	(3)
DNA Samples	454	(5)
John Doe DNA Warrants	459	(2)
The Future of DNA Testing	461	(16)
Endnotes	462	(15)
Forensic Anthropology and Entomology	477	(28)
Introduction	477	(1)
Forensic Anthropology	478	(1)
Forensic Anthropology Cases	479	(6)
Racial or Ethnic Identification	485	(1)
Individual Identifications	486	(1)
Forensic Anthropology: Photography	486	(3)
Cultural Anthropology	489	(3)
Forensic Entomology	492	(1)
Entomology Cases	493	(5)
Conclusion	498	(7)
Endnotes	498	(7)
Epilogue	505	(2)
Index	507