Foundations of Basic Nursing

by White, Lois

• ISBN13: 9781401826963
• ISBN10: 1401826962
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-07-06
• Publisher: CENGAGE Delmar Learning

Summary

This fully updated second edition of Foundations of Basic Nursing lays the foundation of introductory material for your nursing course of study. The book focuses on foundation concepts you will need to know, such as holistic care, legal responsibilities, communication, and client teaching, while also helping you master skills needed to be an effective and caring nurse. The special features throughout the book are specially designed to emphasize specific information, such as: Life Cycle Considerations, Client Teaching, Infection Control, Safety, Community/Home Health Care, Cultural Considerations, and Professional Tips. Critical Thinking Questions are included throughout the book to encourage the user to apply the chapter's content. At the end of each chapter, readers will find a Summary and Review Questions, along with References/Suggested Readings and Resources.

Table of Contents

Contributors	p. IX
Procedure Contributors	p. XI
Reviewers	p. XII
Preface	p. XIII
About the Author	p. XV
How to Use this Text	p. XVI
Foundations
Student Nurse Skills for Success	p. 3
Learning	p. 3
Develop a Positive Attitude	p. 4
Develop Your Basic Skills	p. 5
Develop Your Learning Style	p. 8
Develop a Time-Management Plan	p. 10
Develop a Study Strategy	p. 12
Practice Critical Thinking	p. 16
Develop Test-Taking Skills	p. 20
Your Program Is Almost Completed	p. 24
From Student to LP/VN	p. 27
Holistic Care	p. 31
Interrelated Concepts of Health	p. 31
Providing Quality Care	p. 34
Self-Care As a Prerequisite to Client Care	p. 35
Nurture Yourself	p. 38
Nursing History, Education, and Organizations	p. 41
Historical Overview	p. 41
Practical Nursing Pioneer Schools	p. 46
Nursing in the 20th Century	p. 47
Nursing Education	p. 49
Nursing Organizations	p. 51
Legal and Ethical Responsibilities	p. 57
Basic Legal Concepts	p. 58
The Law and Nursing Practice	p. 60
Nurse-Client Relationship	p. 61
Informed Consent	p. 64
Advance Directives	p. 65
Incident Reports	p. 67
Liability Insurance	p. 69
Impaired Nurse	p. 70
Concept of Ethics	p. 71
Ethical Principles	p. 71
Ethical Theories	p. 73
Ethics and Values	p. 74
Code of Ethics	p. 74
Client Rights	p. 75
Ethical Dilemmas	p. 75
Ethical Decision Making	p. 77
Nursing and Ethics	p. 78
The Health Care Environment
The Health Care Delivery System	p. 82
Levels of Health Care Services	p. 82
Health Care Delivery System	p. 83
Health Care Team	p. 84
Health Care Economics	p. 86
Factors Influencing Health Care	p. 88
Challenges Within the Health Care System	p. 90
Nursing's Response to Health Care Challenges	p. 92
Issues and Trends	p. 93
Arenas of Care	p. 95
Licensure, Certification, and Accreditation	p. 95
Acute Care Hospital	p. 97
Long-Term Care	p. 98
Outpatient Care	p. 100
Home Health Care	p. 100
Hospice	p. 101
Rehabilitation	p. 102
Sample Nursing Care Plan: The Client Requiring Rehabilitation	p. 103
Communication
Communication	p. 108
Process of Communication	p. 109
Methods of Communication	p. 109
Influences on Communication	p. 111
Congruency of Messages	p. 112
Listening/Observing	p. 112
Psychosocial Aspects of Communication	p. 113
Therapeutic Communication	p. 114
Professional Boundaries	p. 119
Nurse-Client Communication	p. 119
Communicating with the Health Care Team	p. 122
Communicating with Yourself	p. 124
Nursing Process/Documentation	p. 127
Nursing Process History	p. 128
The Nursing Process	p. 128
The Nursing Process and Critical Thinking	p. 137
The Nursing Process and Decision Making	p. 139
The Nursing Process and Holistic Care	p. 139
Documentation	p. 139
Effective Documentation Principles	p. 142
Systems of Documentation	p. 146
Forms for Documentation	p. 151
Documentation Trends	p. 154
Reporting	p. 155
Client Teaching	p. 161
The Teaching-Learning Process	p. 161
Lifelong Learning	p. 166
Professional Responsibilities of Teaching	p. 167
Teaching-Learning and the Nursing Process	p. 169
Developmental and Psychosocial Concerns
Life Cycle	p. 177
Basic Concepts of Growth and Development	p. 177
Dimensions and Theories of Human Development	p. 179
Holistic Framework for Nursing	p. 182
Life Cycle Stages	p. 182
Cultural Considerations	p. 203
Culture	p. 203
Cultural Influences on Health Care Beliefs and Practices	p. 205
Cultural and Racial Influences on Client Care	p. 208
Cultural Aspects and the Nursing Process	p. 213
Sample Nursing Care Plan: The Family with Ineffective Coping	p. 217
Stress, Adaptation, and Anxiety	p. 220
Stress	p. 220
Adaptation	p. 222
Anxiety	p. 224
Effects of and on Illness	p. 225
Change	p. 226
Nursing Process	p. 227
Stress Management for the Nurse	p. 230
Sample Nursing Care Plan: The Client Experiencing Severe Anxiety	p. 232
Loss, Grief, and Death	p. 234
Loss	p. 234
Grief	p. 235
Death	p. 240
Sample Nursing Care Plan: The Client with a Terminal Illness/Cancer of the Lung	p. 250
Health Promotion
Wellness Concepts	p. 256
Health	p. 256
Wellness	p. 257
Health Promotion	p. 257
Illness Prevention	p. 261
Factors Affecting Health	p. 262
Making a Genogram	p. 266
Guidelines for Healthy Living	p. 266
Complementary/Alternative Therapies	p. 270
Legal Aspects	p. 270
Historic Foundation	p. 271
Current Trends	p. 272
Complementary/Alternative Therapies	p. 273
Use of C/A Approaches	p. 282
Basic Nutrition	p. 286
Physiology of Nutrition	p. 287
Nutrients	p. 288
Promoting Proper Nutrition	p. 300
Factors Influencing Nutrition	p. 303
Nutritional Needs during the Life Cycle	p. 305
Nutrition and Health	p. 310
Weight Management	p. 311
Food Labeling	p. 313
Food Quality and Safety	p. 313
Nursing Process	p. 315
Sample Nursing Care Plan: The Client with Altered Nutrition	p. 320
Rest and Sleep	p. 323
Rest and Sleep	p. 323
Nursing Process	p. 329
Sample Nursing Care Plan: The Client with Trouble Sleeping	p. 332
Safety/Hygiene	p. 334
Safety	p. 335
Factors Affecting Safety	p. 335
Hygiene	p. 337
Nursing Process	p. 337
Sample Nursing Care Plan: The Client at Risk for Injury	p. 352
Infection Control
Infection Control/Asepsis	p. 357
Flora	p. 358
Pathogenicity and Virulence	p. 358
Colonization and Infection	p. 358
Chain of Infection	p. 359
Breaking the Chain of Infection	p. 362
Body Defenses	p. 364
Types and Stages of Infections	p. 366
Nosocomial Infections	p. 366
Nursing Process	p. 366
Sample Nursing Care Plan: The Client at Risk for Infection	p. 370
Standard Precautions and Isolation	p. 373
Historical Perspective	p. 373
Standard Precautions	p. 374
Isolation	p. 376
Client Responses to Isolation	p. 379
Fundamental Nursing Care
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance	p. 382
Homeostasis	p. 383
Chemical Organization	p. 383
Water	p. 385
Gases	p. 386
Acids, Bases, Salts, and pH	p. 386
Buffers	p. 387
Substance Movement	p. 388
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance	p. 389
Disturbances in Electrolyte Balance	p. 392
Acid-Base Balance	p. 394
Disturbances in Acid-Base Balance	p. 395
Nursing Process	p. 396
Sample Nursing Care Plan: The Client with Excess Fluid Volume	p. 402
Medication Administration and IV Therapy	p. 405
Drug Standards and Legislation	p. 406
Drug Nomenclature	p. 406
Drug Action	p. 407
Factors Influencing Drug Action	p. 410
Medication Orders	p. 410
Systems of Weight and Measure	p. 411
Approximate Equivalents	p. 412
Drug Administration Safety	p. 414
Medication Compliance	p. 417
Legal Aspects of Medication Administration	p. 417
Nursing Process	p. 417
Sample Nursing Care Plan: The Client with Deep Vein Thrombosis	p. 432
Assessment	p. 435
Health History	p. 436
Physical Examination	p. 439
Head-to-Toe Assessment	p. 440
Pain Management	p. 454
Definitions of Pain	p. 455
Nature of Pain	p. 455
Common Myths about Pain	p. 455
Types of Pain	p. 455
Purpose of Pain	p. 458
Physiology of Pain	p. 458
Factors Affecting the Pain Experience	p. 459
JCAHO Standards	p. 460
Nursing Process	p. 460
Sample Nursing Care Plan: The Client with Chronic Pain	p. 473
Diagnostic Tests	p. 477
Diagnostic Testing	p. 478
Laboratory Tests	p. 481
Radiological Studies	p. 503
Ultrasonography	p. 509
Magnetic Resonance Imaging	p. 509
Nuclear Scans	p. 510
Electrodiagnostic Studies	p. 510
Endoscopy	p. 513
Aspiration/Biopsy	p. 513
Other Tests	p. 518
Nursing Procedures
Basic Procedures	p. 527
Hand Hygiene	p. 527
Use of Protective Equipment	p. 529
Taking a Temperature	p. 533
Taking a Pulse	p. 539
Counting Respirations	p. 543
Taking Blood Pressure	p. 546
Weighing a Client, Mobile and Immobile	p. 549
Proper Body Mechanics	p. 553
Performing Passive Range-of-Motion (ROM) Exercises	p. 557
Ambulation Safety and Assisting from Bed to Walking	p. 560
Turning and Positioning a Client	p. 565
Moving a Client in Bed	p. 569
Transferring from Bed to Wheelchair, Commode, or Chair	p. 572
Transferring from Bed to Stretcher	p. 575
Bedmaking: Unoccupied Bed	p. 578
Bedmaking: Occupied Bed	p. 582
Bathing a Client in Bed	p. 584
Perineal Care	p. 587
Routine Catheter Care	p. 589
Oral Care	p. 591
Eye Care	p. 596
Giving a Back Rub	p. 600
Shaving a Client	p. 602
Applying Antiembolic Stockings	p. 604
Assisting with a Bedpan or Urinal	p. 607
Applying a Condom Catheter	p. 610
Administering an Enema	p. 613
Measuring Intake and Output	p. 618
Urine Collection--Closed Drainage System	p. 621
Urine Collection--Clean Catch, Female/Male	p. 622
Collecting Nose, Throat, and Sputum Specimens	p. 625
Collecting a Stool Specimen	p. 628
Applying Abdominal, T-, Breast and Scultetus Binders	p. 630
Application of Restraints	p. 633
Performing the Heimlich Maneuver	p. 636
Performing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)	p. 640
Admitting a Client	p. 647
Transferring a Client	p. 649
Discharging a Client	p. 650
Intermediate Procedures	p. 653
Surgical Asepsis: Preparing and Maintaining a Sterile Field	p. 653
Performing Open Gloving	p. 656
Performing Urinary Catheterization: Female/Male	p. 659
Irrigating a Urinary Catheter	p. 665
Irrigating the Bladder Using a Closed-System Catheter	p. 668
Pouching a Stoma	p. 672
Application of Heat and Cold	p. 674
Administering Oral, Sublingual, and Buccal Medications	p. 680
Withdrawing Medication from an Ampule	p. 683
Withdrawing Medication from a Vial	p. 686
Administering an Intradermal Injection	p. 688
Administering a Subcutaneous Injection	p. 691
Administering an Intramuscular Injection	p. 694
Administering Eye and Ear Medications	p. 699
Administering Skin/Topical Medications	p. 703
Administering Nasal Medications	p. 705
Administering Rectal Medications	p. 708
Administering Vaginal Medications	p. 710
Administering Nebulized Medications	p. 713
Applying a Dry Dressing	p. 716
Applying a Wet to Damp Dressing	p. 719
Culturing a Wound	p. 722
Irrigating a Wound	p. 724
Administering Oxygen	p. 726
Performing Nasopharyngeal and Oropharyngeal Suctioning	p. 729
Performing Tracheostomy Care	p. 732
Performing Tracheostomy Suctioning	p. 735
Postoperative Exercise Instruction	p. 738
Performing a Skin Puncture	p. 742
Assisting with Crutches, Cane, or Walker	p. 744
Feeding and Medicating via Enteral Tube	p. 750
Performing Pulse Oximetry	p. 754
Advanced Procedures	p. 757
Initiating Strict Isolation Precautions	p. 757
Inserting and Maintaining a Nasogastric Tube	p. 760
Performing Venipuncture (Blood Drawing)	p. 764
Preparing an IV Solution and Starting an IV	p. 768
Setting the IV Flow Rate	p. 773
Administering Medications via IV Piggyback	p. 776
Assessing and Maintaining an IV Insertion Site	p. 779
Removing Skin Sutures and Staples	p. 781
NANDA Nursing Diagnoses 2003-2004	p. 784
Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedule	p. 786
Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols	p. 788
English/Spanish Words and Phrases	p. 793
Glossary	p. 799
Index	p. 811
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