Foundations of Social Policy Social Justice in Human Perspective (with InfoTrac)

by Barusch, Amanda S.

• ISBN13: 9780534567200
• ISBN10: 0534567207
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-07-01
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

PART I: POLICY ANALYSIS FRAMEWORKS AND TOOLS. 1. Social Justice and Social Workers. 2. The Government's Role. 3. Policy Analysis and Policy Practice. PART II: COLLECTIVE RESPONSES TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS. 4. The Social Security Act. 5. Poverty. 6. Physical Illness. 7. Mental Illness. 8. Disability. PART III: VULNERABLE POPULATIONS. 9. Racial and Ethnic Minorities. 10. Gays and Lesbians. 11. Children. 12. Women. 13. The Elderly. PART IV: CYCLES OF LIBERATION. 14. A Glance Towards the Future.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxi
I POLICY ANALYSIS: FRAMEWORKS AND TOOLS	1	(91)
Social Justice and Social Workers	3	(21)
Social Justice Defined	3	(14)
Defining Justice: A Modern Approach	5	(1)
Defining Justice: A Postmodern Approach	6	(1)
Justice in Process	7	(1)
Components of Social Justice	8	(2)
Oligarchy and Social Justice	10	(1)
Libertarian Conceptions of Social Justice	11	(1)
Liberal Conceptions of Social Justice	12	(1)
A Contractual Approach (John Rawls)	13	(1)
A Utilitarian Approach (John Stuart Mill)	14	(1)
Socialist Conceptions of Social Justice	15	(1)
Summary of Philosophical Approaches	16	(1)
Social Justice: Themes for ``Micro'' Practice	17	(3)
Social Justice Is Personal and Political	17	(2)
Social Justice Issues Are Ubiquitous	19	(1)
Injustice Undermines Social Bonds and Nation-States	19	(1)
Social Workers and Social Justice	20	(2)
Bertha Capen Reynolds: A Profile	20	(1)
Social Work and Social Justice	21	(1)
Summary: Social Justice Concepts	22	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Keywords	22	(1)
Think About It	23	(1)
Web-Based Exercise	23	(1)
Suggested Resources	23	(1)
The Government's Role	24	(29)
Philosophical Perspectives and Contemporary Politics	24	(4)
Political Parties	25	(2)
Political Labels	27	(1)
Levels of Government	28	(1)
Branches of Government	29	(11)
The Legislative Branch	30	(1)
Legislation	30	(2)
Resolutions	32	(1)
Budgeting	32	(1)
Where the Money Goes	33	(1)
Trends in Federal Spending	34	(1)
The Executive Branch	35	(3)
The Regulatory Process	38	(1)
The Judicial Branch	38	(2)
Privatization: Ending the ``Era of Big Government''?	40	(3)
Theoretical and Practical Limits of Privatization	41	(1)
Access to Diverse Providers	41	(1)
Informed and Able Consumers	42	(1)
Assessable Product	42	(1)
The U.S. Tax System: A Brief Introduction	43	(8)
Structural and Philosophical Considerations	43	(1)
Federal Income Tax	44	(2)
Recent Federal Tax Cuts	46	(1)
Social Security Tax	47	(1)
State Taxes	47	(1)
Local Taxes	47	(1)
Tax Revolts	48	(1)
Taxation as Social Policy	49	(2)
Summary: The Role of Government in Pursuit of Social Justice	51	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Keywords	51	(1)
Think About It	51	(1)
Web-Based Exercise	51	(1)
Suggested Resources	52	(1)
Policy Analysis and Policy Practice	53	(39)
What Is Policy Practice?	57	(1)
Research for Policy Practice: Assessment and Analysis	58	(1)
Policy Analysis	59	(14)
Process Approaches	60	(1)
Need Assessment	60	(1)
Normative Definition of Need	60	(1)
Demand-Based Definition of Need	61	(1)
Prince Policy Appraisal	62	(1)
Identify the Players	62	(1)
Determine a Position for Each Player	62	(1)
Estimate the Power of Each Player	63	(1)
Estimate the Priority of the Issue for Each Player	63	(1)
Calculate the Likelihood That the Policy Will Be Implemented	63	(3)
Product Analysis	66	(1)
Goal or Social Problem	66	(1)
Basis for Entitlement	66	(1)
Nature of the Benefit	67	(1)
Administrative Structure	67	(1)
Financing Mechanism	68	(1)
Performance Analysis	68	(1)
Cost-Benefit Analysis	69	(1)
Social Justice Framework for Policy Analysis	70	(1)
Assessing the Process	70	(1)
Describing the Allocation Rules	71	(1)
Determine the Effect on Vulnerable Populations (Deserts, Needs, Rights, and Equality)	72	(1)
Reach a Conclusion	72	(1)
Advocacy Skills	73	(1)
Preparing, Composing, and Delivering Arguments	74	(4)
Preparation: Speak to the Audience	74	(2)
Composing the Argument	76	(1)
An Approach to Avoid When Composing Arguments	76	(1)
Another Approach to Avoid When Composing Arguments	77	(1)
Successful Delivery	77	(1)
Negotiation and Compromise	78	(1)
Use of Relationship	79	(1)
Building and Maintaining Coalitions	80	(1)
Empowerment in Policy Practice	81	(1)
Ethical Issues in Policy Practice	82	(3)
Is Advocacy an Ethical Obligation?	82	(1)
Sharpening the Message	83	(1)
Using Clients	83	(1)
Keeping Confidences	84	(1)
Characteristics of Ethical Persuasion	85	(1)
Legal Considerations in Policy Practice	86	(3)
The Hatch Act	86	(1)
Preserving Tax-Exempt Status	87	(2)
Summary: Question the Inevitable and Challenge the Invincible	89	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Keywords	90	(1)
Think About It	90	(1)
Suggested Resources	91	(1)
II COLLECTIVE RESPONSES TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS	92	(162)
Predicting Collective Action	93	(1)
Social Problem Analysis	94	(2)
About Part II	96	(1)
The Social Security Act	97	(28)
Social Insurance in Western Europe	99	(1)
Social Security in the United States	100	(3)
Old-Age and Survivors Insurance for Workers	103	(8)
How OASI Operates	104	(2)
``Privatizing'' OASI	106	(2)
Women and OASI	108	(2)
Earnings Sharing	110	(1)
Caregiver Credits	110	(1)
Unemployment Insurance	111	(2)
Disability Insurance	113	(1)
Medical Insurance	114	(2)
The Development of National Health Insurance in Europe	114	(1)
Medical Insurance in the United States	115	(1)
Means-Tested Programs under the Social Security Act	116	(3)
Public Assistance for Dependent Children	116	(1)
Supplemental Security Income	117	(1)
Medical Care for the Indigent: Medicaid	118	(1)
Health and Social Services	119	(2)
Child Welfare Services (Title IV)	120	(1)
Maternal and Child Health Services (Title V)	120	(1)
Social Services Block Grant (Title XX)	121	(1)
Children's Health Insurance Program (Title XXI)	121	(1)
A Tool for Social Justice: The Philosophies of Social Security in the United States	121	(1)
Summary: Social Security Programs	122	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Keywords	123	(1)
Think About It	123	(1)
Web-Based Exercises	123	(1)
Suggested Resources	124	(1)
Poverty	125	(47)
Defining Poverty	128	(1)
Critiques of the Poverty Threshold	129	(2)
Values and Beliefs about Poverty and the Poor	131	(5)
Religious Beliefs about Charity	131	(1)
Poverty as Crime	132	(1)
Poverty as Motivation	132	(1)
Human Capital Explanations of Poverty	133	(1)
Culture of Poverty Explanations	134	(1)
Restricted Opportunity Theories of Poverty	135	(1)
The Pauperization Argument	136	(1)
Public Interventions to Prevent or Alleviate Poverty	136	(15)
British Approaches	136	(1)
American Approaches to Poverty in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries	137	(1)
Poverty Interventions in Early America	138	(1)
Relief in the New Nation	139	(1)
Relief in Nineteenth-Century America	139	(3)
American Approaches to Poverty in the Twentieth Century	142	(1)
The Depression and the New Deal	143	(2)
World War II and the War on Poverty	145	(2)
The War on Welfare	147	(2)
Ending Welfare as We Know It	149	(2)
Programs for America's Poor	151	(8)
Medicaid	152	(1)
Food Stamps	153	(1)
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families	154	(1)
Work Requirements	154	(1)
Lifetime Assistance Limits	155	(1)
Maintenance of Effort Requirements	155	(1)
Financial Rewards and Penalties to States	155	(1)
Special Requirements for Teen Parents	155	(1)
Paternity Determination and Child Support Enforcement	155	(1)
Housing Assistance	156	(1)
Public Housing	156	(1)
Section 202	156	(1)
Section 8	157	(1)
Earned Income Tax Credit	157	(1)
Minimum Wage	158	(1)
Summary of Attitudes and Interventions	159	(1)
The Realities of Poverty in the Contemporary United States	159	(10)
Characteristics of America's Poor	159	(1)
Race	159	(1)
Gender	160	(1)
Age	160	(1)
Residence	161	(1)
Immigration Status	161	(1)
Employment	162	(1)
Summary: Characteristics of Americans Living in Poverty	162	(1)
Inequality in the United States	162	(1)
Work as an Antipoverty Strategy	163	(1)
``Secondary Risks'' of Poverty	164	(1)
Homelessness	164	(3)
Violence	167	(1)
Welfare Fraud	167	(2)
Summary: What Does the Future Hold for America's Poor?	169	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Keywords	169	(1)
Think About It	170	(1)
Web-Based Exercise	170	(1)
Suggested Resources	170	(2)
Physical Illness	172	(38)
History of Public Health Interventions in the United States	176	(2)
Federal Health Agencies	178	(3)
Public Health Service	178	(1)
Children's Bureau	179	(1)
Department of Veterans Affairs	180	(1)
Federal Financing of Health Care	181	(7)
Medicaid	182	(1)
Medicaid Cost Containment	182	(1)
Medicaid and Managed Care	183	(2)
Long-Term Care	185	(1)
Medicare	185	(1)
Medicare and Managed Care	186	(1)
Medicare Prescription Coverage: A Case Study in the Politics of Reform	187	(1)
Growth of the ``Health Industry''	188	(1)
Public Health Investments and Returns	189	(5)
Health Expenditures and the GDP	190	(1)
Health Outcomes: The Return on Our Investment	190	(1)
Infant Mortality Rates	191	(1)
Life Expectancy	192	(1)
Health Outcomes in Developing Nations	192	(2)
Vulnerable Groups in an Affluent Nation	194	(4)
Poverty and Health	194	(1)
Health Disparities	194	(2)
Gender and Health	196	(1)
Uninsured Citizens	197	(1)
Infant Mortality in Harlem	197	(1)
Modern Epidemics and Global Government	198	(4)
HIV/AIDS: A Global Epidemic	198	(1)
HIV/AIDS in the United States	199	(2)
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome	201	(1)
Fundamental Dilemmas in U.S. Health Care Policy	202	(1)
Assigning Risk	202	(1)
Market-Based Solutions versus Public Provision of Care	203	(1)
Health Care Reform Proposals	203	(3)
Insurance Regulation	204	(1)
Managed Care	205	(1)
Single-Payer Proposals	205	(1)
Social Work Roles in Health Care Policy	206	(1)
Summary: Health Care Issues in the United States	206	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Keywords	207	(1)
Think About It	208	(1)
Web-Based Exercise	208	(1)
Suggested Resources	209	(1)
Mental Illness	210	(28)
Defining Mental Illness	213	(1)
Values and Beliefs about Mental Illness	214	(2)
Mental Illness as Eccentricity	214	(1)
Mental Illness as Sin	215	(1)
Mental Illness as Disease	215	(1)
Mental Illness as Disability	215	(1)
Historical Development of Interventions for Mental Illness	216	(10)
Care of People with Mental Illness in Colonial America	216	(1)
The Promise of the Asylum	217	(1)
Dorothea Dix, ``Apostle to the Insane''	218	(1)
Commitment as Incarceration	219	(1)
Preventing Mental Illness: The Mental Hygiene Movement	220	(1)
Mental Health Treatments During the Depression and World War II	221	(1)
Federal Involvement in Mental Health	221	(1)
The National Mental Health Act of 1946	222	(1)
The Community Mental Health Movement and Deinstitutionalization	222	(3)
Mentally Ill Offenders in the Criminal Justice System	225	(1)
Mental Illness in the United States Today	226	(9)
The Prevalence of Mental Illness	227	(1)
Social Class and Mental Illness	227	(1)
Homelessness and Mental Illness	228	(1)
Violence and Mental Illness	229	(1)
The ``De Facto'' Mental Health Service System	229	(1)
Financing Mental Health Care	230	(1)
Access to Treatment	231	(1)
Managed Care and Mental Health Services	231	(1)
Social Workers in the Mental Health System	232	(1)
Emerging Policy Issues	232	(1)
Involuntary Commitment	232	(1)
Mandatory Outpatient Treatment	233	(1)
Insurance Parity	234	(1)
Summary: Mental Health Interventions and Issues	235	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Keywords	236	(1)
Think About It	236	(1)
Web-Based Exercise	237	(1)
Suggested Resources	237	(1)
Disability	238	(16)
Defining Disability	241	(1)
A Brief History of Policies Affecting People with Disabilities	242	(8)
Income Supports for Disabled Veterans and Workers	243	(1)
Addiction as Disability	244	(1)
Vocational Training	245	(1)
Education for Children with Disabilities	246	(1)
The Disability Rights Era	247	(1)
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990	248	(2)
Current Realities Affecting People with Disabilities	250	(1)
The Prevalence of Disability	250	(1)
Poverty and Disability	250	(1)
Race and Disability	251	(1)
Summary: An Emerging Agenda	251	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Keywords	252	(1)
Think About It	252	(1)
Web-Based Exercise	253	(1)
Suggested Resources	253	(1)
III VULNERABLE POPULATIONS: DISCRIMINATION AND OPPRESSION	254	(164)
People of Color	257	(41)
Defining Race and Ethnicity	261	(1)
Theories about Racism	262	(2)
The Role of Government: Racism and Public Policy	264	(1)
People of Color in the United States: A Historical Overview	264	(21)
African Americans	264	(1)
Slavery and Its Aftermath	264	(2)
Credit and Sharecropping	266	(1)
Debt Peonage	266	(1)
Convict Leasing	267	(1)
Segregated Schools	267	(1)
Voting Restrictions	268	(1)
The New Deal	268	(1)
The Civil Rights Movement	269	(1)
Labor Unions and Interracial Solidarity	269	(1)
Current Realities	270	(1)
Hispanic Americans	271	(1)
Mexican Americans	272	(2)
Immigrants from Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Latin American Countries	274	(1)
Current Realities	275	(1)
Asian Americans	275	(1)
Chinese Immigrants	276	(1)
Japanese Immigrants	277	(2)
Current Realities	279	(1)
Native Americans	279	(1)
Early Contacts with European Immigrants	279	(4)
Forced Assimilation	283	(1)
Current Realities	284	(1)
Policies Affecting People of Color	285	(10)
Immigration Policy	285	(2)
Exclusion	287	(1)
Economic Advancement	287	(1)
Humanitarian Goals	288	(1)
Affirmative Action	288	(4)
Hate Crime Legislation	292	(1)
English-Only Legislation	293	(2)
Standardized Testing	295	(1)
Summary: Future Prospects	295	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Keywords	296	(1)
Think About It	296	(1)
Web-Based Exercise	296	(1)
Suggested Resources	297	(1)
Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Individuals	298	(21)
Defining Homosexuality	302	(2)
A Sexual Minority	303	(1)
Legal Issues Affecting Gays and Lesbians	304	(6)
Sodomy Laws	304	(1)
More Recent Antigay Initiatives	304	(1)
Colorado Amendment Two	305	(1)
Oregon Initiatives	305	(1)
Marriage and Family Formation	306	(2)
Child Custody and Visitation	308	(1)
Adoption	309	(1)
Discrimination by Organizations and Employers	310	(3)
Exclusion of Gay Men and Boys from the Boy Scouts of America	311	(1)
Gays in the Military	312	(1)
Antigay Violence and Hate Crime Legislation	313	(1)
HIV/AIDS and Social Policy	314	(1)
Transgendered Individuals	315	(1)
Social Workers, Social Justice, and Gay Rights	315	(2)
Summary: Current and Future Status of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Individuals	317	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Keywords	317	(1)
Think About It	317	(1)
Web-Based Exercise	318	(1)
Suggested Resources	318	(1)
Children	319	(33)
Changing Conceptions of Childhood: From ``Little Men'' to ``Future Citizens''	322	(1)
Children as Assets	323	(4)
Childhood in Colonial America	323	(1)
Child Labor: A Target of Reform	324	(1)
Building Families through Adoption	325	(1)
Transracial Adoption	325	(1)
Adoption by Gays and Lesbians	326	(1)
Children as Students	327	(8)
Compulsory Attendance Laws	329	(1)
An Expanded Federal Presence	330	(1)
Desegregation	330	(1)
Head Start	331	(1)
Educating Children with Disabilities	331	(1)
Modern Educational Reforms	332	(1)
School Financing	332	(2)
Lotteries	334	(1)
School Choice: Tuition Vouchers and Charter Schools	334	(1)
Children as Victims	335	(7)
Poverty and Children, Past and Present	335	(2)
Violence against Children, Past and Present	337	(5)
Children as Villains	342	(6)
Child Villains in Modern America	342	(2)
The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974	344	(1)
Other Forms of Child Villainy	344	(1)
Teen Pregnancy	345	(1)
Youth Gangs	345	(1)
Certification of Serious Youth Offenders as Adults	346	(1)
Victims or Villains?	347	(1)
Policy Practice in Child Welfare: The Role of Social Workers	348	(1)
Summary: The Current Outlook for America's Children	349	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Keywords	350	(1)
Think About It	350	(1)
Web-Based Exercises	350	(1)
Suggested Resources	351	(1)
Women	352	(34)
Women as Wives and Mothers	352	(14)
Property Rights and Credit	356	(1)
Divorce	357	(1)
Children and Divorce	358	(1)
Reproductive Rights	359	(1)
The Debates over Abortion and Birth Control	360	(2)
Involuntary Sterilization	362	(1)
Prescription Equity	362	(1)
Violence against Women	363	(1)
Domestic Violence	363	(2)
Rape	365	(1)
Women as Workers	366	(17)
A Brief History of Women in the U.S. Labor Force	366	(1)
Protective Legislation for ``Working Girls''	366	(1)
Working Mothers and the New Deal	367	(2)
Working Women and the Great Society	369	(1)
Contemporary Workforce Issues	370	(1)
Occupational Segregation in the U.S. Labor Market	370	(1)
Pay Equity and Comparable Worth	371	(2)
Family and Medical Leave	373	(1)
Child Care	374	(1)
Women and Pensions	375	(2)
Sexual Harassment	377	(1)
Women in the Military	378	(1)
Women as Citizens	379	(1)
Suffrage	379	(2)
The Equal Rights Amendment	381	(2)
Women in the Social Work Profession	383	(1)
Summary: The Status of Women in the United States Today	383	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Keywords	384	(1)
Think About It	384	(1)
Web-Based Exercises	384	(1)
Suggested Resources	385	(1)
The Elderly	386	(32)
Defining Old Age	389	(1)
Cultural Perspectives on Old Age in Colonial America	389	(4)
Native Americans	390	(1)
African Americans	391	(1)
European Immigrants	392	(1)
Changing Perspectives on Old Age in American Society	393	(2)
Early Programs and Policies for the Elderly	395	(2)
Public Relief for Needy Elders	395	(1)
Informal Assistance among African Americans	396	(1)
Public Pensions for Veterans	396	(1)
Modern Attitudes toward the Elderly	397	(2)
Intergenerational Equity	398	(1)
Productive Aging: An Attitude Shift	398	(1)
Social and Demographic Factors Affecting the Elderly	399	(5)
The Graying of America	399	(1)
Growing Diversity	400	(1)
Income and Age	400	(1)
Poverty in Late Life	401	(2)
Retirement Income for Older Americans	403	(1)
Modern Programs and Policies for Elderly Americans	404	(10)
The Older Americans Act and Age-Based Services	404	(1)
OAA Programs Today	405	(1)
Tensions Surrounding OAA Programs	406	(2)
Public Policies and Private Pensions	408	(1)
Age Discrimination in Employment Act	409	(1)
Health Care for the Elderly	410	(1)
Prescription Drug Coverage	410	(1)
Long-Term Care	411	(1)
Rationing Health Care by Age	412	(1)
Assisted Suicide	413	(1)
Social Work with the Elderly	414	(1)
Summary: The Outlook for Elderly Americans	415	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Keywords	415	(1)
Think About It	415	(1)
Web-Based Exercise	416	(1)
Suggested Resources	416	(2)
IV CYCLES OF LIBERATION	418	(18)
A Glance Toward the Future	420	(16)
Emerging Trends	420	(10)
Globalization and Global Governance	420	(1)
The United Nations	421	(2)
International Financial Organizations	423	(1)
The World Trade Organization	423	(1)
Inequality and U.S. Workers	424	(2)
U.S. Labor Policy	426	(1)
Child Labor Laws	426	(1)
Laws Governing Working Conditions	427	(1)
Employee Benefit Policies	428	(1)
Discharge Policies	428	(2)
Contrasting Visions of Social Welfare	430	(2)
The Enabling State	430	(1)
The Basic Income	431	(1)
Summary: Changing Politics	432	(1)
A Closing Note	433	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Keywords	434	(1)
Think About It	434	(1)
Web-Based Exercises	435	(1)
Suggested Resources	435	(1)
References	436	(29)
Name Index	465	(6)
Subject Index	471